云南松幼苗上红菇类菌根真菌的物种多样性及其菌根形态

以滇中1～2年生云南松幼苗为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的红菇属真菌外生菌根。形态观察发现了6种形态型（morphotypes）。本文对这6种形态型的外观和显微特征进行了详细描述,尤其强调了菌套形态特征。对rDNAITS片段比对分析表明,6种形态型对应6种红菇属真菌,它们分别是与Russula li-vescens、R.violeipes、R.densifolia、R.nigricans、R.sanguinea及R.nauseosa相近的红菇种类。本研究表明,形成的菌根及其菌套和囊状体的特征在红菇属真菌的系统分支间表现出较为稳定的差异。这一研究与前人对该属真菌的菌根形态及分类学研究基本吻合。红菇属真菌是云南松1～2年幼苗期的主要共生真菌类群。     

云南松幼苗棉革菌属菌根真菌的物种多样性

以滇中1～2年生云南松幼苗为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的棉革菌属真菌外生菌根真菌.通过形态观察发现了6种形态型菌根.文中对这6种形态型菌根的外观和显微特征进行了详细描述.对rDNAITS片段比对分析结果表明,6种形态型对应6种棉革菌属真菌,它们分别是与Tomentella badia、T.coerelea、T.viri...     

Comparison of Seed Weed dispersed Characteristics between Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana

Seed morphological and wind dispersed characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana were compared in this study to clarify the relationship among seed morphological, dispersal characteristics and wind dispersal ability. The results showed that: 1)Seed wing loading had the greatest effect on the seed settlement velocity, but the effect of seed shape(the ratio of seed wing length to width) on it was unobvious. Seed morphological and dispersal characteristics of two species slightly influenced the horizontal dispersal distance. 2)Seed morphological characteristics(weight, length, width and seed wing area) of Pyunnanensis were significantly lower than Kevelyniana’s. 3) The ratio of seed wing length to width of Pyunnanensis was greater, and had less seed wing loading than Kevelyniana, the seed settlement velocity of Pyunnanensis (773cm·s-1) was lower than Kevelyniana’s (1169cm·s-1). Meanwhile, the seed horizontal dispersal distance(075m) under same wind speed was further than Kevelyniana’s (071m). The present study indicated that wind dispersal ability of Pyunnanensis’ seed was stronger. The research results provided more knowledge to understand seed wind dispersal mechanism and seed adaptation strategies in term of evolution and ecology.     

The Ecological Relation Between Pinus taiwanensis and Fungi in the Process of Ectomycorrhizae Synthesis

The root samples of Pinus taiwanensis from seedlings to large trees of Mt. Huangsban were studied under light microscope(LM) and scanning electron microscope(SEN). It is obvious that ectomycorrhizae from extensively between the pine roots and the fungi. Isolation and pure culture of the samples of sporocarps were carried out, of which six strains were inoculated to the dissinfected seedlings were under laboratory condition. Pisolithus tinctorius was introduced to inoculate the pine seedlings too. Studies on the development of dichotomous mycorrhizae and the early stage of ectomycorrhizae formation were specially emphasized. Three types of the process of hyphae infection and the ontogeny of ectomycorrhizae synthesis, development and subsequent degeneration were described. Some ecological effects of ectomycorrhizae, which increase the growth of pine trees were also mentioned. Finally the authors sugge. st that the success inoculation of Pisolithus tinctorius to the pine trees will offer a new device for the formation and development of the ectomycorrhizae in terms to promote their growth.     

Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi naturally established on containerised Pinus seedlings in nursery conditions

The study examined the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi, naturally established on roots of containerised Pinus seedlings in a nursery, using PCR-RFLP and sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. Seventy-two samples, including ectomycorrhizae and fruit bodies, were examined. Molecular typing assigned the fungal symbionts to four ectomycorrhizal Boletales: Rhizopogon rubescens, Suillus bovinus, S. variegatus, and R. luteolus. R. rubescens was abundant (37.5%), while Suillus and R. luteolus species were moderately established (25-26%) and rare (2.8%), respectively. In addition, Rhizopogon species colonised P. nigra ssp. salzmannii seedlings, whereas Suillus species were identified on Pinus nigra ssp. nigra seedlings. The diversity and the ability of these naturally established symbionts under artificial nursery conditions were discussed. The molecular survey investigated here should contribute to successful monitoring of mycorrhizal application under both nursery and plantation conditions.     

