白莺山古茶的化学成分分析与栽培茶树的起源

应用高压液相色谱(HPLC)技术,对白莺山古茶的大理茶素、儿茶素类、茶掊素、没食子酸、咖啡因和茶氨酸的含量进行分析.同时,应用分光光度法测定茶多糖和茶多酚含量.在与野生大理茶及栽培大叶茶(普洱生茶)进行多成分比较的基础上,结合形态性状的变异与进化,讨论白莺山古茶种质资源的多样性与野生大理茶和栽培大叶茶的相互关系.分析研究结果不仅为白莺山古茶的品质评价提供可靠的科学数据,为白莺山丰富的古茶种质资源的深人系统研究和合理开发利用提供基础,同时,通过多种过渡类型的化学成分分析与比较,为栽培大叶茶的起源和大理茶作为大叶茶的野生基源之一的假说提供了植物化学方面的证据.     

核基因组微卫星标记揭示大理茶参与了普洱茶的驯化过程

利用11个核基因组微卫星标记对普洱茶3个居群、大理茶3个居群及过渡型大理茶2个居群共104株古茶树进行了遗传学分析。研究表明,普洱茶、大理茶和过渡型大理茶居群的遗传多样性相对较低,平均等位基因(Na)为4.852,平均香农多样性指数(I)为1.17,平均期望杂合度(He)和观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.59和0.52,其中大理茶的遗传多样性水平低于普洱茶和过渡型大理茶。AMOVA分析表明,普洱茶和大理茶之间遗传分化显著(FST=0.305),遗传变异主要在居群内(分别为93.51%和89.41%),而居群间的遗传变异较低(分别为6.49%和10.59%)。主成分分析和STRUCTURE聚类分析均支持大理茶和普洱茶为不同的组,过渡型大理茶主要由大理茶驯化而来,并在栽培过程中与大理茶产生了遗传分化。在混栽的大理茶和普洱茶居群间存在由大理茶向普洱茶的明显基因渐渗,证实了大理茶参与了普洱茶的驯化过程。最后,讨论并提出了对大理茶和普洱茶古茶树资源保护的相关建议。     

Comparative Study on the Chloroplast RPL32-TRNL Nucleotide Variation within and Genetic Differentiation among Ancient Tea Plantations of Camellia sinensis var.assamica and C.taliensis (Theaceae) from Yunnan,China

In order to assess genetic diversity and population structure, nine Camellia sinensis var.assamica and three C.taliensis populations from Yunnan, China were evaluated. Based on nucleotide variation of 94 cpDNA RPL32-TRNL sequences, a total of seven distinct haplotypes were detected in the studied populations. It was apparent that C.sinensis var.assamica (h=0.728,π =0.00469) possessed higher levels of genetic diversity than C.taliensis (h =0.610, π =0.00225). However, genetic differentiation among populations of C.sinensis varassamica (Gst=0.580, FST=0.612) was lower than that among C.taliensis populations (Gst=0.696, FST=0.773). Our AMOVA analysis further revealed that the majority of variation was partitioned among populations of the two taxa, while C.sinensis var.assamica (6121%) showed lower level of genetic differentiation than C.taliensis (77.34%). In comparisons to C.taliensis, genetic diversity within C.sinensis var.assamica largely varied among populations, ranging from 0 to 0.809 and from 0 to 0.00487 for haplotype and nucleotide diversity, respectively. Conservation strategies were finally discussed and proposed to efficiently protect ancient tea plantations in China.     

云南省古茶树资源调查与分析

为更好地保护和开发利用古茶树资源,2010-2017年对云南省12个地区58个县/市的古茶树资源进行了全面普查,依据《Flora of China》英文修订版分类确立了古茶树资源物种名录,建立初步的古茶树资源数据信息库。以此为基础,利用地理信息系统和统计学分析了云南古茶树资源种类组成、地理分布特征、生境类型及形态多样性。结果表明:云南古茶树种类多,调查共获得古茶树资源分布点474个,记录样本植株2570份,隶属7种6变种;古茶树资源分布广而不均,主要分布于滇西、滇南、滇东南及滇中哀牢山山脉,滇东南是古茶树物种多样性的分布中心,滇西是特有种的分化中心,云南古茶树资源的地理分布可能存在滇西-大理茶(Camellia taliensis(W.W.Sm.)Melch.)、滇南-普洱茶(C.sinensis var.assamica(J.W.Mast.)Kitam.)和滇东南-厚轴茶(C.crassicolumna H.T.Chang)3个现有分布中心;古茶树资源生境复杂多样,可大致分为原生林、次生林和高山旱地等3类,不同生境分布的古茶树种类及其生长状况有差异;古茶树资源具有丰富的形态多样性,其描述型性状多样性指数为0.58~1.48,数值型性状变异系数为4.37%~51.03%,总体上营养器官的变异性高于花部器官。本工作为进一步探讨云南地区古茶树资源的系统演化、多样性保护及合理利用提供了重要的本底资料。此外,根据古茶树资源现状,初步提出了一些保护利用建议。     

