Biologie deVespa orientalis. Les premiers stades de développement

Sommaire Ce travail ne présente que quelques observations sur les premiers stades de dévelopment des colones deVespa orientalis. Les résultats ne sont que fragmentaires, mais permettent tout de même quelques comparaisons intéressantes avec d'autres espèces de Vespides.Nous avons observé que: 1^o les reines de la Guêpe orientale sont très facilement élevées au laboratoire et y construisent et y pondent aisément. 2^o les reines et les ouvrières dévorent leurs larves pour se nourrir ou pour alimenter les plus grosses larves; 3^oles premières cellules d'un rayon sont assez irrégulières, elles ne prennent leur forme hexagonale que lorsqu'elles sont entourées de cellules voisines; 4^o le matériau utilisé pour édifier les cellules est assez divers; 5^o les reines ne réparent pas les trous effectués dans les parois des cellules; 6^o les reines ne s'intéressent au petites brèches du bord des cellules que lorsqu'elles sont en train d'allonger les parois des cellules voisines; 7^o les ouvrières ont un comportement comparable à celui des reines lorsqu'elles se nourrissent ou nourrissent les larves ou lorsqu'elles construisent; 8^o les reines, les larves et les ouvrières échangent de la nourriture, du liquide; 9^o la seule division du travail dans la colonie est celle qui existe entre la reine qui ne fait plus que pondre et les ouvrières qui s'affairent à toutes les occupations; 10^o le cycle évolutif du développement du couvain que nous décrivons peut être variable, suivant les colonies, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales.

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Summary These first observations only deal with the early growing of new colonies in an israelian laboratory: the building of the first comb, the queen's hatching and behavior, the first workers' behavior have been observed.1^o The breeding of the queens and the workers is easy: they build fine combs, where the queens lay their eggs; 2^o Queens and workers cannibalism has been pointed out; 3^o The first cells are very odd; they become hexagonal when they are surrounded with other ones; 4^o The materials used into the combs are various, paper, earth ; 5^o Many little holes has been observed inside the walls of the cells; they are never closed; 6^o The experimental gaps in the cells are only repaired when the wasps lengthen the neighbour cells; 7^o The building and breeding bekavior of the queens and the workers are similar; 8^o The queens, the larvae, the workers exchange food, liquids; 9^o There is no division of the work between the first workers, but between the queens and the first workers; 10^o In our experiments, the brood's evolutive cycle is different from one colony to the other one.

     

Etude des premiers stades de développement de la Coccidie Coelotropha durchoni

Summary This study considers the earlier growth stages of Coccidium Coelotropha durchoni in its host, Nereis diversicolor. Before evolving into free trophozoites and gamontes in coeliac fluid, the parasites remain in muscular and coeliac cells in microscopic intracellular form. Electron microscope reveals that these stages show an intermediary fine structure between that of a sporozoite — from which they keep some typical characteristics such as the conoid, the fibers and the involuted tubuli — and that of the future free trophozoites. The wall consisting in two clear membrans is provided with one or several micropores. The classical cytoplasmic organites clearly stand out: dictyosomes show constant relationship with ergastoplasm, the mitochondria contain short inner tubuli. Besides the paraglycogen granules and lipoid vacuoles, at least three types of vacuoles may be observed. Peculiar topographic relationship connects mitochondria and paraglycogen granules probably in formation. In the nucleus with classical membrane and heterogeneous structure, a rather voluminous nucleolus may be seen.     

Émission de rayonnement par les œufs de Discoglosse en cours de développement

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Les levures,dans les stations d'épuration des eaux usées

Résumé Les auteurs étudient l'influence des stations d'épuration sur la population de levures dans les eaux usées d'origine urbaine. Quantitativement, le nombre de microorganismes diminue de 90% lors du traitement. 49 espèces ont été identifiées. Les témoins de pollution d'origine humaine ont été plus particulièrement recherchés. Les auteurs indiquent les modes de détection du Candida albicans.The authors have studied the influence of sewage treatment plants over the yeast population in the waste waters coming from towns. Quantitatively, the number of microorganisms shows a 90% decrease in the process of the treatment. 49 different species have been identified. Evidence of pollution coming from human being has been particularly looked for. The authors point out the different ways of detecting the Candida albicans.     

