Characterisation of seven <Emphasis Type="Italic">Inocybe</Emphasis> ectomycorrhizal morphotypes from a semiarid woody steppe

Ectomycorrhizas (ECM) of Inocybe species (Inocybaceae, Basidiomycota) formed by three host plant species (Populus alba, Salix rosmarinifolia and Pinus nigra) in a semiarid woody steppe of Hungary were studied. To identify the fungal partners, we performed phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences for the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear DNA (nrDNA ITS) together with sequences gained from public databases. Seven Inocybe ectomycorrhiza morphotypes were morpho-anatomically characterised. Five morphotypes were identified (I. phaeoleuca, I. psammophila, I. semifulva, I. splendens and I. subporospora), whereas two morphotypes represented unidentified Inocybe species. Differences were discernible among the morphotypes, and they showed general anatomical characteristics of Inocybe ECM, such as the slightly organised plectenchymatic mantle (types A, B and E and the gelatinous C). The ECM of I. subporospora and I. phaeoleuca were detected from the introduced Pinus nigra. These two fungi are probably native to the area but capable of forming a novel ectomycorrhizal association with the invasive host.     

ITS2 sequence–structure phylogeny reveals diverse endophytic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudocercospora</Emphasis> fungi on poplars

For matching the new fungal nomenclature to abolish pleomorphic names for a fungus, a genus Pseudocercospora s. str. was suggested to host holomorphic Pseudocercosproa fungi. But the Pseudocercosproa fungi need extra phylogenetic loci to clarify their taxonomy and diversity for their existing and coming species. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) secondary structures have been promising in charactering species phylogeny in plants, animals and fungi. In present study, a conserved model of ITS2 secondary structures was confirmed on fungi in Pseudocercospora s. str. genus using RNAshape program. The model has a typical eukaryotic four-helix ITS2 secondary structure. But a single U base occurred in conserved motif of U-U mismatch in Helix 2, and a UG emerged in UGGU motif in Helix 3 to Pseudocercospora fungi. The phylogeny analyses based on the ITS2 sequence–secondary structures with compensatory base change characterizations are able to delimit more species for Pseudocercospora s. str. than phylogenic inferences of traditional multi-loci alignments do. The model was employed to explore the diversity of endophytic Pseudocercospora fungi in poplar trees. The analysis results also showed that endophytic Pseudocercospora fungi were diverse in species and evolved a specific lineage in poplar trees. This work suggested that ITS2 sequence–structures could become as additionally significant loci for species phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on Pseudocerospora fungi, and that Pseudocercospora endophytes could be important roles to Pseudocercospora fungi’s evolution and function in ecology.     

Comprehensive analysis of fungal diversity and enzyme activity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">nuruk</Emphasis>, a Korean fermenting starter,for acquiring useful fungi

Nuruk is a fermenting starter that is involved in the production of alcoholic beverages, and has been used in South Korea for a very long time. To analyze the fungal diversity, we collected a total of 59 nuruk samples from several companies and persons in 2013 to 2014, and obtained 364 isolates. All of the single isolated fungi were identified, both morphologically and molecularly, based on the sequences of ribosomal RNA gene [18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and 26S (D1/D2 region)]. In 46 nuruk samples out of 59 (78%), Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, a dimorphic yeast, was most frequently isolated. Among the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus and Lichtheimia were found in more than 50% of the samples with lower colony forming unit (CFU/g of sample) than those of yeasts. The yeasts S. fibuligera and Wickerhamomyces anomalus were counted with maximum 1.3–1.8 × 10⁸ CFU/g. Among Mucorales fungi, Lichtheimia and Mucor were isolated in much higher numbers than Rhizopus and Rhizomucor. Overall, the home-made nuruks tend to contain more diverse filamentous fungi than the commercial nuruks. To acquire industrially useful filamentous fungi and yeasts, we analyzed the enzyme activities of α-amylase, glucoamylase and acid protease associated with brewing properties for 131 strains. Aspergillus oryzae and S. fibuligera had high α- and glucoamylase activities and most isolates of Lichtheimia ramosa had high acid protease activity. For further applications, 27 fungal strains were chosen based on isolation frequencies from nuruk, and the ability to produce useful enzyme.     

