华北蜜粉源植物的研究*

在调查、收集、整理的基础上,初步筛选出蜜粉源植物 1 176 种及变种,隶属于 106 科 426 属,以刺槐、枣树、荆条、油菜等植物组成主要蜜源。华北是我国重要商品蜜生产基地。最后对华北地区蜜粉源植物的开发利用与保护提出了建议。     

蜜粉源植物对天敌昆虫的作用及其在生物防治中的应用

寄生性和捕食性天敌昆虫成虫普遍存在通过取食蜜粉源植物补充营养的行为,这可不同程度地促进天敌昆虫性成熟、延长其寿命、提高其生殖力或寄生率,以及搜寻寄主效率和子代雌性比率,从而显著提高天敌昆虫在生物防治中的控害能力和效果。蜜粉源植物花的结构及植物对天敌昆虫产生的嗅觉、视觉信号和花蜜花粉对天敌昆虫产生的味觉信号又显著影响天敌昆虫选择蜜粉源植物的行为和结果。但是,蜜粉源植物也可成为害虫的补充营养植物,从而提高害虫的为害能力。因此,需深入研究不同蜜粉源植物对天敌昆虫及害虫的作用,趋利避害,才可能应用蜜粉源植物成功调控天敌与害虫的益害比,实现害虫的可持续控制。     

推广蜜粉源植物种植对养蜂业可持续发展的促进作用

养蜂业作为我国助力乡村振兴的重点扶持产业之一;已经进入了稳步发展的时期;与之匹配的蜜粉源植物种植也需要足够的重视。花蜜和花粉是蜜蜂的食物来源;直接决定了蜂群的营养结构;蜜粉源植物为蜜蜂提供花蜜和花粉;是蜂群生存和壮大的物质基础。长期依赖单一蜜粉源作物会导致蜜蜂营养结构单一、蜂群被迫采集有毒蜜粉源植物以及蜂业发展受季节影响波动大等问题。种植多样化的蜜粉源植物丰富了生物多样性;是对集约农业下单一作物的补充;蜜蜂可以获得均衡的饮食;保证蜂产品的产量;也为野生授粉昆虫和害虫天敌提供了栖息地;进一步改善了作物的授粉环节并减少农药的使用;促进了蜂业与农业的健康发展。种植蜜粉源植物需要科学的指导;对当地蜜粉源及环境条件进行充分调查;从实际出发;因地制宜选择合适的植物种和种植模式;推广蜜粉源植物种植;需要政府、企业和科研机构的多方合作。鉴于蜜粉源植物在保障蜜蜂健康、维护生态平衡等方面的重要意义;本文从蜜粉源对蜜蜂的影响入手;科学分析蜜粉源植物种植对养蜂和乡村振兴的重要意义;对蜜粉源植物种植与养蜂业可持续发展的关系进行了探讨;并对蜜粉源植物种植提供了一些可参考的推荐措施;对于昆虫领域的研究具有一定的指导价值。     

北京城市绿地蜜粉源植物特征及其对传粉网络结构的影响

在城市化导致的生物多样性丧失背景下,全球传粉昆虫面临严峻的生存危机。城市绿地因其多样化的生境及植物种类,对维持传粉昆虫生物多样性具有重要作用。蜜粉源植物作为传粉昆虫的主要食物资源,是传粉网络的重要组成部分。但目前对城市生态系统中传粉网络的结构还缺乏深入了解。本研究以城市绿地植物和传粉昆虫为基础构建定量的传粉网络,通过分析蜜粉源植物和传粉昆虫及其功能群组成、物种和网络层级上传粉网络结构特征,重点描述蜜粉源植物的来源、生活型、栽培状况、入侵性和园艺性5个特征,并探讨不同特征的蜜粉源植物对网络结构的影响。研究共记录到北京城市绿地中204种蜜粉源植物和141种传粉昆虫的814种4698次互作,成功识别出10种关键蜜粉源植物。蜜粉源植物的特征对传粉网络的结构具有显著影响,其中乡土植物、多年生草本或灌木、自生或低管理强度植物、非园艺种植物对网络的稳定作用更强。本研究证实了利用网络分析进行城市生物多样性保护科学决策的有效性,研究结果对优化蜜粉源植物的配置和管理,提升城市绿地的生态效益,促进城市生物多样性保护和可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

