东海区沙海蜇和浮游动物的分布特征

根据2003—2005年夏、秋季在东、黄海进行的大型水母监测调查资料,分析了沙海蜇及其分布区内浮游动物的数量动态分布特点,研究了浮游动物优势种的生态类型及其种间变化。结果表明:夏季沙海蜇主要分布于29°00′—34°00′N海域,秋季主要分布于31°00′—34°00′N海域;3年间,沙海蜇生物量逐年递减、分布范围逐年变小,但并不影响东海、黄海沙海蜇从夏季至秋季具有由东海北部向黄海逐渐移动的特点;沙海蜇分布海域浮游动物的高生物量密集区一般位于沙海蜇中心区的边缘区域;沙海蜇和浮游动物的生物量在空间分布上存在着明显的负相关关系;浮游动物优势种夏季为中华哲水蚤与长尾类溞状幼体,秋季为中华哲水蚤、肥胖箭虫和小齿海樽。浮游动物与沙海蜇的生物量变化有较好的对应关系,浮游动物生物量大小与主要优势种组成可作为分析年间沙海蛰是否暴发的重要参考。     

北黄海秋、冬季浮游动物多样性及年间变化

2009年秋、冬季在北黄海全海域121°30'-124°00'E、37°30'-40°00'N范围开展了浮游动物多样性监测及年间变化研究,探讨浮游动物多样性对海流及全球变化的指示。共鉴定出浮游动物8大类28种(不含6大类浮游幼虫和鱼卵仔鱼),类群组成以暖温性近岸种和广温广盐种为主,兼有少量冷温性和暖水性外海种。聚类分析将浮游动物群落划分为:北黄海高盐水团群落、北黄海混合水团群落、北黄海沿岸低盐水团群落。2009年秋、冬季在北黄海均监测到暖水种小齿海樽和肥胖箭虫,前者形成秋季浮游动物优势种,但1959年调查显示它们向北分布不能抵达北黄海,这些暖水种的向北扩布可能预示着黄海暖流的增强。2009年秋、冬季北黄海主要暖温种中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫丰度也较1959年同期有所升高。研究表明全球变化影响下温带海域北黄海浮游动物暖水种种类增加、分布北移,暖温种丰度升高,这与亚热带海域东海浮游动物对气候变暖的响应模式不同,能够为浮游动物对全球变暖的区域响应机制研究提供参考资料。     

我国海洋大型底栖生物多样性研究及展望:以黄海为例

本文综述了我国海洋大型底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究进展,指出在该领域已有的研究中以胶州湾、长江口、福建和浙江沿岸等海域研究较多,其他海域还需要加强.介绍了常规大型底栖生物群落研究(包括种类组成、栖息密度(丰度)、生物量、生物多样性、次级生产力、能量级等)中的研究方法,环境变化、环境污染、海洋工程建设等对大型底栖生物的影响等方面的主要研究成果和进展,并重点以黄海为例,列举了已有的主要调查项目和研究成果.我国已有的研究表明,渤海海域底栖动物区系简单,大型底栖生物共413种,种数在四个海区中最少,优势种主要是低温、广盐暖水种;年总平均生物量为19.83 g/m2,以软体动物占有绝对优势;年总平均栖息密度474个/m2,多毛类和软体动物为主要贡献类群.黄海大型底栖生物共853种,优势种为狭盐性北温带种;北黄海年总平均生物量为99.66 g/m2,以棘皮动物最高;南黄海年总平均生物量为27.69 g/m2,多毛类贡献量最高;北黄海年总平均密度为2,017.40个/m2,而南黄海只有88.67个/m2差异较大;北黄海大型底栖生物的总平均密度和生物量远高于其他海域.南黄海年平均次级生产力为4.98 g(去灰干重)/m2,两个高生产力区位于黄海冷水团两侧.东海共发现大型底栖生物l,300种,主要优势种类有45种,与黄海优势种生物之间有很大差别;东海平均生物量的季节变化不显著,基本趋势为春季＞冬季＞夏季＞秋季;东海各海域的年总平均生物量浙江海域(28.22 g/m2)＞长江口海域(15.55 g/m2)＞台湾海峡(8.98 g/m2);年总平均栖息密度为164个/m2,呈现由北向南逐渐增加的趋势.南海大型底栖生物共发现1,661种,明显高于渤、黄、东海,部分优势种类与东海相同,与黄海、渤海差别较大;年总平均生物量为20.06 g/m2,基本趋势为春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季,软体动物和棘皮动物为主要贡献类群;年总平均栖息密度为198个/m2,夏季＞春季＞冬季＞秋季,多毛类生物为主要贡献者.指出随着人类活动和全球气候变化对海洋环境的影响越来越剧烈,对海洋生物资源和生物多样性的保护显得尤为急迫,而对海洋大型底栖生物长期的变化规律、变化机理、未来变化趋势预测的研究,是探究海洋大型底栖生物生态服务功能,提出资源有效保护和合理开发建议,使之永续利用的基础和迫切任务.     