Rôle du tube neural dans le développement du plumage dorsal de l'embryon de Poulet

Résumé Des expériences d'excision et de remplacement par divers implants d'une portion de tube neural et des expériences d'interposition d'un écran entre le tube neural et le mésoderme somitique ont été pratiquées chez l'embryon de Poulet de 2 à 2 jours 1/2 d'incubation, afin d'étudier le rôle du tube neural dans le développement du plumage dorsal.L'excision entraîne la non-différenciation d'une portion de la ptéryle spinale: absence de chevrons plumaires sans perturbation du patron hexagonal, ou formation d'une aptérie ou d'une zone irrégulièrement emplumée.Le remplacement par un fragment d'agar-agar ou de tantale ou par un autre tissu (tube digestif, mésoderme somatopleural, somites) aboutit aux mêmes types de déficience du plumage dorsal que ceux qui sont produits par les excisions. De même, le remplacement par un fragment de tube neural préalablement traité à la température de 100° C perturbe gravement le développement du plumage dorsal. Au contraire, si le tube neural a été exposé à la température de 60° C seulement, le patron plumaire spinal se développe normalement ou presque.L'interposition d'un écran solide de 0,8 à 2 mm de long (tantale, membrane coquillière, filtre Millipore) entre le tube neural et le mésoderme somitique provoque une échancrure triangulaire de la ptéryle spinale en empêchant le développement des plumes du territoire plumigène situé latéralement par rapport à l'écran.On en conclut que la présence du tube neural est indispensable à la différenciation du patron plumaire dorsal. Le tube neural ne peut être remplacé par un autre tissu, même plumigène, ni par des objets inanimés. Il est vraisemblablement nécessaire à la transformation du dermatome en cellules prédermiques. En son absence, le derme dense ne se constitue pas et, par conséquent, la ptéryle spinale ne peut se développer au niveau de l'opération.

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Role of neural tube in the development of the dorsal plumage in the chick embryo

Summary Experiments were performed on 2- to 2 1/2-day chick embryos in order to study the role of the neural tube in the development of the dorsal plumage. Pieces of neural tube were excised or replaced by various living or inanimate implants. In other experiments, a screen was interposed between neural tube and somitic mesoderm.The excision resulted in the non-differentiation of a portion of the spinal pteryla: absence of several feather chevrons without disruption of the hexagonal feather pattern, or formation of an apterium or an irregularly feathered area.The replacement by a piece of agar or tantalum or by another tissue (gut, somatopleural mesoderm, somites) led to the same type of dorsal plumage deficiencies as those which were produced by the excisions. Similarly, the replacement by a fragment of neural tube treated at 100° C severely interfered with the development of dorsal plumage. On the contrary, when the neural tube had been exposed to a temperature of 60° C only, the spinal feather pattern was normal or nearly so.The interposition of a solid screen 0.8 to 2 mm in length (tantalum, egg shell membrane, Millipore filter) between neural tube and somitic mesoderm resulted in the formation of a featherless triangular notch in one side of the spinal pteryla. The screen prevented the development of the feathers in the feather field lateral to the screen.These experiments show that the neural tube is indispensable for the differentiation of the dorsal feather pattern. The neural tube cannot be replaced by inanimate objects or by any of the tested tissues, not even by feather-forming ones like somites. Its presence is likely to be necessary for the transformation of dermatomes into predermal cells. When it is absent, dense feather-forming dermis does not form at that level and, consequently, the corresponding portion of the spinal pteryla cannot develop.

     

Etude preliminaire de stades de la méiose humaine dans les spermatocytes et les ovocytes

Summary Human meiotic chromosomes, from spermatocytes and ovocytes, are described after observations of whole mount preparations under E.M. Small testicular and ovarian fragments are put in distillated water, then macerated; the cell suspension is spread on the surface of sheet copper grids covered with formvar plus collodion films. After dehydratation interesting stages are selected under L.M. before observations under E.M.Zygotene and pachytene are the most common stages. During pachytene the chromomeres are well individualized; the synaptonemal complex may be observed; chromatin fibers connect the chromosomes to nuclear pores, interchromosomal fibers joint the bivalents. Zygotene and pachytene bivalents are very similar in the male and the feminine germ cells.     

Anomalies postnatales du développement de la spermatogenèse associées aux troubles de la migration testiculaire

Cryptorchidism, a non-descended testis in its physiological intrascrotal location, is one of the most frequent congenital anomalies of the male genital system. The mechanisms of the normal descent of the testis are still unclear. Several etiological hypotheses have been proposed for cryptorchidism. Cryptorchidism is associated with a greater risk of testis cancer, and is also a cause of impairment in sperm parameters and fertility in the adult age. In this article, we review the cellular and hormonal events occurring from birth to puberty in isolated cases of congenital cryptorchidism that will later, in adulthood, alter both spermatogenesis and fertility.     