Bird feather fungi from Svalbard Arctic

Despite feather fungi being an important component of the Arctic fungal flora, their ecological role and diversity are not fully known. In the current study, fungal cultures were isolated from feathers (barnacle goose, common eider, and glaucous gull) collected in the Ny-Ålesund region, Svalbard. Isolates were identified by ITS region sequences, which include the ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rRNA. The result showed culturable yeast and filamentous fungi belonging to three classes: Ascomycota (Pyrenochaetopsis pratorum, Cladosporium herbarum, Thelebolus microsporus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium commune, and Venturia sp.), Basidiomycota (Mrakia blollopis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa), and Zygomycota (Mucor flavus). Most of the fungal isolates appeared to be cold-tolerant, and about 60 % of the isolates showed keratinase activity. The reasonably low fungal diversity colonizing feathers indicates that the birds of Svalbard are casual carriers of fungi which may result in a negligible impact on their health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of fungal communities present on the feathers of birds in the high Arctic.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phialemoniopsis endophytica</Emphasis> sp. nov., a new species of endophytic fungi from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luffa cylindrica</Emphasis> in Henan,China

During a survey of endophytic fungi in the cucurbit plants collected from Henan, China, a new species, Phialemoniopsis endophytica was isolated from the lower stem of Luffa cylindrica. It differs from other Phialemoniopsis species by its cylindrical to flask-shaped phialides, falcate conidia with blunt ends, ostiolate pycnidium-like conidiomata without marginal setae and ellipsoidal chlamydospores. Multi-locus (ITS, LSU, ACT, and TUB) phylogenetic analysis confirmed that P. endophytica is distinct from other species. A synopsis of the morphological characters of the new species is provided.     

Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizopus oryzae</Emphasis>: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Mucormycosis is an invasive infection caused by opportunistic fungi. Rhizopus, Lichtheimia, Mucor and Rhizomucor are the most common isolated genera. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis is usually related to traumatic injuries, but immunocompromised cases are associated with underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus and malignancies. The treatment of choice is surgical debridement and liposomal amphotericin B. We present a 40-year-old male with fever and a painful necrotic lesion on the middle back and history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Rhizopus oryzae was isolated and identified using an internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. An initial good response to treatment was observed; however, 7 days later a diabetic ketoacidosis due to poor adherence to treatment caused a lethal outcome.     

Comparison of dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol and Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol for airborne mold sampling

The more the mold species isolated on a culture medium, the more the sampling environment is represented accurately. According to the sampling purpose, it is crucial to use the best culture medium for mold. However, no study is available regarding the comparison of dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (SDA-CHX-CHL) culture media in terms of their application for airborne sampling, isolation, and identification of fungi. Airborne mold samples were impacted onto both DRBC and SDA-CHX-CHL, simultaneously using single-stage Andersen sampler. The limit of detection (LOD) value for airborne mold count was 7 CFU m^?3 (1 colony growth on the Petri dish). The total mold counts (TMC) ranged between <7 and 504 CFU m^?3 (med 56 CFU m^?3) and <7 and 1218 CFU m^?3 (med 259 CFU m^?3), collected on SDA-CHX-CHL and DRBC, respectively. Significantly higher TMC were observed on DRBC than on SDA regardless of the sampling environment (i.e, indoor or outdoor) (p < 0.05). Among the most predominant mold genera, observation frequencies of Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. on both culture media were found to be more than 70%. Observation frequencies of Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and yeast were found to be higher in samples collected on DRBC than those on SDA-CHX-CHL. Finally, DRBC was found to be superior to SDA in terms of both number of colonies and number of genera isolated from the air.     