东、黄海水团动态与夏季休渔效果间的关系

用聚类分析法分析了2003年6月-2005年6月东、黄海水团的分布,并讨论了水团动态变化与夏季休渔效果间的关系。结果表明,6月表层水团主要包括东海表层水团、黄海水团、黄-东海混合水团和沿岸冲淡水,底层水团主要包括东海次表层水团、黄海冷水团和黄海水团。另外,各水团的分布面积存在年间差异。夏季休渔期间,中上层鱼类资源和底层鱼类资源的恢复速度均在2005年最快,在2003年最慢。9月东、黄海中上层鱼类的主要作业渔场在28°00′-32°30′N,125°30′E以西海域,该海域表层主要受东海表层水团所控制;底层鱼类的主要作业渔场在29°30′-33°00′N,127°00′E以西海域,该海域底层主要受东海次表层水团所控制。6月较强的东海表层水团有利于中上层鱼类资源的恢复;较强的东海次表层水团有利于底层鱼类资源的恢复,而较强的黄海冷水团不利于底层鱼类资源的恢复。     

黄海生态系统高营养层次生物群落功能群及其主要种类

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季在黄海的两次大面调查,选取生物量占总生物量90%的生物种类为研究对象,分析了黄海生态系统以及3个生态区(冷水团海域、近岸水域和黄海南部水域)春秋两季高营养层次生物群落的功能群组成及其主要种类.结果表明,黄海生态系统高营养层次生物群落包括6个功能群.按生物量排序为:浮游生物食性功能群、底栖动物食性功能群、鱼食性功能群、虾食性功能群、广食性功能群和虾/鱼食性功能群,各功能群营养级范围分别为3.22～3.35、3.30～3.46、4.04～4.50、3.80～4.00、3.38～3.79和4.01.黄海生态系统的主要功能群为浮游生物食性功能群和底栖动物食性功能群,占总生物量的79.6%;主要种类包括13种:小黄鱼、鳀、细巧仿对虾、银鲳、细点圆趾蟹、带鱼、黑鳃梅童、黄鲫、龙头鱼、双斑蟳、细纹狮子鱼、三疣梭子蟹和凤鲚,约占总生物量的70.6%.从不同季节看,春季黄海不同生态区高营养层次的营养级接近,而秋季差别较大,这主要与生物繁殖和索饵群体组成及摄食习性相关.从不同生态区看,黄海冷水团海域高营养层次生物群落以浮游生物食性功能群为主,受季节变化的影响较小,其高营养层次的营养级接近.黄海近岸水域和黄海南部水域高营养层次生物群落功能群组成受季节的影响较大,秋季的营养级均高于春季的营养级.这表明黄海冷水团海域较近岸水域和南部水域稳定,是黄海的一个典型的生态区域.     

