马铃薯内生细菌的分离及其对环腐病菌的拮抗作用检测(简报)

马铃薯是世界四大作物之一,我国是世界上马铃薯种植面积最大的国家,种植面积达6000万亩。近年来,在马铃薯经济良好发展的带动下,马铃薯生产在种植面积和单产水平上有了大幅度提高。然而各种病害随之表现出逐年上升的趋势。环腐病、黑胫病、干腐病是造成北方马铃薯田间和窖存烂薯的主要病害,一般经济损失达20%—30%,严重年份可达50%。马铃薯环腐病害难以防治是因为病菌侵染部     

提高马铃薯淀粉含量的基因工程

一、高淀粉马铃薯研究的战略意义马铃薯(SalanumtuberosumL。)是重要的粮食作物和蔬菜作物,在世界范围广泛种植,常年种植面积在3亿亩以上。我国约有4500～5000万亩,世界排名第二位。主产区在东北、内蒙、陕西、甘肃、四川等地,长江流域、两广、云贵高原都有种植。     

甘肃马铃薯种植布局对区域气候变化的响应

基于甘肃省地面气象观测站1961—2008年气象观测资料和马铃薯生长条件,选择最佳小网格推算模型推算出500m×500m的高分辨率的网格序列;确立马铃薯种植适宜性气候区划指标,结合地理信息资料,运用GIS技术,开展马铃薯种植适宜性动态气候区划。结果表明:气候变化使马铃薯最适宜区和适宜区面积分别减小35%和3%,次适宜区和可种植区面积分别扩大18.5%和6.6%,不适宜区面积缩小2.0%。提出了马铃薯应对气候变化建议:各地应根据气候特点,调整作物布局;适当调整播种日期,躲避影响马铃薯产量的春霜冻、块茎形成期的高温危害及伏期干旱等;采取多种农业措施,扩大马铃薯种植面积,提高复种指数。预计随着未来气候进一步变暖,该地区的马铃薯生长发育、产量和结构布局将会继续受到影响,研究成果可为甘肃马铃薯生产以及适应气候变化提供科学参考依据。     

脱毒马铃薯与工程马铃薯

马铃薯是仅次于水稻、小麦、玉米的第四大粮食作物,又是粮菜兼用作物及重要工业原料。中国种植面积4000万亩以上,居世界第一位。马铃薯产量高,营养丰富,其蛋白质含量超过玉米、小麦、豌豆等。但因病毒侵染引起马铃薯严重减产与种质退化,薯块逐年变小、产量逐年降低,使我国马铃薯单产远远落后于国际先进水平。在农业生产上马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)等的侵染造成极大危害,它们的复合侵染后果更加严重,可导致减产80％以上。 病毒是引起马铃薯退化的主要原因,高温等不良条件使退化加速,而病毒危害程度又与栽培条件和管理技术密切相关。解决退化最根     

云南省马铃薯不同种植模式的产量及效益分析

云南省马铃薯的种植在近年来的改进中已经逐渐取得了显著的成效,尤其是云南的地势独特,气候适宜,十分适合发展马铃薯的种植产业。目前对马铃薯的不同海拔的种植已经取得了产量和效益上的广泛成果。本文通过探讨云南不同海拔地区种植马铃薯的区位条件和优势,进而进一步的探索了提高云南马铃薯产量和效益的途径。     

香菇菌多糖防治由病毒引起马铃薯退化的试验研究

马铃薯是全营养粮食和蔬菜作物,在我国人民食物结构中占有重要位置。我国马铃薯的种植面积已达到320万公顷,但是产量很低,平均亩产只有1000kg左右。造成低产的原因很多,马铃薯病毒危害引起的退化是主要原因之一。一些微生物的培养液可作为抗病毒剂,如酵母菌培养液、多头绒     

无公害马铃薯病虫害综合防治技术

马铃薯也叫土豆、山药蛋。它可作为粮食、蔬菜直接食用,又可以作为加工原料、饲料来使用。作物第四大粮食作物,马铃薯在全球范围内均有种植。随着马铃薯种植技术提升、越来越广的用途开发,种植马铃薯的人们越来越多。从总产量与总面积来看,我国马铃薯都居于世界第一。这不仅提高了农民的经济收入,促进了马铃薯产业的发展,而且还极大地满足了市场需求,有力保障了我国的粮食安全。现阶段,由于马铃薯的重茬种植、忽视对土壤的消毒以及抗病品种的选择,导致马铃薯病虫害逐年增加。因此说要想提升马铃薯的质量与产量,那么就必须做好马铃薯的病虫害综合防治工作。     