Fungi isolated from insects in strawberry crops act as potential biological control agents of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Duponchelia fovealis</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Entomopathogenic fungi were collected from insects, belonging to orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, with signs of infection. Single-spore colonies were identified based on morphological traits and ribosomal ITS sequences. The most commonly found fungi were Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendal and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin. Isolation of Trichoderma atroviride Bisset, Aspergillus flavipes (Bainier and Sartory) Thom and Church, Aspergillus iizukae Sugiyama, Penicillium mallochii Rivera, Urb and Seifert, Penicillium adametzioides S. Abe ex G. Smith, and Mucor nidicola Madden, Stchigel, Guarro and Starks associated to insects is reported for the first time. Tests with B. bassiana isolates against Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), showed high larval mortality in vitro and in greenhouse, demonstrating its potential as biological control agent. Understanding the fungal microbiota from insects can provide promising isolates for use in integrated pest management programs. This is the first report characterizing the mycobiota in insects collected in strawberry crops, and evaluating the pathogenicity of B. bassiana against D. fovealis, a pest that causes severe losses to farmers.     

First aeromycological study in an avocado agroecosystem in Mexico

Avocados (Persea americana Mill.) are economically and nutritionally valuable despite their susceptibility to several fungal diseases. This study was conducted in an agroecosystem of avocado trees in México. The air samples were collected every week by gravimetric methods at a height of 2 m from the ground level. Fungal colonies were isolated and transferred onto PDA and identified using morphological methods. During air sampling, different meteorological variables were measured. The symptoms of avocado diseases were determined by visual observations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on aeromycological characterization in an avocado agroecosystem. Thirty-two airborne fungal genera were identified; Fusarium (97.2 %) and Colletotrichum (94.4 %) were the most common fungal pathogens present in the atmosphere of avocado. In addition, seven genera of important phytopathogenic fungi of other crops (Alternaria, Capnodium, Pestalotia, Stemphylium, Rhizopus, Curvularia, and Phyllachora) were isolated. The maximum concentration of total fungi was observed in June (358 CFU m^?3) and the minimum in September (83 CFU m^?3). The total fungal concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with the temperature. The symptoms of five diseases of avocado, viz. anthracnose, scab, spot, canker trunk, and vascular wilt, were identified in the area study. It was observed that the symptoms of all the above-mentioned diseases were present in June; and in the same month, the fungal concentrations were highest.     

Untangling the wine metabolome by combining untargeted SPME–GCxGC-TOF-MS and sensory analysis to profile Sauvignon blanc co-fermented with seven different yeasts

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) is the main driver of alcoholic fermentation, however for aroma and flavor formation in wine, non-Saccharomyces species can have a powerful effect. This study aimed to compare untargeted volatile compound profiles from SPME–GCxGC-TOF-MS and sensory analysis data of Sauvignon blanc wine inoculated with six different non-Saccharomyces yeasts followed by SC. Torulaspora delbrueckii (TD), Lachancea thermotolerans (LT), Pichia kluyveri (PK) and Metschnikowia pulcherrima (MP) where commercial starter strains, while Candida zemplinina (CZ) and Kazachstania aerobia (KA), were isolated from wine grape environments. Each wine showed a distinct profile both sensorially and chemically. SC and CZ wines were the most distinct in both of these cases. SC wine had guava, grapefruit, banana, and pineapple aromas while CZ wine was driven by fermented apple, dried peach/apricot, and stewed fruit as well as sour flavor. Chemically over 300 unique features were identified as significantly different across the fermentations. SC wine had the highest number of esters in the highest relative concentration but all the yeasts had distinct ester profiles. CZ wine displayed the highest number of terpenes in high concentration but also produced a large amount of acetic acid. KA wine was high in ethyl acetate. TD wine had fewer esters but three distinctly higher thiol compounds. LT wine showed a relatively high number of increased acetate esters and certain terpenes. PK wine had some off odor compounds while the MP wine had high levels of methyl butyl-, methyl propyl-, and phenethyl esters. Overall, this study gives a more detailed profile of these yeasts contribution to Sauvignon blanc wine than previously reported.     