南黄海浮游甲藻的生态研究

调查南黄海浮游甲藻的种类组成、季节变化、水平分布及其与环境因素的关系,结果表明浮游甲藻类有74种,分隶于8科9属。其中高温高盐种占71．63％,广温广盐种占22．97％。低盐近岸种和冷水性种类各占2．7％。南黄海浮游甲藻细胞总量的季节分布,以夏季7月为最高峰,春季3月为最低谷,并对其生态特征和水文环境因素的关系进行了详细的研究与讨论。钩梨甲藻,赛氏鸟尾藻、圆头角藻、指状角藻和新月角藻等,仅分布于126°E以东、表层（10m）盐度34．00的海域,可作为黄海暖流的指示种。     

北部湾北部水母类群集结构与数量分布

根据"908"专项北部湾2006—2007年四个季节的调查数据,分析了北部湾北部(20°N以北海域)水母类的种类组成、数量分布、优势种和群集结构特征及其环境影响因子。该区共记录水母类4类125种,分别为水螅水母类99种、管水母类17种、钵水母类4种和栉水母5种;以沿岸暖水种为主,占本区水母总种数的61.6%,其次是大洋暖水种,占37.6%,沿岸暖温种仅占0.8%。种数季节变化呈单峰型,夏季83种,冬季56种,秋季和春季各49种,四季均以水螅水母类为主。周年丰度变化呈单峰型,夏季(943.0个/m3)春季(572.4个/m3)冬季(548.2个/m3)秋季(427.6个/m3)。拟细浅室水母、双生水母、球型侧腕水母、四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母、两手筐水母、异摇篮水母、双小水母、单囊美螅水母、疣真囊水母、半球美螅水母、六幅和平水母、八囊摇篮水母、刺胞真囊水母、黑球真唇水母、端粗范式水母和细颈和平水母共17种全年出现,为四季种;其中,前7种为四季优势种,优势度(Y)分别为0.25、0.19、0.09、0.08、0.05、0.03和0.03,各季节的优势种演替模式不尽相同。依据水母种类和数量分布情况,北部湾北部水母类可划分2个群集:栖息在受沿岸流影响的20 m以浅的低盐群集,代表种有拟细浅室水母和双生水母等;栖息在受外海水影响的20 m以深的高盐群集,代表种有四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母和两手筐水母等。海流与水团的消长是影响水母类群集结构和水平分布格局的重要影响因素。     

2008年浒苔大暴发末期黄海小型底栖动物现存量及空间分布

在2008年夏季浒苔暴发末期,对黄海33个站位(其中冷水团中22个,浒苔暴发区域9个)进行了小型底栖动物现存量、分布及沉积环境研究.结果表明:在浒苔灾害严重的南黄海区域,沉积物中的粉砂-粘土含量较往年(2007年)有明显增加;沉积物中叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素a含量在大多区域较2007年变化不大,但在苏南至长江口近岸海域的含量有明显降低.所获的16个小型底栖动物类群的垂直分布及各类群对现存量的贡献较往年未见明显差异.小型底栖动物平均丰度为(1375±793)ind·10 cm-2,生物量为(1203±707)μg·10cm-2.黄海小型底栖动物总体现存量较2007年低约1/3,并在浒苔暴发区域下降尤为明显,而南黄海冷水团海域则略有上升,由此导致南黄海的小型底栖动物现存量分布呈现从中央冷水区向外围减小的反常现象;相较于此,在浒苔灾害影响较小的北黄海则呈从冷水区向外围增加的趋势.统计分析显示,浒苔暴发区域的小型底栖动物丰度与盐度呈正相关,与叶绿素a含量不相关.浒苔的暴发对近岸的小型底栖生物现存量产生了明显的抑制,但导致小型底栖动物现存量降低的主要因素并非缘于饵料匮乏,而更可能是浒苔暴发后的沉积与降解过程产生的影响所致.     