河南珍稀濒危保护植物的资源学研究

河南省分布有40种国家重点珍稀保护植物和98种省级重点珍稀保护植物;依据药用、观赏、珍贵木材、芳香、油料、栲胶等利用价值将它们分类,阐述了各类的代表植物的利用价值;对河南珍稀保护植物的保护措施和开发利用提出建议。     

植物源驱蚊物质研究进展

本文阐述了植物源驱蚊物质的主要活性成分、具有驱蚊作用的植物种类;讨论了植物源驱蚊剂的开发现状、存在问题及影响驱蚊效果的因素;提出了未来驱蚊剂的研究热点和方向。     

河南大别山区野生珍稀濒危植物资源初步研究

论述了河南大别山区野生珍稀濒危植物资源现状、地理分布和生境特点,分析了珍稀濒危植物产生的原因,提出了保护和开发利用珍稀濒危植物资源相应对策.     

河南大别山珍稀濒危植物与保护

研究了河南大别山珍稀濒危植物的种类组成,区系成分,生态地理分布。结果表明本区有珍稀濒危植物18科,22属,24种,其中国家二级保护植物9种,三级保护植物15种,属华南热带植物区系成分的有3种,华东亚热带植物区系成分的有8种,华中亚热带植物区系成分的有10种,全国广布种3种,根据大别山植物的现状提出了本区珍稀濒危保护植物的保护措施,系统清查本区的珍稀濒危植物,建立技术档案,就地建立珍稀濒危植物保育基地;建立以珍稀濒危植物为主体的生态园林示范工程。     

植物源病毒抑制剂的研究进展

天然植物提取的活性物质对植物病毒有明显的抑制作用,已经成为当今植物病毒防治的重点。对植物源病毒抑制的活性物质及作用机理的研究现状进行了综述,并将外来入侵生物用以提取病毒抑制剂的相关生物技术提出了展望。     

河南省珍稀濒危植物观赏特性的评价

珍稀濒危植物是人类的宝贵财富,河南省地处中原,水热条件良好,地形复杂,保存了较多的珍稀濒危植物,通过对这类植物资源观赏特性的评价,以期把拯救保护这一珍贵的生物遗产与城镇园林绿林,美化,净化建设结合起来,开辟保存生物多样性研究的新途径,结合珍稀濒危植物的观赏特性及其在园林中的应用现状和前景,就如何在城镇绿化建设中引种推广珍稀濒危植物提出了建议。     

1. Fláje–Kiefern (Krušné Hory Mountains): Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation development

This work characterises monofloral honeys of the Yucatán Peninsula based on their pollen content. The sampling was carried out from January to July 2000. We examined 78 different honey samples from various parts of the Yucatán Peninsula including the states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo. Pollen separated from honey was acetolysed, identified and counted. Through pollen analysis, 250 pollen taxa were identified, 180 of which had not been reported previously in Mexican honeys. Thirteen different types of monofloral honeys were found (with a percentage of ≥ 45%) within the honey produced in the Yucatán, Peninsula. These were: Viguiera dentata, Bursera simaruba, Piscidia piscipula, Eugenia sp. 2, Pimenta dioica, Melothria pendula, Gymnanthes lucida, Phoradendron quadrangulare, Gymnopodium floribundum, Rubiaceae 1, Thouinia paucidentata, Thouinia sp. 1, and Pouteria mammosa. This is the first study of monofloral honeys in Mexico and Central America. The characterisation of the honey may give an added market value as it permits us to separate the honeys of monofloral or multifloral origin. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to produce several monofloral honeys in a region with great plant diversity as the Yucatán Peninsula. We recommend installing apiaries in disturbed vegetation zones of the Yucatán Peninsula where an advanced succession of a tree layer exists. This supplies the nectar and pollen during the critical period in March and April which is the driest season.     

