汉中地区鹭科鸟类数量和分布现状

陕西省汉中地区,鸟类资源相当丰富。其鹭科鸟类的种类和分布,以往报道较多(郑作新等1962,1973;陕西省动物研究所1981;王廷正1981;郑永烈等1984;王中裕1984,1990),但对各地的资源数量尚未见有报道。我们于1986—1991年,在汉中地区对此进行了比较广泛的调查。现将获得资料整理如下。     

科技信息与服务

陕南秦巴山区真菌资源丰富汉中地区林业工作中心和陕西省微生物研究所共同承担的“陕南秦巴山区经济真菌资源调查及开发”研究课题,经七年努力,采集到大型真菌标本351种,拍摄生境资料照片490幅,     

陕西汉中地区蝗虫种类及区系特点

汉中地区的蝗总科昆虫有5科33属51种,锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae1属2种,斑腿蝗科Catantopidae9属19种,网翅蝗科Arcypteridae5属12种,斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae12属13种,剑角蝗科Acrididae5属5种。汉中地区蝗总科的昆虫以东洋界为主,共23种,占45.1%,其次为汉中地区特有种类10种,占19.6%,古北界和两界共有种类均为9种,均占17.6%。物种数量在各县区分布不均匀。     

陕西汉中地区上新世哺乳类化石及其地层意义

本文简述了陕西汉中地区勉县等地的上新世哺乳动物化石,计12属13种,其中有三个新种: Mimomys hanzhongicus sp. nov., Sinomastodon hanjiangensis sp. nov., Stegolophodon xixitngensis sp. nov..这些化石的发现改变了长期以来认为汉中地区新生代沉积仅属第四纪的看法.     

汉中地区植物种类研究初报

汉中地区约有数千种植物,其中已发现鉴定和记录的植物有２７２４种,分属７门２７１科１１１４属。     

兰州永登区大通河沿岸兽类及其栖息环境的初步调查

1959年6月,我系一部分师生参加永登区八宝川人员公社规划调查。其中有一项调查畜牧及动物资源,这种工作过去没有进行过,是个空白地区。此地区的动物中有经济意义的种类有多少,尚不清楚。这次调查,不仅可以摸清动物资源概况,还为进一步发展和利用动物资源提供依据。     

土壤动物对土壤碳循环的影响研究进展

土壤动物作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,是调控土壤碳循环的重要环节。然而,目前土壤动物对土壤碳循环的影响尚不明晰,且缺乏系统总结。基于此,本文结合近年国内外土壤动物相关研究,总结了土壤动物对枯落物分解过程、土壤碳碳库稳定性、植物和微生物调节、土壤呼吸的影响。提出未来研究从区域上应更加关注低纬度地区,研究手段上应强化野外实验与室内模拟实验的结合,研究内容上应加强相关机理研究、深化土壤动物呼吸及其对碳的净固存方面,研究方向上应结合全球热点问题,以期深入了解土壤动物对土壤碳循环的影响。     

基于Meta分析的中国西南喀斯特地区土壤动物群落特征研究

我国西南喀斯特地区环境容量小、生态系统变异敏感度高、灾变承受能力低,是典型的生态环境脆弱区。土壤动物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,对生态系统功能和稳定性具有重要的意义。通过Meta分析研究西南喀斯特地区土壤动物群落特征,得到如下结果:本区域土壤动物隶属于5门15纲31类;中小型土壤动物平均密度6.0×10~3—1.9×10~4m~(-2);中小型土壤动物密度和类群数表现为夏秋高、冬春低,土壤动物表聚性明显;喀斯特石漠化显著降低中小型土壤动物的密度和类群数量。本研究的结果表明,我国西南喀斯特地区土壤动物类群数量较为丰富,个体密度较低但可能被低估。在今后喀斯特地区生物多样性保护和脆弱生态系统的恢复工作中,应注重土壤动物群落的相关研究。     

陕西省汉中地区中国种子植物特有属的分析

汉中地区种子植物区系自然分布有中国特有属48属,隶属于33科,包括裸子植物1属,被子植物47属,其中单种属24属,少种属18属,多种属6属,从其生活习性上看,木本习性有25属,草本习性的有23属。本文主要分析了汉中地区分布的中国种子植物特有属的地理分布及特点,分析结果表明：其特点主要为显著的温带性质,众多的特有属和丰富的珍稀濒危物种,在地理分布上与华中,西南地区联系密切。     

