桔小实蝇中国与马来西亚种群间杂交:融合性、生物学及检疫挑战(英文)

桔小实蝇是重要的检疫性害虫,可对水果产业造成巨大经济损失。本研究首先采用微卫星标记比较桔小实蝇不同地理种群间的遗传差异性,然后通过室内种间杂交试验,研究了两个相异地理种群(此前称谓的来自中国的桔小实蝇和来自马来西亚的木瓜实蝇)之间杂交后代在繁殖力、孵化率、发育历期、产卵管长度以及抗逆性等方面的适应性,结果表明桔小实蝇中国和马来西亚种群之间的遗传关系极为相近,不存在生殖隔离,但杂交后代在繁殖力、孵化率、幼虫发育情况、高蛹期抗逆性等方面均显著高于其亲本种群,产卵管长度则介于亲本的马来西亚种群和中国种群之间。上述杂交种的适应性特征分析表明,杂交后代可能具有比亲本更强的传播潜力,因此,本研究结果对于桔小实蝇相异地理种群的检疫防控提出了新的挑战。     

一类单种群动态模型的稳定性

一、引言及引理考虑一类单种群动态模型对方程（1）总假设满足其中N（t）为种群在时刻t的数量或密度．由于方程（1）是描述种群增长的生态模型,因此我们考虑（1）的正解且满足初始条件：易证（1）和（2）有唯一正常数平衡点本文研究（1）关于N*的稳定性．（1）的特别情形是其中（1a）描述在食物资源严重不足种群数量充分大导致种群内部互相竞争残杀时的增长模型［1];（1b）描述种内既有竞争又有协作的所谓ALLEE效应的增长模型［2]．事实上,若β＞0,由（1b）式知,当N（t-r）充分小时,当N（t—r）充分大时,这正是ALLEE效应．文献…     

棉毛橐吾和穗序橐吾的自然杂交研究

在棉毛橐吾（Ligulariavellerea）和穗序橐吾（L．subspicata）同域分布的居群中存在形态特征介于两者之间的个体。经分析,这些个体有3种不同的形态类型,可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。为检验这一假设,对所采集的假设亲本和中间个体材料进行了核糖体内转录间隔区ITS4—5和叶绿体atpB．rbcL测序。假设杂交个体的ITS直接测序结果具明显的叠加性,之后的克隆测序也分离出两种与假设亲本种相同的序列类型．因此。这些假设杂交个体得到了证实。据母系遗传的叶绿体atpB—rbcL测序结果,穗序橐吾同是它们的质体贡献者,即虽然这些杂交个体具不同的形态特征,但都是以棉毛橐吾和穗序橐吾为亲本且以穗序橐吾为质体贡献者的杂交后代。     

麻花艽和管花秦艽( 龙胆科) 之间自然杂交类型的分子验证

野外考察发现麻花艽( Gentiana straminea Maxim. ) 和管花秦艽( G. siphonantha Maxim . ex Kusn. ) 同域分布时存在大量形态位于二者之间的个体。经形态变异研究后发现它们可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。对两个亲本种以及假设杂交群体共55 个个体的核糖体ITS 序列和叶绿体trnS-G 序列的分析结果表明:中间形态个体是麻花艽和管花秦艽的自然杂交后代。此外分析了两个亲本种以及杂交群内个体间trnS-G和ITS 序列的变异状况以及分子标记结果与形态鉴定不一致的可能原因; 指出可能是杂交诱导的叶绿体基因组重组以及早期物种分化中的谱系筛选不彻底等原因造成了亲本种群体内序列变异的多样化。     

麻花艽和管花秦艽(龙胆科)之间自然杂交类型的分子验证

野外考察发现麻花艽(Gentiana stramineaMaxim.)和管花秦艽(G.siphonantha Maxim.ex Kusn.)同域分布时存在大量形态位于二者之间的个体。经形态变异研究后发现它们可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。对两个亲本种以及假设杂交群体共55个个体的核糖体ITS序列和叶绿体trnS-G序列的分析结果表明:中间形态个体是麻花艽和管花秦艽的自然杂交后代。此外分析了两个亲本种以及杂交群内个体间trnS-G和ITS序列的变异状况以及分子标记结果与形态鉴定不一致的可能原因;指出可能是杂交诱导的叶绿体基因组重组以及早期物种分化中的谱系筛选不彻底等原因造成了亲本种群体内序列变异的多样化。     