低磷胁迫下云南松幼苗的生物量及其分配

对云南松幼苗进行低磷胁迫的实验表明:不同磷处理水平下云南松幼苗的总生物量、茎叶生物量和株高在处理间的差异极为显著;随着培养液磷浓度的降低,云南松幼苗茎叶生物量和总生物量下降,株高降低,侧芽数减少;总生物量与茎叶生物量之间存在极显著的相关关系和线性回归关系,总生物量随培养液磷浓度的降低而下降主要是由茎叶生物量随培养液磷浓度的降低而下降引起的。低磷胁迫下云南松幼苗的根系生物量并没有随培养液磷浓度的降低而明显减少,根系生物量保持在比较高的水平,低磷胁迫下的云南松幼苗主要以降低茎叶生物量为代价来提高根冠比并保持根系生物量在比较高的水平来维持整个生命。实验还表明,在培养液磷浓度0.03125~0.00781mmol·L-1之间或附近,存在着一个云南松幼苗对低磷忍耐的临界值。     

七株外生菌根真菌与三种松苗菌根的形成能力

松树外生菌根菌资源丰富,但实际应用的种类不多。为筛选出与松苗形成菌根能力较强的菌种,采用播种接菌和芽苗截根移栽接菌两种方法,对7株外生菌根真菌与马尾松、湿地松和黑松3种松苗的菌根合成进行了研究。结果表明：形成的菌根以二叉分枝状为主,棒状菌根相对较少,多叉状菌根以马尾松较多。PC2形成的菌根表面菌丝厚且紧密,504、EG、Pt,形成的菌根表面菌丝紧密程度中等,而505、ZJ和HX形成的菌根其表面菌丝则比较稀疏;Pt1、Pt2、EG形成的菌根外延菌丝较长,而505、HX形成的菌根外延菌丝极短。截根接菌时的感染率和感染指数要高于播种接菌。504形成菌根的能力最强,在3种松苗上的菌根感染率都达100％,感染指数最高可达90,最低也达70;Pt2和EG与马尾松和黑松形成菌根的能力较强;而505和HX仅与马尾松形成菌根的能力较强;Pt1形成菌根的能力较差,在3种松苗上菌根感染率和感染指数都较低。在3种松苗中,马尾松的菌根化状况最好,其次为黑松,湿地松的菌根化状况较差。     

Biomass Carbon Accounting Parameters for Young and Middle Aged Plantation of Simao Pine (Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis)

Based on data collected from field surveys, biomass carbon accounting parameters including biomass conversion and expansion factor (BCEF), biomass expansion factor (BEF) and root shoot ratio (R) for Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis plantation were calculated, and relationships between the parameters and relative stand factors were studied. Main findings were as follows. (1) Mean BCEF for Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis plantation was 05483 Mg m 3(n=30, 95% confidence interval=05357-05609), lower than the IPCC default value. BCEF for Pinus kesiya var langbianensis plantation was negatively related to stand form height (FH), mean stand height (H), stand growing stock (V) and stand age(A) (P<005). BCEF was negatively related to mean diameter at breast height (D), but not statistically significant（P >005）, positively related to stand density (N), not statistically significant（P>005）. Regression equations developed for calculating BCEF with stand factors did not give satisfied estimates. (2) Mean BEF for Pinus kesiya var langbianensis plantation was 178378 (n=30, 95% confidence interval=171714-185043), higher than the IPCC default value. BEF was negatively related to D、H、FH、V and A (P <001), positively related to N (P <005). Regression equations of y=a+bx+cx2 performed well to calculating BEF with A and V as variables. Regression equation of y=a+b/x performed well to calculate BEF with N. Regression equations of y=a xb performed well to calculate BEF with FH、H and D as variables. (3) Mean R for Pinus kesiya varlangbianensis plantation was 02400 (n=30, 95% confidence interval=02194-02606), close to the IPCC default value. R was negatively related to D、H、FH、V and A (P <001), positively related to N (P <005). Regression equations of y= a+bx +cx2 performed well to calculate R with D、H、FH、V and Aas variables. Regression equation of y=a+b/x performed well to calculate R with N.     