Succession,diversité et amplitude de niche dans les påturages du centre de la péninsule ibérique

Some diversity and niche amplitude parameters were applied to rangeland pastures of the Central Iberian Peninsula and to their succession stages after the periodical ploughing typical of the traditional management of these areas. Four different slopes within a large area of undulating terrain were selected for the monitoring of succession as they contained the characteristical geomorphological pattern of the area (denudation, transport and accumulation sectors).If we consider the total entropy theorem, H (E.P.)=H(E)+H(P/E), the total entropy of the slope H(E.P) and the entropy of species H(E) increase as succession progresses. As the value of the entropy of the sampling plots conditioned by the species H(P/E) is affected by the number of plots utilized, we employed the expression A=H(P/E)/log₂ number of plots, similar to Pielou's index for niche amplitude, W=H(P/E)/H(P).This values decreases with succession, indicating that plant species tend to occupy more definite sectors along the slope. The number of low entropy species H(P/E) _i or specialist species, confined to narrow sectors also increases. When computed separately within the different sectors niche amplitude results in small values for the low slope regions (accumulation sector). This effect becomes more pronounced when succession advances.

Nous remercions le Conseil d'Administration de La Paranza, propriétaire du Castillo de Vañuelas, et particulièrement Mrs. C. Hernandez-Ros et J. A. Léon-Vrquijò, pour les faeilités qu'ils ont données à cette équipe durant la réalisation de ce travail.     

Altérations environnementales du développement du testicule foetal: zoom sur les phtalates

There are great concerns about the increasing incidence of abnormalities in male reproductive function. Human sperm counts have markedly dropped, and the rate of testicular cancer has clearly increased over the past four decades. Moreover, the prevalence rates of cryptorchidism and hypospadias are also probably increasing. It has been hypothesized that all these adverse trends in male reproduction result from abnormalities in the development of the testis during foetal and neonatal life. Furthermore, many recent epidemiological, clinical and experimental data suggest that these male reproductive disorders could be due to xenobiotics termed endocrine disruptors, which are becoming more and more concentrated and prevalent in our environment. Among these endocrine disruptors, we chose to focus this review on phthalates for different reasons: 1) they are widespread in the environment; 2) their concentrations in many human biological fluids have been measured; 3) the experimental data using rodent models suggesting a reprotoxicity are numerous and are the most convincing; 4) their deleterious effects on the development and function of the rat foetal testis have been largely studied; 5) some epidemiological data in humans suggest a reprotoxic effect at environmental concentrations at least during neonatal life. However, the direct effects of phthalates on human foetal testis have never been explored. Thus, as we did for the rat in the 1990s, we recently developed and validated an organotypic culture system, which allows maintenance of the development of the different cell types of human foetal testis. In this system, the addition of 10^?4 M MEHP (mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), the most produced phthalate, had no effect on basal or LH-stimulated production of testosterone, but it reduced the number of germ cells by increasing their apoptosis, without modifying their proliferation. This is the first experimental demonstration that phthalates alter the development of the foetal testis in humans. Using our organotypic culture system, it is interesting to compare these results obtained in humans with the response to MEHP in the mouse and the rat testes to analyse the relevance of toxicological tests based on rodent models.     

Valeur trophique des acides aminés dans les graines de légumineuses et développement larvaire de Callosobruchus maculatus

Interspecific variation of protein amino acids between peanut, horse bean, french bean, lentil, cowpea and chick-pea was undertaken in relation to larval development of C. maculatus. Twenty-one groups of amino acids were identified and quantified. In all seeds, free amino acids exist in low quantities; but they are more numerous than bound amino acids. Essential amino acids for man are sufficient in the six species, except for the sulphur amino acids in all seeds, and for lysine in peanut. Utilization of those pulses, after cooking, in human food complements cereals. Larval development possibilities of C. maculatus upon the used seeds shows up that: (a) with chick-pea and cowpea, the bruchid thrives normally. However, although amino acids are higher in cowpea than in chick-pea, the better performances were observed on the latter; (b) peanut, french bean, horse bean and lentil are unsuitable for larval development of the insect. Although they are rich in amino acids, all larvae die at first in star within these pulses. We conclude that larval development of C. maculatus does not depend only on the amounts of amino acids in the seeds but also on other trophic factors. These could consist of the balance between different nutritive compounds and the presence of allelochemical substances in the tested seeds which bruchid larvae are unable to utilize.     

Considérations sur l'importance du facteur osmotioue et du facteur rapique dans le développement de la vie dans la mer noire

Sans résumé