马铃薯耐盐性的研究进展

土壤盐渍化已是影响全球农业生产和土地资源可持续利用的主要问题之一。近些年马铃薯的种植面积不断扩大,比重逐年上升,而马铃薯却是一种对盐中度敏感的作物,盐渍化对其造成严重的危害,因此研究马铃薯的耐盐性势在必行。本文对国内外马铃薯耐盐性筛选、生长发育、生理生化特性、耐盐途径、转基因耐盐马铃薯的研究及其二倍体马铃薯种质资源的利用和展望进行了综述。     

马铃薯在山西平原地区种植的初步体验

马铃薯系山地高产作物,平原地区不宜种植,这是带有普遍性的认识和说法。我们学习了植物学上苏联生物学家李森科院士关于研究马铃薯在夏季栽种,对苏联南部的马铃薯丰收所起的作用。为了教学结合实际,引起了我们研究平原地区种植马铃薯的动机。经过三年来的研究和实验,已收到了初步成效。兹将研究的经过和结果叙述如下: 我校位于临汾河西平原地区,向来无人种植马铃薯。并常听乡村老农民传说:“由下种马铃薯根本不行。”我们为了打破这种保守思想,我们配合教学,于1955年3月间,种植了一畦马铃薯。畦长3米、宽1.5米,共30余株。9月间收获,共计收了约6市斤。每株平均3两余。地下茎比原来的都小,地上茎约高6市尺。     

巴西农业生物技术年报

巴西是世界上第二大植物生物技术农作物生产国。预计在2011-2012年间种植生物技术农作物的面积将增加16%。种植面积的增加主要归因于巴西增加了生物技术玉米事件的审批,并为农民提供信贷补贴。本报告还提供了最新数据用以反映新的贸易信息和政府资源。     

防治马铃薯环腐病有益内生细菌的分离和筛选

1998～2000年,从大同、太原和内蒙古自治区等地采集健康块茎中分离到133株内生细菌,通过离体抑菌作用测定、田间和温室实验,初步筛选出5个具有促生或潜在防治马铃薯环腐病的内生细菌,其中118菌株定殖、促生和拮抗三种作用兼备,具有很好的开发应用前景。     

一株马铃薯干腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其生物防效

【背景】马铃薯干腐病是一种由镰刀菌引起的田间和储藏期都普遍发生的病害,主要引起块茎腐烂,致使马铃薯品质和产量降低,严重影响其食用价值和经济价值。【目的】发掘有效的生防菌株以控制马铃薯干腐病,并探究其抑菌作用。【方法】从甘肃定西地区马铃薯根际土壤中分离到109株细菌,以硫色镰刀菌(Fusarium sulphureum)为靶标菌,采用平板对峙法筛选拮抗菌,并通过形态学、生理生化特征及16S r RNA基因序列分析对拮抗菌株进行鉴定。检测拮抗菌无菌发酵液对F.sulphureum菌丝生长、孢子萌发、马铃薯块茎损伤接种病斑直径、干腐病发病率及对绿豆种子发芽的影响。【结果】筛选到一株对马铃薯干腐病有较强抑制作用的菌株YL11,经鉴定其为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)菌株。YL11菌株无菌发酵液对F.sulphureum菌丝生长、孢子萌发、马铃薯块茎病斑扩展、干腐病发病率、毒素活性均有显著抑制作用。20%无菌发酵液对F.sulphureum菌落生长的抑制率达到87.3%;75%无菌发酵液可完全抑制孢子萌发;无菌发酵液浸泡能有效抑制马铃薯干腐病病斑的扩展,14 d时对病斑扩展的抑制率达到67.1%;90 d后干腐病的发生率降低了68.4%;同时降低了F.sulphureum毒素的活性。【结论】拮抗菌株YL11能显著抑制F.sulphureum的生长,对马铃薯干腐病有较强的生物防治效果,具有潜在的应用价值。     

Endophytic bacterial flora in root and stem tissues of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) genotype: isolation, identification and evaluation against Phytophthora capsici

