提高骨组织免疫组织化学方法质量的若干问题探讨

免疫组织化学方法 (Immunohistochemistrystaining,IHCS)技术是用已知标记的特异性抗体或抗原对组织内相应抗原或抗体定性、定位或定量检测 ,经组织化学反应 ,使标记于特异性抗体的酶、金属及荧光素等呈现出某种颜色 ,并借助于光镜 ,荧光显微镜及电子显微镜等观察其颜色变化 ,从而了解抗原抗体结合部位和数量的一门新兴检测技术 [1～ 2 ]。它具有敏感性高、特异性强、方法步骤统一等特点 ,能将形态、代谢和机能密切结合在一起 ,已广泛应用于临床病理诊断、鉴别诊断和相关学科的研究之中。近年来 ,我们针对骨及其 IHCS技术的特点 ,对如何…     

骨组织的脱钙及其免疫组织化学技术的探讨

骨组织的免疫组织化学染色 (ＩＨＣＳ)技术不同于普通石蜡切片常用的ＩＨＣＳ技术 ,有许多特殊性。为了提高骨组织ＩＨＣＳ的质量 ,本文根据骨组织及其ＩＨＣＳ技术的特点 ,对影响ＩＨＣＳ质量的几个问题进行了探讨。免疫组织化学染色 (Ｉｍｍｕｎｏｈｉｓｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｔａｉｎｉｎｇ,ＩＨＣＳ)技术是用已知的标记的特异性抗体或抗原对组织内相应抗原或抗体进行定性、定位或定量检测 ,经组织化学反应 ,使标记于特异性抗体的酶、金属及荧光素等呈现出某种颜色 ,并借助于光镜、荧光显微镜及电子显微镜等观察所显示的颜色和变化 ,从…     

抗原修复技术在免疫组织化学中的作用

免疫组织化学是一门免疫学与病理形态学相结合的新兴学科 ,是现代生物医学的一项重要方法学 ,具有操作简单、敏感性高、特异性强等特点 ,已经广泛应用于临床病理及其相关学科的研究之中 [1,2 ] 。目前采用甲醛为常规标本固定剂 ,醛基与组织蛋白质中的氨基形成交联使抗原决定簇被遮蔽 ,从而影响免疫组织化学结果 ,而且这种作用随着固定时间增长而加重 [3 ]。抗原修复技术的出现 ,使得原来许多只能在冰冻切片作免疫组织化学得以在石蜡切片上实现 ,抗原修复技术在免疫组织化学中的作用愈加明显 ,并且对免疫组织化学方法的敏感性起着决定性作用[…     

有关抗原修复若干问题的探讨

在免疫组织化学反应过程中 ,组织由于固定等方面的问题常导致表达不佳 ,或者假性。为了解决这些问题 ,需要做抗原修复。目前抗原修复的方法较多 ,有真空负压抗原修复法 ,微波辐射抗原修复法 ,高压抗原修复法 ,隔水热抗原修复法和电炉加热抗原修复法。本文根据上述各种方法 ,在实际操作中常可发生的一些问题如 p H的应用范围的选择 ;抗原修复最佳温度的选择 ;有效温度所需要持续的时间 ;抗原修复液必须遵循自然降温的规律 ,否则将达不到抗原修复的目的 ;尽量使用足量的抗原修复液 ;切片必须附贴牢固等。并详细介绍了各种方法的使用过程。在…     

免疫组织化学技术制片的规范和质量控制

随着免疫组织化学技术的不断发展,该技术在组织学研究和病理诊断尤其是在肿瘤鉴别诊断的应用越来越广泛.     

免疫组织化学中的抗原修复技术

概述了免疫组织化学中固定对组织抗原性的影响,综述了抗原修复的方法及其原理。组织块的大小、固定液的种类、浓度及固定时间的长度都影响组织的抗原性。免疫组织化学实践中常用酶消化法、酸水解法、微波金属盐法、高压锅加热法等修复组织的抗原性。     

免疫组织化学技术常见问题分析及对策

免疫组织化学染色是目前常规病理诊断及鉴别诊断的重要方法和手段,但在制作免疫组织化学切片中存在着影响结果的许多因素,本文较全面地阐述了影响制片质量的常见因素,并对出现的问题进行了分析和提出了切实可行的对策。     

免疫组织化学切片质量的探讨

在大中型医院,免疫组织化学检测在临床病理诊断中已成为重要的辅助手段,对疾病的确诊、治疗方案的确定及预后评估等非常重要。免疫组织化学切片质量的好坏直接影响结果的判断。虽然免疫组化方法简单,但影响因素较多,常导致结果不稳定。以往有许多献从组织的固定、抗原修复及显     