贠建全:广东荷包岛维管束植物名录

以分布于秦岭的金花忍冬（Lonicera chrysantha Turcz.）、忍冬（L.japonica Thunb.）、葱皮忍冬（L.ferdinandii Franch.）和金银忍冬（L.maackii（Rupr.）Maxim.）为对象,通过定位观察、人工授粉实验、人为设置实验斑块的方法对忍冬属4种植物的开花生物学特性、繁育系统、花色变化现象、传粉过程进行了研究。结果表明,4种植物的单花花期、花部特征存在差异。人工授粉实验显示,4种植物均存在一定的花粉限制,自交不亲和。除葱皮忍冬外,其余3种植物随着花色由白变黄,花粉和花蜜报酬减少、雌雄生殖能力逐渐降低;葱皮忍冬花变色后花蜜量变化不显著,且仍保留较强的雌性生殖能力。变色花的保留被认为是植物的一种生殖策略,通过增大植物的花展示来扩大自身的吸引力,以吸引更多远距传粉者访花。人为控制白、黄花不同数量比的实验结果表明,大多数传粉者偏向访问白花（变色前的花）,且白花提供的报酬量和黄花（变色后的花）数量显著影响传粉者的访花频率,即当花蜜量减少或黄花数量增多时,传粉者访花频率随之降低。因此,我们认为忍冬属4种植物的花色变化可能除了增大植物对远距传粉者的吸引力外,对近距传粉者的访花行为也可能具有一定的影响。当传粉者接近植株时,变色后的花可能暗示其花蜜（花粉）报酬已经发生变化,并驱使昆虫离开并飞向同株或异株植物新开放的报酬丰富的白花,这既有利于提高传粉者的觅食效率,又能降低植物同株异花授粉的几率,对忍冬属植物及传粉者都具有重要意义,是植物长期与授粉昆虫相互适应的反映。     

Nectar secretion dynamics and honey production potentials of some major honey plants in Saudi Arabia

The contribution of a bee plant species to honey production depends on the plant’s nectar secretion quality and quantity, which is mainly governed by biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of the current study, was to investigate the nectar secretion dynamics and honey production potential of 14 major bee plant species of the target area. We examined the quantity and dynamics of nectar sugar per flower five times a day using a nectar sugar washing technique and direct measuring of nectar with calibrated capillary tubes. The average nectar sugar amount of the species varied from 0.41 mg/flower to 7.7 mg/flower (P < 0.0001). The honey sugar per flower was used to extrapolate the honey production potential per plant and per hectare of land. Accordingly the honey production potential of the species observed to vary from 14 kg/hectare in Otostegia fruticosa to 829 kg/hectare in Ziziphus spina-christi. The nectar secretion dynamics of the species generally showed an increasing trend early in the morning, peaking toward midday, followed by a decline but different species observed to have different peak nectar secretion times. Generally, the tree species secreted more nectar sugar/flower than the herbs. The nectar secretion amount of the species was positively correlated with the ambient temperature, indicating the adaptation of the species to hot climatic conditions. However, different species were observed to have a different optimum temperature for peak nectar secretion. Despite the limited rainfall and high temperature of the area, many plants were found to have good potential for honey production. The monetary value of honey per hectare of the studied honeybee plant species can be of equal or greater than the per-hectare monetary value of some cultivated crops that require numerous inputs. In addition, the information generated is believed to be useful in apiary site selection and to estimate the honey bee colony carrying capacity of an area.     