云南松根际pH与不同磷水平下云南松幼苗根际pH变化

通过滇中红壤区域现实林分中不同林龄云南松根际与非根际土的pH分析和不同磷处理水平下培养的云南松幼苗根际pH的测定,探讨了云南松根际pH以及不同磷水平下云南松幼苗根际pH变化。结果表明,低磷环境下云南松根际土和非根际土的pH值在3．49～3．79之间;云南松根际土pH明显低于非根际土,二者之间的差异极显著,但在不同林龄组间差异不明显;云南松幼苗能使根系周围pH下降,随着供磷水平的降低,云南松幼苗根系使根际pH降低的能力加强。本试验对云南松的研究结果与对其它一些树种进行研究所取得的结果有所不同,根际酸化是云南松适应低磷环境的有效反应之一。     

接种外生菌根对辽东栎幼苗生长的影响

 辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）是中国特有的栎林树种,也是中国暖温带落叶阔叶林的主要优势树种之一。铆钉菇（Gomphidius viscidus）和臭红菇（Russula foetens）是在自然环境中与其共生形成外生菌根的真菌。在温室花盆中播种辽东栎种子获得辽东栎幼苗,并对幼苗接种铆钉菇和臭红菇合成外生菌根,比较了有菌根和无菌根辽东栎幼苗生长、光合蒸腾特性、氮磷含量的差异。外生菌根对辽东栎幼苗的生长有明显的促进作用,有菌根幼苗的生物量、株高、净光合速率和水分利用效率高于无菌根幼苗,蒸腾速率则相反。有菌根幼苗的氮磷含量分别为无菌根幼苗的1.7倍和2.2倍,外生菌根的合成还改变了氮磷在幼苗器官间的分配比例,与无菌根幼苗相比,有菌根幼苗茎中的氮磷减少,而叶片中的磷显著增加。同时接种铆钉菇和臭红菇的生长促进效果优于单独接种。     

广西细叶云南松群系的初步研究

细叶云南松是云南松原种从中亚热带温凉的云南高原向东迁移,适应南亚热带于热河谷的一个变种。它广泛分布在南盘江下游两岸海拔300-1600米的丘陵山地,常常构成大面积的天然森林,群落类型多种多样。它们的形成和分布与所在地的气候、地貌、土壤和人为生产活动特别是垦殖和烧山的影响有密切的联系。本文比较详尽地划分和论述了这个区域广西范围内细叶云南松群系各个群丛的基本特点和分布规律,指出了它们的演替趋势和经营管理应采取的主要措施。     

接种外生菌根对辽东栎幼苗生长的影响

辽东栎 (Quercusliaotungensis)是中国特有的栎林树种 ,也是中国暖温带落叶阔叶林的主要优势树种之一。铆钉菇 (Gomphidiusviscidus)和臭红菇 (Russulafoetens)是在自然环境中与其共生形成外生菌根的真菌。在温室花盆中播种辽东栎种子获得辽东栎幼苗 ,并对幼苗接种铆钉菇和臭红菇合成外生菌根 ,比较了有菌根和无菌根辽东栎幼苗生长、光合蒸腾特性、氮磷含量的差异。外生菌根对辽东栎幼苗的生长有明显的促进作用 ,有菌根幼苗的生物量、株高、净光合速率和水分利用效率高于无菌根幼苗 ,蒸腾速率则相反。有菌根幼苗的氮磷含量分别为无菌根幼苗的 1.7倍和 2 .2倍 ,外生菌根的合成还改变了氮磷在幼苗器官间的分配比例 ,与无菌根幼苗相比 ,有菌根幼苗茎中的氮磷减少 ,而叶片中的磷显著增加。同时接种铆钉菇和臭红菇的生长促进效果优于单独接种。     

云南松地理种源研究 Ⅰ.苗期试验

对来自27个不同种源的云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Fr.)进行苗期试验,测定苗高和地径生长量,并对其21个月生的苗高和地径进行方差分析。结果表明:不同种源的云南松在相同试验条件下,其苗高和地径差异极为显著,初步选出其苗高超过对照(安宁种源)175.3—205.3％的10个种源,可供造林试验用种。本试验还对云南松形态特征的地理变异规律及其相互间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

The effect of regeneration burns on the growth,nutrient acquisition and mycorrhizae of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. (mountain ash) seedlings