From grape berries to wine: population dynamics of cultivable yeasts associated to “Nero di Troia” autochthonous grape cultivar

The aim of this work was to study the biodiversity of yeasts isolated from the autochthonous grape variety called “Uva di Troia”, monitoring the natural diversity from the grape berries to wine during a vintage. Grapes were collected in vineyards from two different geographical areas and spontaneous alcoholic fermentations (AFs) were performed. Different restriction profiles of ITS–5.8S rDNA region, corresponding to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Candida zemplinina, Issatchenkia terricola, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia chrysoperlae, Pichia fermentans, Hanseniaspora opuntiae and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, were observed. The yeast occurrences varied significantly from both grape berries and grape juices, depending on the sampling location. Furthermore, samples collected at the end of AF revealed the great predominance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a high intraspecific biodiversity. This is the first report on the population dynamics of ‘cultivable’ microbiota diversity of “Uva di Troia” cultivar from the grape to the corresponding wine (“Nero di Troia”), and more general for Southern Italian oenological productions, allowing us to provide the basis for an improved management of wine yeasts (with both non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces) for the production of typical wines with desired unique traits. A certain geographical-dependent variability has been reported, suggesting the need of local based formulation for autochthonous starter cultures, especially in the proportion of the different species/strains in the design of mixed microbial preparations.     

Phylogeny of anaerobic fungi (phylum <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neocallimastigomycota</Emphasis>), with contributions from yak in China

The phylum Neocallimastigomycota contains eight genera (about 20 species) of strictly anaerobic fungi. The evolutionary relationships of these genera are uncertain due to insufficient sequence data to infer their phylogenies. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, thirteen isolates obtained from yak faeces and rumen digesta in China were assigned to Neocallimastix frontalis (nine isolates), Orpinomyces joyonii (two isolates) and Caecomyces sp. (two isolates), respectively. The phylogenetic relationships of the eight genera were evaluated using complete ITS and partial LSU sequences, compared to the ITS1 region which has been widely used in this phylum in the past. Five monophyletic lineages corresponding to six of the eight genera were statistically supported. Isolates of Caecomyces and Cyllamyces were present in a single lineage and could not be separated properly. Members of Neocallimastigomycota with uniflagellate zoospores represented by Piromyces were polyphyletic. The Piromyces-like genus Oontomyces was consistently closely related to the traditional Anaeromyces, and separated the latter genus into two clades. The phylogenetic position of the Piromyces-like genus Buwchfawromyces remained unresolved. Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix, sharing polyflagellate zoospores, were supported as sister genera in the LSU phylogeny. Apparently ITS, specifically ITS1 alone, is not a good marker to resolve the generic affinities of the studied fungi. The LSU sequences are easier to align and appear to work well to resolve generic relationships. This study provides a comparative phylogenetic revision of Neocallimastigomycota isolates known from culture and sequence data.     

Secondary structure prediction of ITS rRNA region and molecular phylogeny: an integrated approach for the precise speciation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muscodor</Emphasis> species

Muscodor is a non-sporulating, volatile organic compounds producing endophytic fungi that has been extensively explored as a bio-fumigant and bio-preservative. Novel species of this genus have been mainly identified using ITS sequences. However, the ITS hyper-variability hinders the creation of reproducible alignments and stable phylogenetic trees. Conserved structural data of the ITS region represents as a vital auxiliary information for accurate speciation of fungi. In the present study, secondary structural data of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 region of all Muscodor species were generated using LocaRNA web server. The predicted secondary structural data displayed greater variability in ITS1 region in comparison to ITS2. The structural data of all sequences exhibited characteristic conserved features of eukaryotic rRNA. Evolutionary conserved motifs were found among all 5.8S and ITS2 sequences. Profile neighbor joining (PNJ) tree based on combined sequence-structural information of ITS region was generated in ProfDists. The PNJ tree resolved into four major groups whereby M. fengyangenesis and M. albus species formed monophyletic clades. However, three M. albus species along with other Muscodor species emerged as sister branches to the existing clades, thereby, improving the precision of phylogenetic analysis for identification of novel species of Muscodor genus. Hence, the results indicated that structural analysis along with primary sequence information can provide new insights for precise identification of Muscodor species.     