我国西南元江大理茶的挥发性成分及其抗氧化活性(英文)

大理茶 ( Camellia taliensis) 为山茶科山茶属茶组植物,主要分布于云南横断山脉澜沧江至伊洛瓦底江流域,即从云南的西部及西南部至缅甸北部。在其分布区,大理茶亦被称为野生大茶树,常用于加工制作茶叶。采用水蒸气蒸馏法、GC 及 GC/MS 联用技术,首次对大理茶的鲜幼叶和鲜幼叶及老叶分别制成的绿茶中的挥发性成分进行提取和分析,共鉴定出 91 个化合物。研究结果表明,大理茶鲜幼叶的主要香气成分为棕榈酸 ( 30. 52%) ,亚油酸 ( 19. 82%) ,植醇 ( 8. 75%) 和亚麻酸乙酯 ( 2. 54%) 等有机酸及其酯和二萜类,而制成绿茶后,其主要香气成分则为芳樟醇 ( 28. 43%) ,脱氢芳樟醇 ( 1. 13%) ,α-松油醇( 11. 68%) ,橙花醇 ( 4. 92%) 和香叶醇 ( 12. 34%) 等单萜醇类成分。从大理茶鲜叶到由其制成的绿茶,香气成分发生了较大变化,形成了 28 种原鲜叶中未检测到的香气成分,其中,( Z,Z,Z) -9,12,15-十八烷三烯-1-醇的含量分别达到 1. 21% ( 幼叶绿茶) 和 11. 2% ( 老叶绿茶) ,是大理茶制作的绿茶的特征香气成分。DPPH 和 ABTS+自由基清除实验结果显示大理茶鲜叶及其制成的绿茶的挥发性成分均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但均弱于茶多酚的抗氧化活性。     

Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Green Tea Produced from Camellia taliensis (Theaceae) in Yuanjiang,Southwestern China

Camellia taliensis belonging to Camellia sect. Thea (Theaceae) is distributed from the western and southwestern areas of Yunnan Province, China to the north of Myanmar. Known as the “wild” tea plant, it has been commonly used for making tea by the local people of its growing area. It is the first investigation of the volatile constituents of the fresh tender leaves of C.taliensis and green teas produced from its tender and older leaves. The volatile constituents were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC MS. Ninety one compounds were identified. The results showed that the main compositions of volatile oil of the fresh tender leaves were hexadecanoic acid (30.52%), linoleic acid (19.82%), phytol (8.75%), and geraniol (2.54%), while monoterpenoids (58.51%) composing of linalool (28.43%), hotrienol (1.13%), α terpineol (11.68%), nerol (4.92%) and geraniol (12.34%) were the major volatile components of its green tea product. From the fresh leaves to the green tea products, 28 aroma components were formed. Among then, the content of (Z, Z, Z) 9, 12, 15 octadecatrien 1 ol (peak 77) was up to 1.21% (from tender leaves) and 11.2% (from older leaves), respectively. The DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays demonstrated a moderate activity of essential oil from the three essential oils of C.taliensis.     

云南古茶园栽培大叶茶和大理茶群体的叶绿体RPL32-TRNL核苷酸变异和遗传分化

对云南地区栽培的大叶茶（Camellia sinensis var. assamica）9个居群和大理茶（C.taliensis）3个居群的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构进行了比较研究。通过对94条叶绿体DNA RPL32-TRNL序列的核苷酸序列变异进行分析,共发现了7个单倍型。研究结果表明,大叶茶（h=0.728,π=0.00469）比大理茶（h=0.610,π=0.00225）拥有更为丰富的遗传变异,但其居群遗传分化水平（Gst=0.580,FST=0.612）却低于大理茶（Gst=0.696,FST=0.773）。AMOVA分析进一步证实了它们的遗传变异主要存在于居群间,且大叶茶（61.21%）低于大理茶（77.34%）。相对于大理茶,遗传多样性水平在本研究所取的大叶茶居群间存在着较大的差异,单倍型多态性水平变化范围为0~0.809,核苷酸多态性水平变化范围为0~0.00487。最后,讨论并提出了科学有效地保护我国古茶园茶种资源的建议和对策。     