免疫组织化学双标技术中应注意的几个问题

免疫组织化学技术是利用抗原抗体反应进行的检测方法,它具有高度特异性和敏感性。因此：免疫组织化学技术作为一种研究手段在科研和教学工作中得到了较为广泛的应用,而随着各项研究工作的需要,免疫组织化学的双标技术也随之产生且应用越来越广泛。根据我们的实践,免疫组织化学双标技术中应注意的事项如下：（1）固定的时间不宜过长,以免抗原的过度丢失。     

Ramos免疫组织化学技术的敏感性研究

观察快速微波一步法（Ｒａｍｏｓ法）免疫组织化学技术的敏感性。选用１５种辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）标记的特异性抗体（ＥＰＯＳ）,对５９例相应的恶性肿瘤组织进行快速微波免疫组织化学一步法标记。结果显示５８例为阳性（９８．３％）,其中弱阳性４例,中度阳性和强阳性为５４例。结果表明,Ｒａｍｏｓ法具有敏感性高、特异性强、快速而简便等特点,有广阔的应用前景     

A contribution to the theory of biological staining based on the principles for structural organization of biological macromolecules

Biological staining is to a large degree explainable based on the principles governing folding and aggregation of macromolecules in aqueous solution. Most macromolecules are polyions, which, except for heteropolysaccharides, have a large proportion of nonpolar or only slightly polar residues. Because they are amphiphilic, they react in water by a complex set of hydrophobic interactions involving charged residues, nonpolar residues and water molecules. The hydrophobic interactions lead to complex folding systems or micelle-like structures. Dyes are amphiphilic molecules with a tendency to form micelles, but with limitations due to geometric constraints and charge repulsion. Macromolecules and dyes react with each other in aqueous solution following the same principles as for the structural organization of macromolecules, as in protein folding for example. Dye binding requires near contact between nonpolar groups in both the dye and macromolecule, and this is accomplished by choosing a pH at which the dye and macromolecule have opposite net charges. Charge attraction is insufficient for binding in most cases, but it is directive because it determines which macromolecules a given dye ion is able to contact. These considerations apply to the staining of globular (cytoplasmic) proteins and to nucleic acid staining. The staining mechanism is by hydrophobic interactions. Above approximately pH 3.5, DNA may also bind dyes by hydrophobic intercalation between the bases of the double helix; at lower pH the double helix opens and dye binding is as for RNA and globular proteins. Heteroglycans (mucins) have virtually no nonpolar groups, so nonpolar interactions are restricted to the dye molecules. Metachromatic staining of heteroglycans is due to hydrophobic bonding or micelle formation between the monovalent planar dye molecules aided by charge neutralization by the negatively charged heteroglycans. Alternatively, as the charge attraction increases with the number of closely placed charges, acidic heteroglycans may be stained by a polycation such as alcian blue or colloidal iron. For elastic fiber and collagen staining, actual hydrophobic interactions are less important and hydrogen bonding and simple nonpolar interactions play a major role. These macromolecules may therefore be stained using a nonaqueous alcoholic solution.     

A contribution to the theory of biological staining based on the principles for structural organization of biological macromolecules

Biological staining is to a large degree explainable based on the principles governing folding and aggregation of macromolecules in aqueous solution. Most macromolecules are polyions, which, except for heteropolysaccharides, have a large proportion of nonpolar or only slightly polar residues. Because they are amphiphilic, they react in water by a complex set of hydrophobic interactions involving charged residues, nonpolar residues and water molecules. The hydrophobic interactions lead to complex folding systems or micelle-like structures. Dyes are amphiphilic molecules with a tendency to form micelles, but with limitations due to geometric constraints and charge repulsion. Macromolecules and dyes react with each other in aqueous solution following the same principles as for the structural organization of macromolecules, as in protein folding for example. Dye binding requires near contact between nonpolar groups in both the dye and macromolecule, and this is accomplished by choosing a pH at which the dye and macromolecule have opposite net charges. Charge attraction is insufficient for binding in most cases, but it is directive because it determines which macromolecules a given dye ion is able to contact. These considerations apply to the staining of globular (cytoplasmic) proteins and to nucleic acid staining. The staining mechanism is by hydrophobic interactions. Above approximately pH 3.5, DNA may also bind dyes by hydrophobic intercalation between the bases of the double helix; at lower pH the double helix opens and dye binding is as for RNA and globular proteins. Heteroglycans (mucins) have virtually no nonpolar groups, so nonpolar interactions are restricted to the dye molecules. Metachromatic staining of heteroglycans is due to hydrophobic bonding or micelle formation between the monovalent planar dye molecules aided by charge neutralization by the negatively charged heteroglycans. Alternatively, as the charge attraction increases with the number of closely placed charges, acidic heteroglycans may be stained by a polycation such as alcian blue or colloidal iron. For elastic fiber and collagen staining, actual hydrophobic interactions are less important and hydrogen bonding and simple nonpolar interactions play a major role. These macromolecules may therefore be stained using a nonaqueous alcoholic solution.     