植物花蜜提取、保存与检测分析方法及比较

花蜜富含多种有机物和微量元素,不同植物花蜜的分泌量以及化学物质构成存在很大差异,不同花蜜采集和保存方法都会影响其成分分析结果。本研究参考相关文献,总结了常用的6种野外花蜜收集方式（注射器法、毛细管法、滤纸法、溶液稀释法、离心法和抽吸法）,6种花蜜保存方式（4 ℃冷藏保存、-20 ℃冷冻保存、-80 ℃超低温保存、-196 ℃液氮保存、添加防腐剂保存和滤纸保存）以及3类花蜜化学特征检测方式（手持折光仪、比色法和色谱分析）。深入比较了各种方法的优缺点及其潜在的适用对象,在条件允许的情况下,毛细管法、-80 ℃超低温保存及色谱分析是花蜜收集、保存及分析最常使用的方法。     

河南鸡公山国家级自然保护区悬钩子属植物资源开发利用研究

通过对河南省鸡公山国家级自然保护区悬钩子属植物资源的系统调查研究,发现该保护区有悬钩子属植物15种和1变种,且资源蕴藏量大。它们在食品、医药及工业等方面都有很重要的用途,有较大的开发利用潜力,尤其是其中的山莓Rubus corchorifolius L.f．、茅莓R．parvifolius L．等食用、药用具佳,更可作为工业原料用于酿酒和提制栲胶,具有很高的商品开发价值。如能有计划地加以开发利用,对当地经济发展将会起到积极的促进作用。     

河南省水生种子植物的生物多样性及区系特征

论述了河南省水生种子植物的生物多样性及区系组成。结果表明,河南水生种子植物有30科、61属、125种、1亚种、9变种及2变型,其中以挺水植物为主,有75种、1亚种、5变种、2变型;浮水植物次之,有33种2变种;沉水植物较少,有17种2变种。河南省水生植物的区系成分中,以泛热带、北温带和旧世界热带3种成分为主,其次是东亚和东亚北美间断成分和旧世界温带成分,植物区系中热带成分和温带成分几乎并重。     

Competition for bumblebee visitation between Melampyrum pratense and Viscaria vulgaris with healthy and Ustilago-infected flowers

Summary We studied bumblebee foraging on two sympatrically and simultaneously flowering species, Melampyrum pratense (Scrophulariaceae) and Viscaria vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae) during the flowering season of Viscaria in south-west Sweden. We distinguished between healthy and Ustilago-infected Viscaria plants. Both species shared the main insect visitor, queens of Bombus hortorum, which collected nectar from both species but pollen from Melampyrum only. The pattern of visitation changed over the season: bumblebees preferred Viscaria early on, but changed to Melampyrum later in the season, probably because of the higher sugar content of Melampyrum nectar and the possibility of collecting both nectar and pollen from the same flower. Pollen collecting is probably of increasing importance since the need of pollen for the developing larvae will increase with time. Flowers of Viscaria received fewer visits in plots with other species than in pure Viscaria plots during one year and received more visits early than late in the season during both years. Melampyrum flowers received similar amounts of visits in mixed and pure environments. They also received more visits early than late, although this was probably a result of pollinator satiation since Melampyrum became very abundant with time. Ustilago-infected plants received far fewer visits but because of its long flowering time the proportion of open flowers receiving visits was still high. Viscaria flowers received significantly more visits than flowers of other species when bumblebees made heterospecific flower visits from Ustilago-infected plants; thus Ustilago spores were probably effectively dispersed from infected to healthy plants by the pollinators. The mechanism behind competition for pollination in this system was competition through pollinator preference, since the visitation rate to Viscaria actually decreased, but also competition through improper pollen transfer (grains of both species were found on the bodies of bumblebees) since the incidence of switching between the two species increased, probably resulting in an increased misplacement of conspecific pollen grains with time.     

河南石斛属植物的调查研究

河南产石斛属(Dendrobium)植物发现有6种。本文论述了石斛属植物的生态环境特点、生物学特性及其繁殖的方法。同时根据本省的实际状况,提出了开发利用石斛属植物资源的几点建议。