天麻的生态和增产途径

天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)是兰科植物,它的块茎是名贵的传统药材。在《神农本草经集注》一书中就记载天麻“生陈仑川谷,雍州”,即今汉中和宝鸡所属秦岭山区。由于其药用量大,长期采挖,野生资源濒临断绝,现国家列为稀有抢救的临危种。1977年10月商业部在汉中召开了全国天麻野变种现场会,确定汉中地区为全国天麻生产基地。目前,全国许多地方都引种栽培,但产量低而不稳。欲使达到高产稳产,生态基础方面的研究,很为重要。     

九种重要经济动物二级抗体的制备和HRP标记

目的制备兔抗9种重要经济动物的二级抗体,并进行辣根过氧化酶标记,为经济动物血清学检测系统的建立提供工具。方法利用饱和硫酸铵沉淀粗纯抗体后,再利用protein A或protein G亲和层析的方法进一步纯化动物血清IgG,免疫大耳白兔制备抗血清,利用免疫双扩散来检测抗血清的效价,并用Protein A亲和层析的方法纯化兔抗经济动物的二级抗体,采用简易过碘酸钠法对纯化的二级抗体进行HRP标记,通过ELISA方法测定标记抗体的效价,并利用Western blotting考察标记抗体的特异性。结果纯化了家猪,绵羊、山羊、牛、马、驴、狐狸、貉和黑貂9种重要经济动物的血清IgG,免疫双扩散法测定兔抗血清效价均达到1：32,并对纯化的兔抗家猪,绵羊、山羊、牛、马、驴、狐狸、貉和黑貂9种重要经济动物二级抗体进行了HRP标记,ELISA测定标记抗体的效价达到1：（2000～15000）左右,Western blots显示标记抗体具有很好的特异性。结论成功制备了HRP标记的兔抗9种重要经济动物的二级抗体,为经济动物血清学检测体系的建立提供了工具。     

Seminal vesicle production and secretion of growth hormone into seminal fluid.

Production of foreign proteins in the tissues of transgenic animals represents an efficient and economical method of producing therapeutic and pharmaceutical proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that the mouse P12 gene promoter specific to the male accessory sex gland can be used to generate transgenic mice that express human growth hormone (hGH) in their seminal vesicle epithelium. The hGH is secreted into the ejaculated seminal fluids with the seminal vesicle lumen contents containing concentrations of up to 0.5 mg/ml. As semen is a body fluid that can be collected easily on a continuous basis, the production of transgenic animals expressing pharmaceutical proteins into their seminal fluid could prove to be a viable alternative to use of the mammary gland as a bioreactor.     

Size, Speed and Buoyancy Adaptations in Aquatic Animals

Animals are denser than either fresh water or sea water, andtherefore tend to sink, unless they have adaptations that givebuoyancy. Very small organisms sink slowly, reproduce rapidlyand can be kept suspended by natural turbulence: individualslost by sinking are replaced by reproduction. This is likelyto be effective only for organisms of less than 150µmdiameter. Larger animals will sink unless they swim or evolvebuoyancy organs. Hovering is one of the options available tothem, but the "hop and sink" technique used by some copepodsis more economical than steady hovering. Another option is touse fins as hydrofoils, as sharks, tunnies and many squids do.This implies an energy cost because work has to be done againstdrag on the hydrofoils. Many animals are made buoyant by gas-filledfloats, low-density organic compounds or body fluids of unusualionic composition. Such buoyancy aids increase the energy costof swimming at given speed because they increase the animal'sbulk. Buoyancy aids are more economical than hydrofoils foranimals that swim slowly but hydrofoils are more economicalfor those that swim fast.     

A thermally controlled microinjector.

An economical device for 0.1-2 microliter microinjections in animals is described. The expansions of electrically heated mercury is used to provide precise and repeatable injections. The rate of injection can be controlled either manually or by a motor drive.     

A Thermally Controlled Microinjector

An economical device for 0.1-2 μl microinjections in animals is described. The expansion of electrically heated mercury is used to provide precise and repeatable injections. The rate of injection can be controlled either manually or by a motor drive.     