HPLC Analysis of Theanine and Gallic Acid inthe Species of Camellia sect. Thea

Bymeans of HPLC technique, the theanine and gallic acid in the leaves of six species and three varieties of Camellia sect. Thea were analyzed. The results showed that both of them were generally occured in these plants and the contents in C. taliensis and C. kwangsiensis are mostly close to those of C. sinensis var. assamica. Since the leaves of C. taliensis have also been historically used for preparing tea by folk peoples of Yunnan province, it could be suggest that C. taliensis might one of the original plants of tea     

Phylogeography of Camellia taliensis (Theaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA: insights into evolutionary history and conservation

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: As one of the most important but seriously endangered wild relatives of the cultivated tea, Camellia taliensis harbors valuable gene resources for tea tree improvement in the future. The knowledge of genetic variation and population structure may provide insights into evolutionary history and germplasm conservation of the species. RESULTS: Here, we sampled 21 natural populations from the species' range in China and performed the phylogeography of C. taliensis by using the nuclear PAL gene fragment and chloroplast rpl32-trnL intergenic spacer. Levels of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity detected at rpl32-trnL (h = 0.841; pi = 0.00314) were almost as high as at PAL (h = 0.836; pi = 0.00417). Significant chloroplast DNA population subdivision was detected (GST = 0.988; NST = 0.989), suggesting fairly high genetic differentiation and low levels of recurrent gene flow through seeds among populations. Nested clade phylogeographic analysis of chlorotypes suggests that population genetic structure in C. taliensis has been affected by habitat fragmentation in the past. However, the detection of a moderate nrDNA population subdivision (GST = 0.222; NST = 0.301) provided the evidence of efficient pollen-mediated gene flow among populations and significant phylogeographical structure (NST > GST; P < 0.01). The analysis of PAL haplotypes indicates that phylogeographical pattern of nrDNA haplotypes might be caused by restricted gene flow with isolation by distance, which was also supported by Mantel's test of nrDNA haplotypes (r = 0.234, P < 0.001). We found that chlorotype C1 was fixed in seven populations of Lancang River Region, implying that the Lancang River might have provided a corridor for the long-distance dispersal of the species. CONCLUSIONS: We found that C. taliensis showed fairly high genetic differentiation resulting from restricted gene flow and habitat fragmentation. This phylogeographical study gives us deep insights into population structure of the species and conservation strategies for germplasm sampling and developing in situ conservation of natural populations.     

AFLP-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment of Commercially Important Tea Germplasm in India

India has a large repository of important tea accessions and, therefore, plays a major role in improving production and quality of tea across the world. Using seven AFLP primer combinations, we analyzed 123 commercially important tea accessions representing major populations in India. The overall genetic similarity recorded was 51%. No significant differences were recorded in average genetic similarity among tea populations cultivated in various geographic regions (northwest 0.60, northeast and south both 0.59). UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the tea accessions according to geographic locations, with a bias toward China or Assam/Cambod types. Cluster analysis results were congruent with principal component analysis. Further, analysis of molecular variance detected a high level of genetic variation (85%) within and limited genetic variation (15%) among the populations, suggesting their origin from a similar genetic pool.     

不同植茶年限茶树根际土壤细菌多样性及群落结构研究

运用传统培养法和高通量测序技术研究不同植茶年限(5年、10年、20年)茶树根际土壤细菌的多样性、结构和组成,并分析茶树土壤理化性质与细菌群落的相关性,为改善茶树的土壤和提高茶树产量提供参考。结果表明:两种方法均指出不同植茶年限下的根际细菌群落结构存在显著性差异,5年和10年茶树细菌多样性显著高于20年茶树细菌;培养法得出厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势门属,高通量测序技术得出酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和Candidatus_Udaeobacter属为优势门属;总氮(TN)、总钾(TK)、总磷(TP)、pH是影响茶树细菌群落的关键理化因子;随着植茶年限增加,要采取措施防止土壤酸化,适当增施氮肥和磷肥。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对茶树幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