This study was conducted to compare the effects on the growth of Eucalyptus regnans seedlings of unheated soil and soil heated to different extents (as indicated by soil colour–bright red or black) in burnt logging coupes, and to separate the effects of heating of the soil on direct nutrient availability and on morphotypes and effectiveness of ectomycorrhizae. Burnt soils were collected from three logging coupes burnt 2, 14 and 25 months previously and unbumt soil from adjacent regrowth forests. Compared to unburnt soil, the early seedling growth was stimulated in black burnt soil from all coupes (burnt 2, 14 and 25 months previously). Seedling growth was generally poor in red burnt soil, especially in soil collected 2 months after burning. However, the concentration of extractable P was extremely high in red burnt soil, especially in soil collected 2 months after burning. In black burnt soil, extractable P was increased in soil 2 months after burning, but not in the soils collected 14 or 25 months after burning. However, both total P content and concentration in seedlings were increased in all collections of black burnt soil. Frequency of ectomycorrhizae was high in seedlings grown in all black burnt soils, but the mycorrhizal mantles were poorly developed in seedlings in black burnt soil collected 2 months after burning. Seedlings were also ectomycorrhizal in red burnt soil, except in soil collected 2 months after burning. Fine root inocula from seedlings grown in black burnt soils collected 14 and 25 months after burning significantly stimulated both seedling growth and P uptake compared with the uninoculated control, whereas the fine root inocula from the seedlings grown in all the other soils did not. These results suggest that, in black burnt soil, both direct nutritional changes and changes in the ectomycorrhizae may contribute to seedling growth promotion after regeneration burns. The generally poor seedling growth in red burnt soils is likely to have been due to N deficiency as the seedlings in these soils were yellow-green and the tissue concentrations of N were significantly lower than in other treatments. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

珍稀药用植物云南萝芙木种子休眠与萌发特性

研究了云南萝芙木（Rauvolfia yunnanensis）种子吸水及内源萌发抑制物特性,探讨了赤霉素浓度、温度和光照对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：云南萝芙木新鲜饱满种子28℃和31℃／22℃光照或黑暗下1个月内不萌发,种子胚已分化发育完全,种皮透水,种仁含有萌发抑制物,GA可促进种子萌发,说明云南萝芙木种子具有浅度生理休眠。400-1800mg·L-1是打破云南萝芙木种子休眠的适宜GA处理浓度范围。云南萝芙木种子的适宜萌发温度范围为22～2822和31℃／22℃变温,28％发芽指数最高,1023种子不萌发。云南萝芙木种子在周期性光照和全黑暗下均可萌发,但31℃和31℃／22℃下周期性光照促进种子萌发。     

夏块菌与青刚栎形成外生菌根形态变化的研究

夏块菌（Tuber aestivum）是一种具有较高经济价值的菌根食用菌。对夏块菌与青刚栎（Cycloba-lanopsis glauca）在形成菌根过程中不同阶段的菌根形态变化进行了研究,结果显示：用夏块菌孢子液接种青刚栎苗后,第14天起开始形成淡乳色的外生菌根,外延菌丝刚毛状;第一至第二个月可形成黄褐色、褐色外生菌根,外延菌丝刚毛或羊毛状。外生菌根为单根,长1～4mm,直径150～250μm。菌套厚12～20μm,平坦或自菌根延伸出刚毛状菌丝,外延菌丝束黄绿色;哈替氏网菌丝直径1～1.5μm。菌根老化后变暗褐或萎缩。外延菌丝束呈黄绿色是夏块菌菌根区别于其它块菌菌根最重要的形态特征。     

Nitrogen fixation associated with Suillus tomentosus tuberculate ectomycorrhizae on Pinus contorta var. latifolia