Overview of the ability of different treatment methods for liquid and solid manure to inactivate pathogens

The use of manure as a fertilizer in agriculture includes the risk of spreading pathogenic infectious agents to the environment, to animals and humans. The treatment of manure can help avoid or reduce these risks. Even if the treatment is dominated by economic considerations such as biogas production, ammonia stripping or phosphorous precipitation, the hygienic aspect should be kept in mind. Otherwise, new infection chains may be established by the use of insufficiently treated manure by-products such as fertilizers still containing infective pathogens. Treatment plants should use a concept according to HACCP principles that includes hazard analysis, risk assessment, the determination of process relevant CCPs and the validation of the process by determining the hygienizing efficiency using representative test organisms as well as microbial end product supervision. Treatment methods can be divided into physical, chemical and microbiological treatment, sometimes used in combination. For economical reasons, only composting or anaerobic treatment (biogas) or, to a minor extent, aerobic thermophilic stabilization (ATS) are used as routine preventive measures on a farm level. In cases of outbreaks of notifiable diseases both physical and chemical treatment of manure can lead to reliable disinfected/pasteurised end products which can be used in agriculture without long-lasting risks for soil fertility or the environment.     

Animal house stock control based on bar-coded cage labels

In an animal house serving the needs of a large research institute, a regular inventory of the animals in stock is a considerable help towards effective management of the facility. In particular, advising the licence-holders of what animals are being held in their name and reminding them of the costs involved is a valuable exercise. The introduction of a computerized system of stock control, based on bar-coded cage labels, is described. The system has proved economical to operate, accurate, and can be run by persons without computer expertise.     

Cryopreservation of transgenic mice

Advances in cryopreservation enable one to freeze embryos without the use of a programmable freezing machine or complex protocols. These methods achieve high rates of survival when mouse embryos are frozen. Understanding the factors that influence the survival of cryopreserved embryos can aid troubleshooting and in adapting freezing strategies from mice to other species. Frozen stocks of transgenics can be maintained indefinitely in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreservation of these valuable animals not only protects them from environmental catastrophes, but also is an economical method of storing lines for future detailed analysis.     

The role of natural plant products in modulating the immune system: An adaptable approach for combating disease in grazing animals

Plants provide herbivores with an array of chemicals with the potential to improve health and well-being. For instance, phytochemicals, known as secondary compounds, which protect plants from consumers and pests can adversely affect cellular and metabolic processes in herbivores, but at low doses and in appropriate mixtures, they can have beneficial effects on animal nutrition and health, though the latter has not been explored in great breadth or depth. In this review, we summarize the potential impact of natural plant products on immunomodulation and other therapeutic effects in herbivores. Development of preventative strategies to help animals resist disease would be a more economical, ecological and socially effective long-term healthcare strategy than treating diseases. In this realm, immunomodulation promoted by forages emerges as an interesting alternative and complement to chemotherapy. The challenge for feeding systems will be to incorporate mixes of plants with bioactive properties in ways that enhance health without compromising animal production and well-being. A solution to this challenge may involve developing management programs that acknowledge the ability of animals to learn about the beneficial effects of diverse foods.     

Genetic analysis of reactivity to humans in Goettingen minipigs

Goettingen minipigs are laboratory animals with an increasing demand over the last few years. At the moment, Goettingen minipigs are not selected for a low reactivity to humans and this trait is not included in the breeding programme. However, it is obvious that there is a need for genetically non-responding minipigs during handling to facilitate the treatment and restraint of the animals which is often needed in biomedical experiments. A first testing scheme was developed to evaluate the reactivity of Goettingen minipigs to humans and to analyse whether the trait reactivity to humans can be considered in the breeding programme. In this study temperament scores of this testing scheme for nine different traits from 10,033 animals collected from 2005 to 2008 were analysed. Temperament was subjectively scored on a scale from 1 to 5 while the pig is caught (C), held on the arms (A), standing in a box for weighing (W), standing on a table (T) and walking on the ground (G). The traits were a combination of these situations evaluated at three different ages (2, 4 and 6 months). Genetic parameters were estimated using bivariate models and different possible selection strategies were examined. Heritabilities were low to moderate with a range from 0.09 to 0.22 and phenotypic and genetic correlations between the nine traits were moderate to high with phenotypic correlations between 0.12 (W2 and G4) and 0.64 (W2 and A2) and genetic correlations between 0.44 (A4 and C6) and 1.00 (e.g. W2 and A4). It was shown that the highest genetic progress per year can be obtained when all nine traits are considered in the selection index. Under an economical point of view the selection on the basis of the two arm traits plus the trait W2 should be preferred.Based on a critical discussion of the explanatory power of the used scoring system a new evaluation scheme was developed. In this scheme the minipigs can be divided into responding and non-responding animals whereas the latter are desired for selection. The suggested scoring system offers better possibilities for statistical analyses. It is planned to include the selection for non-responding Goettingen minipigs in the routine breeding programme.