茶是世界三大饮料之一,并且茶树在中国被广泛种植。酸雨是中国乃至全球面临的主要环境问题,本研究选用一年生茶树幼苗作为实验材料,品种为湘妃翠,采用盆栽的方法培养,通过模拟pH值2.5、pH值3.5、pH值4.5酸雨以及自来水(pH值6.5)作为对照对茶树进行全喷淋,探究模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长状况和光合生理的影响。结果表明pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有一定促进作用,pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长具有抑制作用。茶树幼苗SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)、以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm(PSⅡ最大光能转换率)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)在pH值2.5酸雨胁迫下与对照组相比都显著降低,Fo(初始荧光产量)则显著增大。由此说明pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗具有较强的胁迫作用,pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有促进作用。     

湖南茶叶植物资源的评价

对城步峒茶、江华苦茶、汝城白毛茶和云台山种等湖南茶叶植物资源的主要化学成分、光合特性和生产性状进行了研究。结果表明,茶多酚与儿茶素含量从高到低依次为汝城白毛茶、江华苦茶、城步峒茶、云台山种;各资源的游离氨基酸、茶氨酸和咖啡碱含量均为正常水平;汝城白毛茶属高茶多酚资源,它所含生物碱的组成方式与毛叶茶龙门模式种不同,虽可可碱和茶叶碱含量比茶种高,但仍以咖啡碱为主。在阴天阴凉条件下的净光合速率为汝城白毛茶＞城步峒茶＞江华苦茶＞云台山种,净光合速率与光量子通量、叶面温度呈极显著正相关,与气孔阻力呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为０９２７８、０９１１５和－０８９３７。在晴天高温度强光条件下,净光合速率为云台山种＞城步峒茶＞江华苦茶＞汝城白毛花,净光合速率与光量子通量、叶面温度和气孔阻力都呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为－０９１６５、－０９３２８、－０９０３１。在主要生产性状中,汝城白毛茶能安全通过－６℃的低温,在高茶多酚资源中,抗寒性突出,是选育红茶良种的一个非常有益的关键性状。     

Flavor of Black Tea

Acidic fraction of the essential oil of black tea has a characteristic odor and affects the tea flavor. Eight aliphatic acids were identified by gas chromatography with the authentic samples known as the constituents of tea flavor. Two unknown substances were separated and identified as cis-3-hexenoic acid and trans-2-hexenoic acid respectively.

Three kinds of black tea (i.e. Assam, Shan and Benihomare) have same acidic components and the percent composition of these acids is different among them.     

滇青冈和高山栲种子昆虫寄生及其对种群更新的影响

对昆明西山地区滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)和高山栲(Castanopsis delavayi)种子(坚果)虫蛀率在两个年份、整个落种期和山坡不同部位的变化情况进行研究,结果表明：① 寄生于滇青冈种子内的象甲为青冈象(Curculio megadens)和Curculio sp.,寄生于高山栲种子内的象甲是Curculio sp.和剪枝象(Cyllorhynchites sp.);② 滇青冈样地的虫蛀率为2484%~2760%,样地间无显著差异,两年间的平均虫蛀率亦无显著差异;高山栲样地间虫蛀率为1794%~2655%,有显著差异性,两年间的平均虫蛀率也有显著差异。③ 高山栲的下落种子虫蛀率随时间逐步下降,9月和10月中下旬出现两个虫蛀率的高峰期;高山栲种子内寄生的昆虫落地后即入土化蛹,滇青冈落地种子内的寄生昆虫在初期会滞留一段时间;④ 虫蛀率与林下实生苗数量无显著相关性,实生苗多集中在大树周围以及草本层植物较丰富的小生境。     

我国西南元江大理茶的挥发性成分及其抗氧化活性

大理茶(Camellia taliensis)为山茶科山茶属茶组植物,主要分布于云南横断山脉澜沧江至伊洛瓦底江流域,即从云南的西部及西南部至缅甸北部.在其分布区,大理茶亦被称为野生大茶树,常用于加工制作茶叶.采用水蒸气蒸馏法、GC及GC/MS联用技术,首次对大理茶的鲜幼叶和鲜幼叶及老叶分别制成的绿茶中的挥发性成分进行提取和分析,共鉴定出91个化合物.研究结果表明,大理茶鲜幼叶的主要香气成分为棕榈酸(30.52％),亚油酸(19.82％),植醇(8.75％)和亚麻酸乙酯(2.54％)等有机酸及其酯和二萜类,而制成绿茶后,其主要香气成分则为芳樟醇(28.43％),脱氢芳樟醇(1.13％),α-松油醇(11.68％),橙花醇(4.92％)和香叶醇(12.34％)等单萜醇类成分.从大理茶鲜叶到由其制成的绿茶,香气成分发生了较大变化,形成了28种原鲜叶中未检测到的香气成分,其中,(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八烷三烯-1-醇的含量分别达到1.21％(幼叶绿茶)和11.2％(老叶绿茶),是大理茶制作的绿茶的特征香气成分.DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除实验结果显示大理茶鲜叶及其制成的绿茶的挥发性成分均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但均弱于茶多酚的抗氧化活性.     