Aim:  To isolate and identify black pepper ( Piper nigrum L) associated endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora capsici causing foot rot disease.
Methods and Results:  Endophytic bacteria (74) were isolated, characterized and evaluated against P. capsici . Six genera belong to Pseudomonas spp (20 strains), Serratia (1 strain), Bacillus spp. (22 strains), Arthrobacter spp. (15 strains), Micrococcus spp. (7 strains), Curtobacterium sp. (1 strain) and eight unidentified strains were isolated from internal tissues of root and stem. Three isolates, IISRBP 35, IISRBP 25 and IISRBP 17 were found effective for Phytophthora suppression in multilevel screening assays which recorded over 70% disease suppression in green house trials. A species closest match (99% similarity) of IISRBP 35 was established as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( Pseudomonas EF568931), IISRBP 25 as P. putida ( Pseudomonas EF568932), and IISRBP 17 as Bacillus megaterium ( B. megaterium EU071712) based on 16S rDNA sequencing.
Conclusion:  Black pepper associated P. aeruginosa , P. putida and B. megaterium were identified as effective antagonistic endophytes for biological control of Phytophthora foot rot in black pepper.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This work provides the first evidence for endophytic bacterial diversity in black pepper stem and roots, with biocontrol potential against P. capsici infection.     

Biological suppression of potato ring rot by fluorescent pseudomonads.

Three strains of fluorescent pseudomonads (IS-1, IS-2, and IS-3) isolated from potato underground stems with roots showed in vitro antibiosis against 30 strains of the ring rot bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. On the basis of morphological and biochemical tests and fatty acid analysis, IS-1 and IS-2 were identified as Pseudomonas aureofaciens and IS-3 was identified as P. fluorescens biovar III. IS-1 was the most inhibitory to C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus strains in vitro, followed by IS-3 and IS-2. Suppression of ring rot by these antagonists was demonstrated in greenhouse trials with stem-cultured potato (cv. Russet Burbank) seedlings. Although each antagonist significantly reduced C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus populations, only IS-1 reduced infection by C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. In a second experiment, treatment with IS-1 (10(9) CFU/ml) significantly reduced ring rot infection by 23.4 to 26.7% after 5 to 8 weeks. The average C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus population was also significantly reduced by 50 to 52%. Application of different combinations of antagonist strains was not more effective than single-strain treatment.     

Biological suppression of potato ring rot by fluorescent pseudomonads.

Three strains of fluorescent pseudomonads (IS-1, IS-2, and IS-3) isolated from potato underground stems with roots showed in vitro antibiosis against 30 strains of the ring rot bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. On the basis of morphological and biochemical tests and fatty acid analysis, IS-1 and IS-2 were identified as Pseudomonas aureofaciens and IS-3 was identified as P. fluorescens biovar III. IS-1 was the most inhibitory to C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus strains in vitro, followed by IS-3 and IS-2. Suppression of ring rot by these antagonists was demonstrated in greenhouse trials with stem-cultured potato (cv. Russet Burbank) seedlings. Although each antagonist significantly reduced C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus populations, only IS-1 reduced infection by C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. In a second experiment, treatment with IS-1 (10(9) CFU/ml) significantly reduced ring rot infection by 23.4 to 26.7% after 5 to 8 weeks. The average C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus population was also significantly reduced by 50 to 52%. Application of different combinations of antagonist strains was not more effective than single-strain treatment.     

Biological control of cucumber and sugar beet damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum with bacterial and fungal antagonists

AIMS: Five bacterial strains belonging to Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Ps. corrugata and two fungal strains belonging to Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium virens were evaluated for their efficacy in controlling sugar beet and cucumber damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum. METHODS AND RESULTS: The in vitro antagonistic activity of bacteria against various Pythium spp. was evaluated with dual cultures in various media. Pseudomonas strains inhibited the pathogen better than Bacillus strains. To identify potentially useful antagonist combinations, dual compatibility of antagonists was also evaluated, based on growth in two liquid media containing substrate previously used by other antagonists. Four pairs of bacteria were selected. Sugar beet damping-off biocontrol was attempted with bacterial seed treatments (individually and in pairs). Cucumber damping-off biocontrol was attempted with bacterial seed treatments and bacterial and fungal compost treatments. In sugar beet, satisfactory biocontrol was only achieved with Pseudomonas antagonists. Antagonist combinations did not show any superior biocontrol ability to individual antagonists and compatibility of bacteria in vitro did not correlate with compatibility in vivo. Bacterial seed treatments and fungal compost treatments failed to control cucumber damping-off. Better biocontrol in cucumber was achieved when bacterial antagonists were applied by drenching or by coating seed with bacteria in a peat carrier. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudomonas antagonists were superior to Bacillus antagonists in controlling damping-off in cucumber and sugar beet. Pseudomonas peat inocula maintained a good shelf-life 2 years after preparation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Pseudomonas peat formulations have the potential for development into commercial biopesticides.     

