应用大鼠Go期淋巴细胞核异常测试法评价铬的诱变效应

本文应用大鼠外周血G_o期淋巴细胞核异常测试法对铬的诱变效应进行了研究．实验结果表明,不同价态铬具有不同的诱变性．与常用的短期致突变测试法的实验结果相一致,本方法作为环境诱变剂的短期初筛试验有推广应用的价值．     

一种快速简便的完整淋巴细胞微核制片法

微核测定是常用的短期测试法之一,可用来评价各种理化因子的诱变和潜在的致癌效应。为了发展人类细胞的检测系统,Heddle等首先研究了辐射对体外培养人外周血淋巴细胞微核的影响,由于采用染色体制片技术,故细胞膜破裂,精确计数微核有困难,后来一些作者采用改变低渗液或培养物直接推片等方     

丝裂霉素C诱发大鼠外周血G0期淋巴细胞核损伤指标的比较观察

本文用不同剂量的MMC处理大鼠外周血,放置18小时后直接制备淋巴细胞血涂片,进行观察。实验结果表明,MMC可诱发G_(?)期淋巴细胞的核损伤。本实验对各种核损伤指标进行了比较研究,发现微核、核变形和核碎裂等指标与MMC剂量间有很好的相关性。作者认为,大鼠外周血G_(?)期淋巴细胞核异常测试法比传统的微核测试法更敏感、合理,在致突变试验中可作为初筛的体外短期测试法,值得进一步研究。     

人体外周血淋巴细胞核损伤指标的比较研究

核异常作为组织特异性的遗传毒理体内短期检测法,现已日益受到重视。它比微核测试更敏感和合理。核异常包括多种形式的核损伤,而它们与致癌因子的损伤有着不同程度的相关性。本文以r-射线作为致癌与诱变因子,在人体外周血淋巴细胞中系统地比较研究了常用核损伤指标:微核、核变形、核碎裂和核固缩等的剂量(0-5Grag)一反应关系,并作线形回归分析。作者认为,作为人体淋巴细胞核异常测试法,应包括微核,核变形及核碎裂3个核损伤指标。     

避暗反应测定大鼠学习记忆功能方法的探讨

目的 为了提高避暗反应测定动物学习记忆功能的敏感性,本实验对三种实验及统计方法进行了评价。方法 采用IBO致基底前脑胆碱能神经元损伤模型和东莨菪碱所致的记忆障碍模型,对单次简单测试法、多次简单测试法和多次记分测试法的敏感性进行了比较。结果 对于基底前脑损伤模型,单次简单测试法的潜伏期学习记忆指标无法显示出模型组与对照组之间的差异。多次简单测试法两种指标均能显示出显著性差异,且较多次记分测试法的指标差异的显著性高。对于东莨菪碱致痴呆模型,也有同样的效果。结论 多次简单测试法更能敏感地反映动物的学习记忆功能。     

雷公藤多甙诱发人外周血Go期淋巴细胞微核及核损伤的观察

本实验应用不同剂量的雷公藤多甙处理人外周血Ｇｏ期淋巴细胞,放置１８小时后,直接观察微核率及核损伤的变化。结果显示,雷公藤多甙对人外周血Ｇｏ期淋巴细胞微核率,核变形率和核碎裂率均无明显的影响,亦无明显的剂量依赖性增加。因此,作者认为,雷公藤多甙是一种对人类无潜在遗传毒性的药物,临床上可以安全作用,另一方面,本实验方法比传统的微核测试法更为直接,简便,敏感,有望成为一种简便实用检测化学诱变剂的诱变作用     

糖蜜发酵培养富铬酵母

筛选对铬元素吸收较好的产朊园酵母(Torulopsisutilis)为实验菌株,根据铬的耐受量实验,确定糖蜜培养基铬的添加量,研究富铬酵母培养最佳工艺条件,探讨富铬酵母的应用。发酵产品富铬酵母铬的含量7388mgkg,蛋白质含量4874%(ww),得率30%(wv)。     

脱落酸高产菌的激光诱变效应研究

本实验对比紫外、 Ｈｅ Ｎｅ 激光、 Ｎｄ： Ｙ Ａ Ｇ 倍频脉冲激光对脱落酸产生菌的诱变效果。紫外诱变正变率为 ３８４％ ,负变率 ７６９％ ; Ｈｅ Ｎｅ 激光诱变正变率为 ５６％ ; Ｎｄ： Ｙ Ａ Ｇ 倍频脉冲激光诱变正变率为１９６％ 。 Ｎｄ： Ｙ Ａ Ｇ 倍频脉冲激光诱变辐照次数在 ４００ 次时效果较好,所得高产株效价提高率可达 ６０％ 以上     

赤霉素产生菌的激光诱变育种研究

激光是一种新型的物理诱变剂,对微生物产生不同的诱变效应。本文报导用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光对赤霉素产生菌进行照射１０－１５分钟产生较为满意的诱变效果;所得到的高产菌株的效价提高率可达１１０５以上。实验证明,掌握好激光器的种类功率大小和正确的诱变条件是诱变产生高产菌株的关键。     