不同栽培模式对茶园生态环境及茶叶品质的影响

对陕南茶区的纯茶园、塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园及林篱茶园4种常见栽培模式的茶园生态环境(包括小气候因子、土壤因子)和茶叶中各项生化指标(包括氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、酚氨比、茶水浸出物)进行了测定.结果表明:不同栽培模式茶园小气候因子有显著差异.相对于纯茶园,塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园和林篱茶园能更有效地改善光照条件、降低环境温度、提高土壤水分和有机质含量、增强空气湿度,提高土壤养分状况.3种复合式茶园茶叶品质也较纯茶园显著提高,氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量显著高于纯茶园茶叶,而茶多酚含量却显著低于纯茶园茶叶.因此,林茶复合栽培模式和大棚模式茶园的生态环境更有利于茶树的生长和茶叶品质的提高.     

Toxic and Essential Mineral Elements Content of Black Tea Leaves and Their Tea Infusions Consumed in Iran

The metal contents of eleven black tea samples, four cultivated in Iran and seven imported, and their tea infusions were determined. Twelve elements consisting toxic metals (Al, As, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni) and essential mineral elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, and Mg) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn ranged in black tea leaves at mg g⁻¹ levels, while Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn were at μg g⁻¹ levels. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences among most elements determined in cultivated and imported black teas in Iran except for Ni and Cu. The extraction efficiency of each element into tea infusions was evaluated. The solubility of measured metals in infusion extracts varied widely and ranged from 0 to 59.3%. Among the studied elements, Cr, Pb, and Cd showed the lowest rates of solubility and Ni had the highest rates of solubility. The amount of toxic metals and essential mineral elements that one may take up through consumption of black tea infusion was estimated. The amount of realizing each element into tea infusions and acceptable daily intake, for safety consumption of black tea, was compared.     

丛枝菌根(AM)对无性繁殖茶苗生长及茶叶品质的影响

采用温室盆栽试验 ,分别接种丛枝菌根 (AM)真菌Acaulosporalavis(光壁无梗球囊霉 ,菌号 :34)、Glomusmanihot(木薯球囊霉 ,菌号 :38)和Glomuscaledonium(苏格兰球囊酶 ,菌号 :90 0 36) ,观察AM对枝条繁殖茶苗生长和茶叶品质的影响。试验持续 1 4个月。结果表明 ,接种AM真菌明显促进了无性繁殖茶苗的生长 ,无论是株高还是地上、地下干重都高于不接种者 (CK) ,且差异达极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1 )。AM对茶树吸收无机元素有明显的促进作用 ,尤其是对P、Ca、Mg等的吸收。接种AM真菌的茶苗根际细菌、放线菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性都明显高于CK。接种AM真菌还提高了茶叶水浸出物、氨基酸、咖啡碱和茶多酚的浓度 ,改善了茶叶的品质。     

可可茶经栽培后化学成分的变化及其与传统茶的比较分析

野生茶树可可茶(Camellia Ptilophylla Chang)由于其芽叶中的嘌呤生物碱主要为可可碱,因而不同于传统茶叶。通过化学筛选,在纯种无性苗建立的可可茶基地上,随机进行单株取样,对可可茶的水浸出物、游离氨基酸、水溶性糖、茶多酚、儿茶素类、花青素、嘌呤生物碱等成分进行了检测。将这些结果与野生可可茶相关成份进行比较,发现可可茶经人工栽培后,含优势可可碱的特点保持不变,游离氨基酸总量和儿茶素类含量得到了明显的提高。进一步与传统茶叶比较后,得出两者之间的最大差异是可可茶含可可碱,不含咖啡碱;传统茶叶含咖啡碱为主,同时伴生相当于0．5～1％咖啡碱量的可可碱。