福建平潭岛海域底栖贝类物种多样性及其地理分布

海洋底栖贝类是海洋底栖无脊椎动物的重要代表。福建平潭岛地处台湾海峡西岸北部, 是中国大陆距台湾岛最近之处, 其海域内的底栖贝类区系对了解台湾海峡及其附近海域的生态环境和底栖生物地理格局具有重要意义。本文基于对2015-2018年间中山大学国土资源与环境系在平潭岛海域采集的3,346号底栖贝类标本的鉴定, 结合已发表文献整理出了平潭岛海域底栖贝类名录, 并梳理了各物种在中国近海的地理分布类型。结果显示, 本研究所采标本分属58科122属161种, 其中47种为平潭岛海域新记录。结合历史文献记录, 平潭岛海域共有底栖贝类98科244属395种。其中93.7%的种类在南海亦有分布, 82.0%的种类在东海有分布, 31.1%的种类在黄渤海有分布, 42.3%的种类在台湾岛东部海域有分布。南海-东海分布型种类占区系总种数的49.9%; 其次为南海-黄渤海分布型(27.6%)和南海-台湾海峡分布型(16.2%)。分布限于台湾海峡及其以北的种类仅占总种数的6.3%。研究结果表明, 平潭岛海域底栖贝类区系具典型的亚热带性质, 暖水性种类和广温性种类占主要优势, 与南海北部和东海大陆沿岸地区的关系密切, 与台湾岛周边海域的联系相对较弱。     

基于mt-16S rDNA和mt-COI基因的海月水母分子生物学鉴定方法和检测技术

以我国近海海域常见的海月水母为目标生物,提取其水母基因组DNA,PCR扩增mt-16S rDNA(650 bp)和mt-COI基因(709 bp)的部分序列,经纯化、克隆、测序后,将获得的序列进行BLASTn分析,筛选目的序列中与其他水母差异较大的区域,设计出8对分别针对海月水母mt-16S rDNA和mt-COI基因序列的特异性引物.经过实验室培养样品和模拟现场样品检测发现,针对mt-16S rDNA的引物AS3和mt-COI的引物AC3具有较好的特异性,可以从海蜇、沙海蜇、霞水母、端鞭水母和海月水母中快捷地检测出目标水母,从而初步建立了海月水母的分子生物学鉴定方法和检测技术.本技术摆脱了水母形态学鉴定方法存在的局限,可准确、快速地对样品进行定性分析.     

Macrozoobenthos of the Small Aral Sea

Benthic assemblages of the Small Aral Sea were studied in 1999. The species composition, density, and biomass of benthic invertebrates were determined. The vertical distribution pattern and its dynamics in the course of desiccation of the sea were analyzed. It is shown that the vertical distribution of the benthos has changed substantially over the last 30 years. The biomass of the benthos in the inshore zone increased, while in the central part of the sea, benthic invertebrate populations declined and gradually disappeared. These changes are likely to be due to the accumulation of organic matter in the bottom sediments and the weakening of hydrodynamic processes, which could lead to oxygen depletion in deep water. In the 1990s, the benthic assemblages of the Small Aral Sea were relatively stable and highly productive. It is concluded that the Aral Sea is a promising area for fishery restoration.     

On the increasing threat of extermination of the unique Caspian sturgeon populations and the urgent measures required to save them.

Sturgeon populations in the Caspian Sea are now in serious danger of extinction. This is primarily a result of reduced natural recruitment following a deterioration in the quality of habitats in both the river and the sea, combined with irrational fishing activities. Within this context, the desire of the newly-arisen Republics bordering the Caspian to re-open the sturgeon fishery in the sea has absolutely no scientific foundation and will prove to be an ecological disaster. There is an urgent need to conclude the International Agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran on the conservation, reproduction and rational exploitation of the Caspian sturgeon. The bases for this agreement must be (1) recognition of the fact that sturgeon populations are sustained by an ecosystem that comprises the entire Caspian Sea and the rivers that flow into it (primarily the Volga); (2) an absolute ban on uncontrolled fishing for sturgeon in the sea, and (3) that national fishing quotas must reflect the real contribution of a particular state to overall sturgeon stocks. Without adequate measures to save them, it is to be expected that the unique runs of Caspian sturgeons will be exterminated within 5–1 years.     

Sturgeon abundance and distribution in the Caspian Sea.

