Soil preferential flow in the dark coniferous forest of Gongga Mountain based on the kinetic wave model with dispersion wave (KDW preferential flow model)

Based on the law of soil water movement in unsaturated zones, the study discusses the effect of preferential flow on the movement of the researched soil through a soil column experiment using homemade experimental apparatus in four successive stages—young, middle-aged, mature and over-mature and combining dye-tracer analyses of the field process. The study proves that the preferential flow occurs in the area, and as indicated by the Reynolds numerical calculation of the preferential flow path in the 4 different successive stages, the preferential flow in the Gongga Mountain forest ecosystem is a transition flow between the laminar flow and the turbulent flow. By applying the kinetic wave model with dispersion wave (KDW preferential flow model) and comparing this model with the field experiment, the study finds that the preferential flow model has good practicability and high credibility. Verifying the KDW preferential flow model through statistic analysis indicates that the model can simulate the water movement in columns very well and the results are better in low rainfall than in high rainfall.     

贡嘎山暗针叶林生态系统基于KDW运动-弥散波模型的优先流研究

利用自制的土柱装置,开展室内土柱实验,并与野外实地示踪影像分析相结合,针对研究区域土壤包气带根系层中水分快速运动的优先流展开研究,其目的在于系统分析优先流对径流过程的影响,为长江上游暗针叶林生态系统土壤水分运动规律研究及有效流域管理提供理论支持。研究采用雷诺数计算及野外示踪映像分析方法,判定证明在所研究地区,有优先流现象发生,优先流是处于层流及紊流之间的过渡流。同时针对成熟林坡积物土壤的水分运移状况分析表明研究区域的壤中流过程主要表现为优先流,而土壤中的基质部分,则表现为不动区域。研究在以往优先流模型构建的基础上,综合考虑了研究区域的实地情况,应用融入弥散波的运动波模型(KDW优先流模型),利用交叉模拟方法和统计分析方法将此模型与实地实验检验分析,认定KDW优先流模型实用性强、可靠程度较高,可较好地模拟贡嘎山暗针叶林生态系统实地。     

优先流研究现状及发展趋势

优先流是一种常见的土壤水分运动形式,它是土壤水运动机理研究由均质走向非均质领域的标志。但最初却没有真正的定义。综合介绍了目前国际上公认的土壤优先流定义、优先流多种表现形式及其重要特征。系统阐述了优先流的静态（内在）和动态（外在）影响因素、开展研究的基础理论以及实验研究技术,指出开展优先流研究可以有效及充分地解释早期水文学研究所困扰的不符合达西定律及对流一弥散方程等重大问题,但由于优先流运动过程具有非平衡性及区域特点,其自身类型较多,开展优先流研究同时加大了水文过程研究的难度及深度,所以长期以来没有得到充分重视,到目前为止,对于优先流运动机理尚未明确;开展优先流研究判定标准多样,但缺乏系统成形的判定标准;由于土壤本身就是异质性系统,对优先流研究需综合考虑尺度效应;虽然已有多种方法可以有效开展优先流研究,但缺少已获得国际标准认证的适用于具有快速环绕特性的优先流研究需要的现代仪器设备。同时还探讨了优先流研究的发展趋势。     

广西岩溶区稻田土壤优先路径的空间分布

田间土壤优先路径空间分布影响优先流的发生和运动。通过野外土壤染色示踪试验,利用形态学图像解析技术,并结合群落生态学分析方法,对广西岩溶区秸秆覆盖(CM)和非覆盖(CK)下的水稻田进行土壤优先路径空间分布研究。结果表明: 在相同的外部供水状况下,随土壤深度的增加,秸秆覆盖水稻田的土壤水平染色由整体分布向团块状聚集分布转变;非秸秆覆盖水稻田以枝状染色为主,其平均染色斑块形状系数为21.69,染色形态规则,是秸秆覆盖水稻田的1.04倍。秸秆覆盖与非覆盖水稻田的土壤优先路径均呈聚集分布,秸秆覆盖水稻田内优先路径的Morisita指数为1.28,且田间优先路径以影响半径＜1.0 mm为主(重要值0.31),非秸秆覆盖水稻田内影响半径＜1.0 mm的优先路径重要值为0.28。秸秆覆盖影响稻田土壤优先路径,有助于改善田间作物的水肥利用状况。     