快速判断遗传规律 提高解题速度

对于两对或两对以上相对性状的杂交遗传,可能遵循基因的自由组合规律或基因的连锁互换规律。快速判断遗传规律,是提高解题速度的关键。笔者在生物教学实践中探索出一种快速判断法则。本法则适于两对相对性状的杂交。一、判断自由组合规律和连锁互换规律当两对相对性状杂交时,若后代出现四种不同的表现型,它们之比不等于9∶3∶3∶1或不等于1∶1∶1∶1时,就需要判断是什么遗传规律,进而确定亲本的基固型。方法一如果杂交后代中双显性个体数≠双隐性个体数(双显∶双隐≠1∶1),则     

小种群的遗传变异和近交衰退

小种群一般拥有较小的遗传变异.当前人为干扰和破坏造成了生物种群个体数量减少,导致种群遗传多样性丧失,引起近交衰退,影响到种群后代适应性.产生近交衰退的原因是近交增加了有害等位基因纯合几率,导致个体适应能力下降.近交衰退受交配系统、世系效应、环境胁迫等的影响.在物种保护和恢复过程中,要防止近交衰退.     

重要物种优先保护种群的确定

由于同一物种不同种群的重要性不同、用于物种保护的资金有限以及保护与发展经济之间的矛盾,因此对于重要物种（尤其是濒危种类以及农作物和驯化动物的野生近缘种）需要确定保护什么以及保护哪儿。目前确定优先保护种群的方法主要有3类,分别为基于遗传变异、基于遗传差异性和基于遗传贡献率的方法。基于遗传变异的方法主要是根据遗传变异程度（尤其是等位基因多样性）来确定优先保护的顺序,但忽略了种群之间的遗传差异性,这容易使得存在于遗传变异程度较低的种群中的特有等位基因得不到有效保护。而基于遗传差异性的方法（如确定进化显著单元）则是从遗传分化程度的角度考虑优先性,即独特性越强的种群越具有保护价值。基于遗传贡献率的方法由于综合考虑了遗传多样性和差异性,最适合于确定哪些种群需要优先保护。我国开展此类研究十分必要。     

荒漠一年生植物小画眉草的种群动态调节与模拟

以分布在沙波头沙漠试验研究站人工固沙植被中的一年生植物小画眉草为例,研究了荒漠一年生植物不同时间尺度上的种群动态与调节机制,试验结果表明：（1）一年生植物小画眉草种群的续存与其种子库中种子的分批萌发对策密切相关;（2）同一个生长季内,制约小画眉草种群数量变化的关键因子随降水条件的不同而变化,即当环境适宜度较小时（干旱胁迫）,非生物因子（降水）限制种群数量;当环境适宜度较大时,密度依赖的竞争作用调节种群大小;（3）在较长的生态时间尺度上土壤特性（结皮厚度,养分含量）也是影响小画眉草种群动态的一个重要因素;（4）小画眉草种群的存活曲线属于C型,说明该种是较为典型的r－对策者。     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性遗传方式 和相对适合度研究

就小菜蛾Plutella xylostella对阿维菌素的抗性遗传方式和抗性品系的相对适合度进行了研究。室内选育的阿维菌素抗性品系与同源的敏感品系杂交、F₁代自交、F₁代与亲本回交,结果表明：杂交后的显性度（D）分别为-0.64和-0.52,说明小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性是常染色体、不完全隐性遗传;χ²检验证实,可能是多基因控制的抗性遗传。杂交F₁代乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活性比抗性亲本有所降低,F2代及回交后代三种酶的活性继续降低。种群适合度研究表明,抗性品系相对于敏感品系有0.84的适合度。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.