Biocontrol of avocado dematophora root rot by antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens PCL1606 correlates with the production of 2-hexyl 5-propyl resorcinol

A collection of 905 bacterial isolates from the rhizospheres of healthy avocado trees was obtained and screened for antagonistic activity against Dematophora necatrix, the cause of avocado Dematophora root rot (also called white root rot). A set of eight strains was selected on the basis of growth inhibitory activity against D. necatrix and several other important soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. After typing of these strains, they were classified as belonging to Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida. The eight antagonistic Pseudomonas spp. were analyzed for their secretion of hydrogen cyanide, hydrolytic enzymes, and antifungal metabolites. P. chlororaphis strains produced the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamide. Upon testing the biocontrol ability of these strains in a newly developed avocado-D. necatrix test system and in a tomato-F oxysporum test system, it became apparent that P. fluorescens PCL1606 exhibited the highest biocontrol ability. The major antifungal activity produced by strain P. fluorescens PCL1606 did not correspond to any of the major classes of antifungal antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas biocontrol strains. This compound was purified and subsequently identified as 2-hexyl 5-propyl resorcinol (HPR). To study the role of HPR in biocontrol activity, two Tn5 mutants of P. fluorescens PCL1606 impaired in antagonistic activity were selected. These mutants were shown to impair HRP production and showed a decrease in biocontrol activity. As far as we know, this is the first report of a Pseudomonas biocontrol strain that produces HPR in which the production of this compound correlates with its biocontrol activity.     

Analysis of pectate lyases produced by soft rot bacteria associated with spoilage of vegetables.

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) profiles of pectate lyases (PLs) produced by five different groups of soft rot bacteria were analyzed by using the combined techniques of thin-layer polyacrylamide gel IEF and agarose-pectate overlay activity staining. Four strains of soft rot Erwinia spp. produced three or more PL isozymes. All of eight Pseudomonas viridiflava strains examined produced one single PL with a pI of 9.7. All 10 of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains produced two PLs; the major one had a pI of 10.0 and the minor one had a pI of 6.7. A single PL with a pI of greater than or equal to 10.0 was detected in one strain each of Xanthomonas campestris and Cytophaga johnsonae. PLs of six representative strains were purified from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography. All purified PL samples macerated potato slices, but to different degrees. The Mrs of alkaline PLs produced by P. viridiflava, P. fluorescens, X. campestris, and C. johnsonae were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 42,000, 41,000, 41,500, and 35,000, respectively. IEF profiles of PLs were distinct among the bacterial species. Profiles of non-Erwinia spoilage bacteria were considerably simpler than those of Erwinia spp. The PL with an alkaline pI appeared to be the principal or the sole enzymatic factor involved in tissue maceration caused by most strains of soft rot bacteria.     

Analysis of pectate lyases produced by soft rot bacteria associated with spoilage of vegetables

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) profiles of pectate lyases (PLs) produced by five different groups of soft rot bacteria were analyzed by using the combined techniques of thin-layer polyacrylamide gel IEF and agarose-pectate overlay activity staining. Four strains of soft rot Erwinia spp. produced three or more PL isozymes. All of eight Pseudomonas viridiflava strains examined produced one single PL with a pI of 9.7. All 10 of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains produced two PLs; the major one had a pI of 10.0 and the minor one had a pI of 6.7. A single PL with a pI of greater than or equal to 10.0 was detected in one strain each of Xanthomonas campestris and Cytophaga johnsonae. PLs of six representative strains were purified from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography. All purified PL samples macerated potato slices, but to different degrees. The Mrs of alkaline PLs produced by P. viridiflava, P. fluorescens, X. campestris, and C. johnsonae were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 42,000, 41,000, 41,500, and 35,000, respectively. IEF profiles of PLs were distinct among the bacterial species. Profiles of non-Erwinia spoilage bacteria were considerably simpler than those of Erwinia spp. The PL with an alkaline pI appeared to be the principal or the sole enzymatic factor involved in tissue maceration caused by most strains of soft rot bacteria.