Biofilm development and the dynamics of preferential flow paths in porous media

A two-dimensional pore-scale numerical model was developed to evaluate the dynamics of preferential flow paths in porous media caused by bioclogging. The liquid flow and solute transport through the pore network were coupled with a biofilm model including biomass attachment, growth, decay, lysis, and detachment. Blocking of all but one flow path was obtained under constant liquid inlet flow rate and biomass detachment caused by shear forces only. The stable flow path formed when biofilm detachment balances growth, even with biomass weakened by decay. However, shear forces combined with biomass lysis upon starvation could produce an intermittently shifting location of flow channels. Dynamic flow pathways may also occur when combined liquid shear and pressure forces act on the biofilm. In spite of repeated clogging and unclogging of interconnected pore spaces, the average permeability reached a quasi-constant value. Oscillations in the medium permeability were more pronounced for weaker biofilms.     

荒漠绿洲湿地土壤优先流与水分入渗特征

地表水分、溶质和污染物以土壤优先流的形式下渗到深层土壤或地下水中,将导致土壤养分流失与地下水污染等问题。因此,土壤优先流研究将为干旱区荒漠绿洲湿地水分运移与盐分积累过程提供理论依据。以荒漠绿洲湿地为研究区,选取柽柳灌丛、盐碱草地和杨树林,以道路为对照,采用室外染色示踪法对湿地土壤优先流特征与水分入渗进行研究。结果表明:不同植被类型土壤优先流入渗深度存在显著差异,其柽柳灌丛和盐碱草地几乎是杨树林和道的2倍;染色面积比随深度的增加而波动下降,0—20 cm土层染色面积比占总染色面积的54.42%—89.27%;染色路径宽度以20—250 mm和>250 mm为主;优先流类型以高相互作用混合流和非均质指流为主。在荒漠绿洲湿地,砾石促进土壤优先流发生,增加了侧向流;同时,粗根的减少抑制了优先流的发生;此外,土壤盐分通过影响土壤大孔隙分布而影响水分入渗过程。因此,荒漠绿洲湿地土壤优先流与水分入渗差异是土壤质地、根系分布与盐分离子共同作用的结果。     

森林生态系统林木根系对优先流的影响

土壤水和溶质运移是土壤学和环境科学研究的难点和热点,优先流是一种常见的土壤溶质运移形式,绕过土壤基质而优先运移至地下水源,造成土壤养分的流失和水质的恶化。林木根系是土壤层的重要部分,其结构形态影响着优先流过程,为量化林木根系结构对土壤优先流的影响,以首都圈森林生态系统鹫峰定位监测站为研究区域,利用野外染色示踪与室内分析相结合的方法,定量分析根长密度和根系生物量在优先流区和基质流区的变化。结果表明:1)随着土层深度的增加,根长密度表现为减小的趋势,对径级d1 mm,1d3 mm和3d5 mm根系而言,根长密度在优先流区大于基质流区发生概率分别为66.7%,88.9%和83.3%;2)根系d1 mm对优先流贡献度最大,均值为94.8%,1d3 mm和3d5 mm根系对优先流贡献度较小,均值分别为4.3%和0.9%;3)研究点根系生物量进行统计,66.7%优先流区根系生物量大于基质流区根系生物量。开展根系对优先流的影响研究,有助于探明土壤水分运移规律,分析地表地下水质恶化根源,为生态环境安全提供理论指导和技术支持。     

Experimental validation of a time-domain-based wave propagation model of blood flow in viscoelastic vessels

Time-domain-based one-dimensional wave propagation models of the arterial system are preferable over one-dimensional wave propagation models in the frequency domain since the latter neglect the non-linear convection forces present in the physiological situation, especially when the vessel is tapered. Moreover, one-dimensional wave propagation models of the arterial system can be used to provide boundary conditions for fully three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction computations that are usually defined in the time domain. In this study, a time-domain-based one-dimensional wave propagation model in a cross-sectional area, flow and pressure (A,q,p)-formulation is developed. Using this formulation, a constitutive law that includes viscoelasticity based on the mechanical behaviour of a Kelvin body, is introduced. The resulting pressure and flow waves travelling through a straight and tapered vessel are compared to experimental data obtained from measurements in an in vitro setup. The model presented shows to be well suited to predict wave propagation through these straight and tapered vessels with viscoelastic wall properties and hereto can serve as a time-domain-based method to model wave propagation in the human arterial system.     