Phylogenetic analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plectosphaerella</Emphasis> species based on multi-locus DNA sequences and description of <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. sinensis</Emphasis> sp. nov.

Species in Plectosphaerella are well known as pathogens of several plant species causing fruit, root and collar rot and collapse. In an investigation of endophytic fungi associated with cucurbit plants in China, we isolated 77 strains belonging to the genus Plectosphaerella. To identify the isolated strains, we collected the type or reference strains of all currently accepted species in Plectosphaerella except P. oratosquillae and conducted a phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial 28S rDNA sequences showed that all species in Plectosphaerella were located in one clade of Plectosphaerellaceae. Based on multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, CaM, EF1, TUB and morphological characteristics, all species in Plectosphaerella were well separated. Three endophytic strains from stems of Cucurbita moschata, Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis melo from North China were assigned to a new species described as P. sinensis in this paper. The new species differs morphologically from other Plectosphaerella species by irregular chlamydospores, and the dimensions of phialides and conidia. The other endophytic strains from several cucurbit plants were identified as P. cucumerina.     

Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picconia azorica</Emphasis> in native forests of Azores

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the rhizosphere of the endemic Laurisilva tree, Picconia azorica, were characterised at two sites in each of two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel). Forty-six spore morphotypes were found, and DNA extraction was attempted from individual spores of each of these. DNA was obtained from 18 of the morphotypes, from which a 1.5 kb long fragment of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (SSU-ITS-LSU) was sequenced. A total of 125 AMF sequences were obtained and assigned to 18 phylotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed sequences belonging to the families, Acaulosporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae. Phylotype richness changed between islands and between sampling sites at both islands suggesting that geographical and historical factors are determinant in shaping AMF communities in native forest of Azores. Ecological analysis of the molecular data revealed differences in AMF community composition between islands. In Terceira, the rhizosphere of P. azorica was dominated by species belonging to Acaulosporaceae and Glomeraceae, while São Miguel was dominated by members of Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae. This is the first molecular study of AMF associated with P. azorica in native forest of the Azores. These symbiont fungi are key components of the ecosystem. Further research is needed to develop their use as promoters of plant establishment in conservation and restoration of such sites.     

Airborne fungi as indicators of ecosystem disturbance: an example from selected Tatra Mountains caves (Poland)

We report on the determination of the spore concentration and the species composition of the airborne fungi in selected caves of the Tatra Mountains, Poland. The following caves were surveyed: Mylna, Ob?azkowa, Mro?na, Zimna and Naciekowa. The sampling was carried out in July 2015 and in January 2016. The aeromycological analyses were performed with the impact method, using the Air Ideal 3P apparatus and potato dextrose agar (PDA, Biocorp) culture medium. In the course of the July 2015 analysis, 17 species of fungi were isolated and 11 species were isolated in January 2016. In Mylna and Naciekowa caves, the dominant species were Cladosporium cladosporioides and Stachybotrys cylindrospora. In Ob?azkowa cave, Rhizoctonia predominated and in Zimna cave—the colonies of the yeast-like fungi, along with S. cylindrospora. In Mro?na cave, Penicillium notatum was the most abundant taxon. In the winter time, in the majority of the caves Penicillium spp. predominated, with the exception of Mro?na and Naciekowa caves where Aspergillus niger was dominant. We propose that aeromycological monitoring be performed regularly in the following caves: Mro?na, Naciekowa and Zimna.     