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tuberculate ectomycorrhizae are a unique form of ectomycorrhiza where densely packed clusters of mycorrhizal root tips are enveloped by a thick hyphal sheath to form a tubercle. The functional significance of such a unique structure has not previously been established. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and measure the potential nitrogenase activity associated with Suillus tomentosus/Pinus contorta tuberculate ectomycorrhizae in two stand ages, young and old, and across a range of nitrogen-poor soil conditions. METHODS: Short roots were compared with other mycorrhizae and non-mycorrhizal secondary roots using tuberculate ectomycorrhizae. Assessment of nitrogenase activity was determined and quantitative measurements were taken on tuberculate ectomycorrhizae in situ in a variety of different circumstances, by using an adaptation of the acetylene reduction assay. KEY RESULTS: Significant nitrogenase activity was measured associated with S. tomentosus/P. contorta tuberculate ectomycorrhizae whereas no nitrogenase activity was measured with non-tuberculate mycorrhizae or secondary roots without mycorrhizae. Average nitrogenase activity ranged from undetectable to 5696.7 nmol C2H4 g(-1) tubercle 24 h(-1). Maximum nitrogenase activity was 25,098.8 nmol C2H4 g(-1) tubercle 24 h(-1). Nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in young stands than in old stands of P. contorta. Season or some covariate also seemed to affect nitrogenase activity and there was suggestion of a site effect. CONCLUSIONS: Suillus tomentosus/P. contorta tuberculate ectomycorrhizae are sites of significant nitrogenase activity. The nitrogenase activity measured could be an important contribution to the nitrogen budget of P. contorta stands. Season and stand age affect levels of nitrogenase activity.     

Effect of ectomycorrhizal composition on survival and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> seedlings varying in resistance to the pine wilt nematode

Key message

Ectomycorrhizal composition and associated fungi affect the intra-specific ability of resistant black pines for physiological adaptation.

Abstract

Since Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) forests have been widely devastated by pine wilt disease, several kinds of resistant black pines have been developed. Although all of the resistant black pines are the same species, these resistant trees show different physiological characteristics. We investigated the survival rates and growth rates, as well as ectomycorrhizal composition and associated fungi, on four kinds of Japanese black pine seedlings (three pine wilt-resistant and one non-resistant), and elucidated the factors affecting the various physiological characteristics. We found that the abundance of ectomycorrhizal types differed even though seedlings were grown sympatrically in the same areas for about 2 years. The seedlings that had plentiful white ectomycorrhizae showed the highest survival and growth rates regardless of the variety of black pine. Sequence similarities of the white ectomycorrhizae in the rDNA ITS region were best matched with members of Astraeus sp., Atheliaceae, Boletaceae and Thelephoraceae. Our findings indicate that intra-specific physiological adaptation might be affected by ectomycorrhizal composition or by the specific ectomycorrhizal species.

     

提高成年云南山楂树试管培养苗生根率的方法

用成年云南山楂(Crataegus scabrifolia(Franch)Rehd.树的无菌增殖芽苗作为生根试验材料。结果表明：接种在含生长素(IBA、NAA)0.01-1.0mg/1的MS/2培养基中,芽苗的平均生根率为50.4%;在高浓度(150-250mg/1)生长素溶液中浸泡芽苗基部30分钟,然后接种到无生长素的MS/2培养基中,其生根率为60.1%;用高浓度生长素液蘸芽苗基部的生根率为83.5%;芽苗在含IBA1-5mg/1的培养基中培养2-4天,然后转入MS/2培养基中诱导生根,生根率可达92%以上,根伸长正常。黑暗条件明显抑制生根,每日16小时至24小时光照对芽苗生根有益。     

Comparisons of ectomycorrhizae on pinyon pines (Pinus edulis; Pinaceae) across extremes of soil type and herbivory

Using field and greenhouse studies, we examined the relationships among pinyon pines (Pinus edulis), their ectomycorrhizal mutualists, and their moth herbivores as a function of soil fertility. We studied two soil types—the ash and cinder soils of the San Francisco volcanic field and nearby sandy loam soils. In the field, pinyons growing in cinders suffered from reduced moisture, negative nitrogen mineralization rates, low phosphate levels, reduced growth, and high moth herbivory relative to pinyons growing in sandy loam. Pinyons growing in cinders also had twofold higher levels of ectomycorrhizal colonization than their noncinder counterparts. Similarly, in the greenhouse, seedlings grown in cinders had higher levels of ectomycorrhizal colonization and greater numbers of ectomycorrhizae than seedlings grown in sandy loam. Seedling shoot growth was significantly enhanced by ectomycorrhizae in both soils. These patterns support three conclusions. First, field and greenhouse studies demonstrated that trees growing in nutrient-poor soils had higher levels of ectomycorrhizal colonization than trees growing in better soils. Second, across soil types, variation in ectomycorrhizal colonization was better predicted by soil fertility than by herbivory. However, herbivory negatively affected ectomycorrhizae in the stressful cinder environment. Third, although mycorrhizae can be parasitic under some conditions, ectomycorrhizae had mutualistic impacts on pinyon seedlings across the environmental extremes we studied.