对郭德栋主编《遗传学》中若干问题的商榷

本参阅有关献及十多年遗传学教学中所使用的不同版本的教材,对郭德栋主编的《遗传学》教材中的若干问题进行了商榷。     

基因组学中几个遗传学问题的探讨

新兴的基因组学(genomics)极大地发展了基因与单倍型等遗传学的经典概念,但还有许多概念原理尚需进一步探究和规范.就基因组学中几个遗传学问题进行了探讨,如现代基因的概念与分类,交换、Lod值和作图群体,单倍型和单倍型块等.     

Porcelain Color Plates for Immunohistochemical Incubation of Free-Floating Tissue Sections

Porcelain color plates are a convenient alternative to multiwell plastic plates for immunohistochemical incubations. The advantage of the plates are that they allow relatively large tissue sections to float freely in small volumes of liquid and allow easy access to the sections.     

Immunohistochemical localization of endothelin in human vascular endothelial cells

The cellular localization of endothelin (ET), a novel vasoconstrictor peptide, was studied in human vascular tissues by immunohistochemistry. Distinct and diffuse staining for ET-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of vascular endothelial cells, but not in smooth muscle cells or adventitial fibroblasts. The specificity was confirmed by the negative results following immunoabsorption. These findings suggest that human vascular endothelial cells function as an endocrine and/or paracrine cells for ET secretion.     

Immunohistochemical localization of serine-protease inhibitors in the human placenta

Proteases and their inhibitors play a pivotal role in developmental and differentiative processes. In the present report we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of 1-antitrypsin, 1-antichymotrypsin and inter--trypsin inhibitor in first trimester as well as in term human placentas. For this purpose polyclonal antibodies against these serine-protease inhibitors were used. All inhibitors were expressed in the villous syncytiotrophoblast of first and last trimester placentas. Placental fibrinoid was positively stained for 1-antitrypsin and inter--trypsin inhibitor throughout gestation. 1-Antitrypsin and 1-antichymotrypsin showed a strong immunostaining in the Hofbauer cells (first trimester and full term placentas). Extravillous cytotrophoblast was negative for the three protease inhibitors throughout gestation. The presence of the three inhibitors in the syncytiotrophoblast suggests a role in coagulative, invasive and immunomodulatory processes. Fibrinoid, staining for 1-antitrypsin and inter--trypsin inhibitor, could also have an important immunoprotective function. The presence of protease inhibitors in the Hofbauer cells suggests an involvement of these cells in villous remodelling and differentiative processes.     

Immunohistochemical Detection of Phenol Sulfotransferase-Containing Neurons in Human Brain

Using antibodies raised against human platelet phenol sulfotransferase (PST), immunohistochemical studies were performed to determine the cellular localization of PST in several areas of human brain. In the hippocampus PST immunoreactivity was localized in both the pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons and was in greatest abundance in the CA2 and CA3 areas. In the striatum the immunoreactivity was most predominant in the large neurons of the globus pallidus and in the medulla the staining was scattered throughout the neurons of the raphe nucleus and the reticular formation. The selective presence of PST in the neurons of the CNS raises the issue as to the role of this enzyme in sulfating neurotransmitters because PST has been shown to be capable of conjugating a variety of neurotransmitters including the catecholamines as well as the tyrosine moiety of a number of small peptides such as enkephalin and cholecystokinin.     

阿尔茨海默症转基因动物模型脑组织病理学及免疫组化研究

日的通过组织病理学和免疫组织化学方法,验证阿尔茨海默症转基因动物模型。方法取转基因小鼠脑组织,冠状切面中１／３部位,脱水、包埋,进行组织病理学观察,并对相关抗体进行免疫组织化学研究。结果免疫组化显示在大脑皮层、小脑及海马的神经细胞有Ａβ沉淀形成。ＡＰＰ转基因鼠早老素的阳性细胞数及表达量多于对照鼠。刚果红染色可见大脑皮层间有淀粉样物质形成。结论从病理学角度验证此模型的表型与人类病变的相似性,并证明早老素－１可加速淀粉样沉淀的形成,二者的作用是相互的。     

Immunohistochemical localization of cytokeratin 17 in transitional cell carcinomas of the human urinary tract

The expression of cytokeratin (CK) 17 was studied in 28 primary transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the human urinary tract using CK 17-specific monoclonal antibody E3. While CK 17 was not detectable at all or only present in some areas of basal cells in normal—appearing urothelium, a certain subpopulation of cells of all G1 and G1/G2 TCCs examined (9 cases) stained positive for CK 17. These latter cells were either restricted to the basal compartment or located also in suprabasal layers exhibiting a decreasing intensity of immunoreactivity. CK 17 was seen in practically all cells in G2 and G2/G3 tumors (7 cases). In contrast, G3 TCCs and anaplastic carcinomas showed a highly variable CK 17 staining pattern ranging from completely negative to completely positive with several intermediate phenotypes. Our results indicate that CK 17 could be a useful marker for the progression of urinary tumors.