Ultrastructural studies and molecular characterization of root-associated fungi of $$\textit{}$$ (D. Don) Szlach.: a threatened and medicinally important taxon

Crepidium acuminatum (Orchidaceae) is a threatened medicinal orchid that grows under shady and moist forest floor where light remains for a very short period of time. Mycorrhizal association is known to be essential for seed germination and seedling establishment in a majority of orchids. Identification of fungi that form mycorrhizae with orchids is of crucial importance for orchid conservation. We used both morphological as well as molecular approaches to study this plant–fungal interaction. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fungi grow and proliferate in the middle layers of the cortex. Also, spiral-root hairs were found along with root hairs, which is an unusual observation. Spiral-root hairs provide more surface area for fluid absorption and entrance of colonizers. Further, total root genomic DNA was isolated and fungal internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified using specific primer combinations ITS1F/ITS4 and ITS1/ITS4tul. ITS sequences were obtained and analysed to know the closest sequence matche in the GenBank using BLASTn hosted by NLM-NCBI. Subject sequences were identified to be belonging to three main genera, namely, Tulasnella, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Results indicate that mycorrhizal association is necessary for the growth and development of the plant. In addition, this symbiosis influences the distribution and rarity of this medicinally valuable taxon. Specific fungal partners may lead to an enhanced seed germination rate and increased efficiency of nutrient exchange between both the partners. Hence, knowledge of mycorrhizal fungi is essential for future in vitro germination and seedling establishment programmes, because they rely on fungi for germination. Identification of mycorrhizal fungi can be used for orchid propagation and conservation programmes.     

Phylogenetic assessment and taxonomic revision of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mariannaea</Emphasis>

Four new species of Mariannaea were described in this paper, namely M. chlamydospora, M. cinerea, M. fusiformis, and M. lignicola. Mariannaea chlamydospora is characterized by its cream-colored, zonate colonies on PDA, smooth conidiophores, fusiform conidia, and abundant chlamydospores. Mariannaea cinerea forms grey colonies and ellipsoidal to subglobose conidia. Mariannaea fusiformis forms purple colonies and fusiform to subglobose conidia. Mariannaea lignicola has brown conidiophores and broad hyphae. The molecular phylogeny was inferred using ITS, LSU, and TUB-2 loci. The type species of Mariannaea (M. elegans) is epitypified. The variety M. elegans var. punicea is raised to species rank. Mariannaea clavispora is excluded from Mariannaea because of its cylindrical phialides, straight conidial chains and deviating phylogenetic affinity. Mariannaea nipponica did not fit well the generic concept of Mariannaea based on their morphological characters, and its generic placement remains uncertain. A key to the currently accepted 15 species of Mariannaea is provided.     

Bezerromycetales and Wiesneriomycetales ord. nov. (class Dothideomycetes), with two novel genera to accommodate endophytic fungi from Brazilian cactus

During a survey of endophytic fungi from the cactus Tacinga inamoena in a Brazilian tropical dry forest (Caatinga) some undescribed ascomycetous fungi were isolated. These fungi are characterized by superficial and immersed, globose to subglobose, smooth or hairy ascomata, bitunicate asci, and muriformly septate, ellipsoidal ascospores. Multigene phylogenetic analyses using sequences from partial ITS, SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) demonstrated a monophyletic clade accommodating these endophytic fungi in the class Dothideomycetes, closely related to the order Tubeufiales. Based on morphological features and phylogenetic analyses, these fungi could not be placed in the order Tubeufiales, in the new order Wiesneriomycetales, or any other known genus in the class Dothideomycetes. Thus, two new genera (Bezerromyces, with B. brasiliensis and B. pernambucoensis, and Xiliomyces with X. brasiliensis), a new family (Bezerromycetaceae) and a new order (Bezerromycetales) are introduced to accommodate these novel taxa. Our phylogenetic analyses also demonstrated that the clade accommodating Wiesneriomycetaceae represents a new order, here introduced as Wiesneriomycetales.