利用叶绿素荧光快速筛选紫外诱变高含油小球藻

本实验利用尼罗红荧光与叶绿素荧光比值表征小球藻的油脂含量,快速筛选出一株紫外诱变高产油藻株。经过叶绿素荧光分析表明,诱变株M2的生长及光合作用没有显著变化。检测诱变株M2总油脂含量32.1%,比野生藻株的23.1%提高了9个百分点。     

The Interdependence of Long- and Short-Term Components in Unmasked Repetition Priming: An Indication of Shared Resources

It has been suggested that unmasked repetition priming is composed of distinct long-and short-term priming components. The current study sought to clarify the relationship between these components by examining the relationship between them. A total of 60 people (45 females, 15 males) participated in a computer-based lexical decision task designed to measure levels of short-term priming across different levels of long-term priming. The results revealed an interdependent relationship between the two components, whereby an increase in long-term priming prompted a decrease in short-term priming. Both long-term and short-term priming were accurately captured by a single power function over seven minutes post repetition, suggesting the two components may draw on the same resources. This interdependence between long- and short-term priming may serve to improve fluency in reading.     

红穗苔草对天鹅洲湿地淹水时间变化的形态学响应

以天鹅洲湿地的优势种红穗苔草（Carex argyi）作为研究对象,以淹水持续时间作为水位变化的衡量指标,选取3个淹水持续时间不同的位点,研究了淹水时间长短对红穗苔草形态指标的影响。通过野外原位观测试验发现,红穗苔草的株高及叶片的长、宽对淹水时间的长短反应敏感,而单个分株上的绿叶数对淹水时间的长短不敏感。适度的淹水可以显著增加叶片的长度和株高,长期淹水和相对干旱的环境不利于叶片的伸长和株高的增加。短时间淹水处理株高一直维持较高的水平,并保持相对的稳定。淹水会显著增加叶片的宽度,长时间淹水的处理效果更明显,且维持时间较长。长期淹水会提高红穗苔草地上部生物量的分配比例。尽管不同水位点土壤氮含量有显著差异,但是氮对红穗苔草形态指标并无显著的影响。以上实验结果表明,红穗苔草可以通过调节其叶片的形态及地下和地上部分生物量的分配比例来适应淹水胁迫的不利环境,有利于其在水位波动条件下种群的稳定和维持。     

Nitric oxide plays a role in the protective effects of short-term adaptation to hypoxia on the stress-induced disorders in rats of the Krushinsky-Molodkina strain

The NO-synthase inhibitor L-NNA (2.5 mg/100 g) abolished the protective effects of short-term adaptation to hypoxia (1 h, 5000 m above sea level) on the development of stress-induced disorders on the model of acoustic stress in the Krushinskii-Molodkina rats genetically predisposed to audiogenic seizures. Using the electronic spine resonance method (ESR) we also demonstrated an increase in NO production during short-term hypoxia in the blood and spleen. The results suggest that NO plays a positive role in protective effects of short-term adaptation to hypoxia.     

The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method: a Bayesian approach

Recently, a large number of relatively inexpensive in vitro short-term tests have been developed to help predict the carcinogenicity of chemicals. The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method utilizes the results of such short-term tests to screen for chemicals that are most likely to cause cancer. The method is an integrated approach for analyzing large, often sparsely filled, data bases containing short-term test results, which often have only marginal representation of known non-carcinogens. The CPBS method is developed for the purpose of (i) determining the reliability and predictive capability of individual and batteries of short-term tests, and (ii) developing a strategy for formulating and selecting optimally preferred batteries of short-term tests for screening chemicals for further testing. The term 'optimally preferred' connotes the best acceptable combination of tests in terms of trade-offs among the multiple attributes of each test and resulting battery (e.g., cost, sensitivity, specificity, etc). The CPBS method consists of 5 major tasks: (1) data consolidation, (2) parameter estimation, (3) predictivity calculation, (4) battery selection and (5) risk assessment. Although there is a great need for more research and improvement, the CPBS method at its present stage should add an important method to the maze of the thousands of new chemicals that are introduced into drugs, foods, consumer goods and to the environment every year. This method should also provide an enhanced identification procedure for classifying chemicals more accurately as suspected carcinogens or non-carcinogens.     