The number of sturgeons and their distribution on feeding grounds in the Caspian Sea were assessed. Data were collected between 1991 and 1996 on environmental factors, species composition, and population sizes in the Northern, Middle and Southern Caspian Sea except for Iranian waters. The results show a drastic decline of the sturgeon populations on the feeding grounds at sea. In order to preserve the Caspian Sea sturgeon populations, efforts of all States surrounding the Caspian Sea must be increased and harmonised to serve a single system of fishery management, stock conservation and enhancement measures based on natural reproduction and artificial propagation.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of sea lamprey control in Georgian Bay and the North Channel of Lake Huron

The sea lamprey control program in the Great Lakes has effectively reduced the abundance of sea lamprey, and, in conjunction with appropriate fishery management practices, has contributed to the restoration of valuable stocks of fish — particularly the salmonids. Sea lamprey producing tributaries of Lake Huron have been treated with lampricide on a continuing basis since 1966, and indications of decreasing abundance of sea lamprey have been evident since 1969. Control of sea lamprey has been more successful in Georgian Bay than in North Channel, as shown by the numbers of spawning phase animals captured in assessment devices, and by the incidence of lamprey-inflicted wounds on fish. The St. Marys River — the only known uncontrolled sources of recruitment to parasitic sea lamprey populations of Lake Huron — is suspected of being the cause of the higher levels of sea lamprey abundance observed in the northwest part of the lake.     

我国主要海域海水养殖碳汇能力评估及其影响效应——基于我国9个沿海省份面板数据

随着海水养殖业的碳汇功能逐渐被认识和肯定,海水养殖不再单是一项经济活动,而是对环境具有正向影响的碳汇生态活动。以我国沿海9个省份为例,选取海水养殖业碳汇主要贡献的贝类和藻类海产品,并按照各自的碳汇方式对我国沿海地区2008—2015年海水养殖碳汇能力测算,进一步将9个沿海省份按照主要海域划分为渤海、黄海、东海、南海,利用LMDI模型从海水养殖的结构效应和规模效应角度分析碳汇能力的区域差异和主要影响因素。研究结果显示,黄海沿岸海水养殖碳汇能力最强,南海沿岸海水养殖的碳汇转化比例最高,规模效应与我国沿海地区海水养殖碳汇能力始终呈正相关,结构效应的作用显著但不稳定。基于上述结论,我国沿海地区碳汇养殖业应首先提升碳汇养殖技术、稳定海水养殖产量,其次注重优化养殖结构,对碳汇潜力巨大的贝类多加关注。     

东海鲐鱼资源时空分布特征

利用1998年1月～2006年12月我国东海鲐鱼灯光围网生产统计数据和月平均海水表层温度SST及表温距平均值,利用GLM模型对其单位日产量CPUE进行标准化,然后对其资源时空分布进行了分析.结果表明:其CPUE与年份、月份、纬度、船队、表温及年份与纬度和年份与船队之间的交互效应有关.CPUE的年际变化与SST间有着显著的相关性.秋季是东海鲐鱼资源丰度最高的季节,渔业分布范围进一步拓展,资源的丰度也比夏季更高,且东海西北部的丰度较高:l0月份,东海鲐鱼的分布范围又出现回缩,仅在东海中部水域有渔业分布,但资源的丰度也为四个季节中最高.     

基于营养通道模型的渤海生态系统结构十年变化比较

根据1982年和1992年渤海渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,应用EwE建模软件,构建了两个时期的营养通道模型,并比较分析了10a间渤海生态系统结构以及渔业资源的变化.模型包含鳀、黄鲫、蓝点马鲛、其它中上层鱼类、小黄鱼、花鲈、其它底层鱼类、底栖鱼类、浮游动物、浮游植物、碎屑等17个功能群, 基本覆盖了渤海生态系统能量流动的途径.分析结果表明,1992年渤海生态系统的总生物量比1982年有所下降;小型中上层鱼类成为渔业资源的主要成分,其生物量较1982年明显增加;由于低营养级层次渔获物数量的增加,渔获物平均营养级有所下降.从系统规模看1982年大于1992年.1982年到1992年的十年间, 引起渤海生态系统结构变化的主要原因是初级生产力的变化以及捕捞因素.1982年与1992年渤海生态系统均处于不成熟的发育期,仍有较高的剩余生产量有待利用,因此渔业资源恢复的物质基础是有保证的.     