Cluster analysis in predicting the carcinogenicity of chemicals using short-term assays

Cluster analysis can be a useful tool for exploratory data analysis to uncover natural groupings in data, and initiate new ideas and hypotheses about such groupings. When applied to short-term assay results, it provides and improves estimates for the sensitivity and specificity of assays, provides indications of association between assays and, in turn, which assays can be substituted for one another in a battery, and allows a data base containing test results on chemicals of unknown carcinogenicity to be linked to a data base for which animal carcinogenicity data are available. Cluster analysis was applied to the Gene-Tox data base (which contains short-term test results on chemicals of both known and unknown carcinogenicity). The results on chemicals of known carcinogenicity were different from those obtained when the entire data base was analyzed. This suggests that the associations (and possibly the sensitivities and specificities) which are based on chemicals of known carcinogenicity may not be representative of the true measures. Cluster analysis applied to the total data base should be useful in improving these estimates. Many of the associations between the assays which were found through the use of cluster analysis could be 'validated' based on previous knowledge of the mechanistic basis of the various tests, but some of the associations were unsuspected. These associations may be a reflection of a non-ideal data base. As additional data becomes available and new clustering techniques for handling non-ideal data bases are developed, results from such analyses could play an increasing role in strengthening prediction schemes which utilize short-term tests results to screen chemicals for carcinogenicity, such as the carcinogenicity and battery selection (CPBS) method (Chankong et al., 1985).     

Using Short-Term Tests to Predict Carcinogenic Activity in the Long-Term Bioassay

A method for classifying chemicals with respect to carcinogenic potential based on short-term test results is presented. The method utilizes the logistic regression model to translate results from short-term toxicity assays into predictions of the likelihood that a chemical will be carcinogenic if tested in a long-term bioassay. The proposed method differs from previous approaches in two ways. First, statistical confidence limits on probabilities of cancer rather than central estimates of those probabilities are used for classification. Second, the method does not classify all chemicals in a data base with respect to carcinogenic potential. Instead, it identifies chemicals with highest and lowest likelihood of testing positive for carcinogenicity in the bioassay. A subset of chemicals with intermediate likelihood of being positive remains unclassified, and will require further testing, perhaps in a long-term bioassay. Two data bases of binary short-term and long-term test results from the literature are used to illustrate and evaluate the proposed procedure. A cross-validation analysis of one of the data sets suggests that, for a sufficiently rich data base of chemicals, the development of a robust predictive system to replace the bioassay for some unknown chemicals is a realistic goal.     

A Multilevel Analysis of the Impact of Land Use on Interannual Land-Cover Change in East Africa

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the short-term land-cover change processes that were detected in Eastern Africa, based on a set of change metrics that allow for the quantification of interannual changes in vegetation productivity, changes in vegetation phenology and a combination of both. We tested to what extent land use, fire activity and livestock grazing modified the vegetation response to short-term rainfall variability in East Africa and how this is reflected in change metrics derived from MODerate Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) time series of remote sensing data. We used a hierarchical approach to disentangle the contribution of human activities and climate variability to the patterns of short-term vegetation change in East Africa at different levels of organization. Our results clearly show that land use significantly influences the vegetation response to rainfall variability as measured by time series of MODIS data. Areas with different types of land use react in a different way to interannual climate variability, leading to different values of the change indices depending on the land use type. The impact of land use is more reflected in interannual variability of vegetation productivity and overall change in the vegetation, whereas changes in phenology are mainly driven by climate variability and affect most vegetation types in similar ways. Our multilevel approach led to improved models and clearly demonstrated that climate influence plays at a different scale than land use, fire and herbivore grazing. It helped us to understand dynamics within and between biomes in the study area and investigate the relative importance of different factors influencing short-term variability in change indices at different scales.     

Screening for possible human carcinogens and mutagens. False positives, false negatives: statistical implications

A screening method aimed at identifying potential human carcinogens using either animal cancer bioassays or short-term genotoxic assays has 4 possible results: true positive, true negative, false positive and false negative. Such a categorisation is superficially similar to the results of hypothesis testing in a statistical analysis. In this latter case the false positive rate is determined by the significance level of the test and the false negative rate by the statistical power of the test. Although the two types of categorisation appear somewhat similar, different statistical issues are involved in their interpretation. Statistical methods appropriate for the analysis of the results of a series of assays include the use of Bayes' theorem and multivariate methods such as clustering techniques for the selection of batteries of short-term test capable of a better prediction of potential carcinogens. The conclusions drawn from such studies are dependent upon the estimates of values of sensitivity and specificity used, the choice of statistical method and the nature of the data set. The statistical issues resulting from the analysis of specific genotoxicity experiments involve the choice of suitable experimental designs and appropriate analyses together with the relationship of statistical significance to biological importance. The purpose of statistical analysis should increasingly be to estimate and explore effects rather than for formal hypothesis testing.     

Obtaining of mutants of Streptomyces fradiae producing tylosin by action of nitrosomethylurea on synchronously germinating spores

The method of localized mutagenesis was applied to obtain mutants of Streptomyces fradiae producing higher amounts of tylosin. The populations of the germinating spores were subjected to a short-term treatment with nitrosomethylurea during different periods of the first DNA replication cycle. The method reveals defines periods sensitive to mutation induction and isolates a mutant producing a 60% increase in the yield of tylosin as compared to that provided by the stock strain.