Present status of fisheries in Turkey

Turkey’s natural and ecological situations are very suitable for aquaculture. Turkey also has a wide variety of freshwater and marine species comprising trout, carp, sea bass, sea bream, turbot, mussel, crayfish, etc. The total production of fish and shellfish was 646,310 tons in 2008. The contribution of freshwater catch to total fishery production is relatively small. Capture fisheries production amounted to 494,124 tons whilst aquaculture production was 152,186 tons in the same year. In Turkey, Engraulis encrasicholus (anchovy) is the main caught sea fish species. Fisheries in the Black Sea are the most important fishery by far and show the greatest variations in total catch. Alburnus tarichii (a local species belonging to Cyprinidae) and Cyprinus carpio (the common carp) are the most important species caught from freshwaters. Aquaculture is going to play an increasingly important role in the Turkish economy, as fishery products are the only products of animal origin that can be exported to the EU. There has been a fast increase in the aquaculture production in Turkey with the implementation of scientific and technological modernization. For example, total aquaculture production for 1986 and 2008 was 3,075 and 152,186 tons, respectively. The percentage of aquaculture in total fish production has been rising every year. The ratio of cultured fish production to total fish production was 1.5% in 1990 s, 13.57% in 2000 and more than 20% in 2005. It was 23.55% in 2008. Trouts are the main cultured freshwater fish species. Raceways and floating cages are employed in culture of trout. Carps are also important cultured freshwater fish species. Sea bass and gilthead sea bream are grown marine fish species. Floating cages, off-shore and earthen ponds are used for marine fish species culture. There has been an increase in fishery exports and imports in recent years. It was more than US500 million in 2008, but that of 2004 was just over US 500 million in 2008, but that of 2004 was just over US 233 million. However, aquaculture production is still far away from the production targets and fisheries sector is not an important part of the economy at present.     

Fish fauna of the Bering Sea (within Russian waters). Communication 3: Perspectives of commercial fishery

The commercial value of the ichthyofauna of the Bering Sea within Russian waters (Exclusive Economic Zone) is discussed. The ichthyofauna of this region comprises 344 species of fish and fish-like. Most of the species (283 species, or 82.3%) have no commercial value. The rest have commercial value (47 species, or 13.7%) or have the potential commercial value (14 species, 4.1%). Active and large-scale fishery is performed for 27 commercial species both in the open sea and in the coastal areas (mostly by ships); another twenty species are harvested irregularly by local coastal or nearshore fishery.     

A small fishery with a high impact on sea turtle populations in the eastern Mediterranean

Sea turtles were targeted by fisheries in the Mediterranean from 1920 to 1970 and have undergone severe exploitation. At least 30,000 to 40,000 turtles were caught along the Palestinian coastline during the 1920s to 1930s. Although intentional cap- ture of marine turtles is now illegal, sea turtles are still incidentally caught by the fishing industry, making it a major cause of sea turtle mortality. The present study as- sesses the impact of the Israeli fishery fleet on the turtle population in the Levantine basin based on on-board observations and a fishermen survey. The results show that gillnets and trawlers are the main threats to sea turtles in this area. 21 turtles were caught during 1385.5 hours of trawling observations – a catch rate of 0.015 turtles per hour. We estimate that a total of 1,315 turtles are caught annually by Israeli trawlers. According to the fishermen survey, ～21 turtles are caught each year by a single gillnet vessel, yielding an annual estimate of 1,672 turtles for the whole gillnet fleet. We have also found that only a small fraction of the turtles injured by trawlers is represented in the strandings. The mortality rate through trawling and the stranding density is the highest in the region, emphasizing the urgent need to regulate the Israe- li fishery. This fishery poses a major threat to the whole Levantine sea turtle popula- tion, especially during the vulnerable reproduction stage.