Enhancement of seepage and lateral preferential flow by biopores on hillslopes

Natural soils are generally populated with a wide variety of macropores formed from physical processes and/or biological activity. These macropores can have a large influence on the lateral flow of water in hillslope soils even when those macropores are not continuous or connected directly to ponded water. The concept of self-organization of flow paths described by Sidle et al. (2001) is analyzed through numerical simulation of variably-saturated flow in a large cylinder of soil containing a population of disconnected macropores. It is demonstrated that there is a threshold water pressure at which the macropores will become active, and above this threshold the then active network of macropores significantly increases the effective conductance of the soil volume. In the case examined here the increase exceeded 40%. The analysis presented provides a context for the explanation of soil pipe formation by the process of seepage erosion. An analogy is drawn between percolation theory in porous media and the concept of self-organization of flow pathways at the hillslope scale.     

绿洲农田土壤优先流特征及其对灌溉量的响应

优先流是土壤养分和水分快速通过土壤剖面的普遍物理现象.研究农田土壤优先流特征及其影响因素,对量化绿洲灌溉深层渗漏量、提高水肥利用效率以及降低浅层地下水质污染的风险具有重要意义.在绿洲农田利用亮蓝溶液进行原位染色示踪试验,结果表明：沟与垄位置处的染色路径数目在土壤深度7.3～16.7 cm差异显著,而优先流最大入渗深度差异不显著.优先流最大入渗深度主要受蚂蚁洞穴和灌溉量的影响,平均灌溉量120 mm下优先流的最大入渗深度为(43.1±5.9) cm;受到蚂蚁洞的影响,灌溉量55 mm的样方优先流最大入渗深度达(68.3±7.6) cm.细根(Φ≤2 mm)与优先流显著相关,粗根与优先流相关性不显著,表明植物根系中的细根对优先流的产生有重要作用.绿洲农田土壤优先流特征受到灌溉量、垄沟耕作、蚂蚁洞穴和根系等因素的影响,而蚂蚁洞穴是影响优先流最大入渗深度的不确定因素.     

典型黑土耕地土壤优先流环绕特征

以典型黑土耕地土壤为研究对象,采用双环入渗仪和染色示踪技术相结合的方法,通过对图片的判读,测定与分析了染色宽度、横纵剖面染色百分比和田间最大染色深度,以研究典型黑土耕地土壤的水分运移形式及其分布特征.结果表明:在0～15cm土层范围内,水分的运移以基质流为主;15～20cm范围内,有侧向入渗发生,平均染色宽度和染色百分比均在此层达到最大值,分别为23cm和20.73%;20～67cm范围内,水分的运移则以大孔隙流为主,优先路径主要是裂缝和大孔隙,其中,20～35cm范围内的大量裂缝使优先流表现出明显的环绕特征;而在40～67cm范围内,优先路径的形成则以连通性良好的大孔隙为主.由于裂缝和大孔隙2种优先路径的存在,使水分在土壤中的运移速度增加了4.5倍,这不仅可能造成水分损失,而且可能加速农药迁移造成地下水污染.建议在黑土区土壤的耕作和经营过程中,应当减少和消除这些优先路径.     

秸秆还田对甘蔗地土壤优先流运动特征的影响

秸秆还田措施可改变田间土壤环境,在一定程度上影响作物生长.为探究不同秸秆还田措施对田间土壤优先流的影响,以秸秆覆盖(CM)、秸秆焚烧覆盖(BM)和无秸秆覆盖(CK)3种处理方式下的甘蔗地为研究对象,通过野外染色示踪试验,结合图像解析技术和生态学景观格局分析方法对广西不同秸秆还田措施下的甘蔗地土壤优先流运动特征进行研究....     

Long-term phosphorus and nitrogen removal processes and preferential flow paths in Northern constructed peatlands

Four treatment peatlands were studied in Northern Finland in order to determine peat P, Al and Fe concentration distributions and to find removal parameters for nutrient modelling. The sites had been under loading for 10–16 years. About 20 peat samples for analyses of oxalate-extractable and total P, Al and Fe were collected from the depth 0–10 cm in each peatland. The peat P concentration ranged from 0.097 mg g^?1 to 14 mg g^?1 being 1.7 mg g^?1on average. P accumulated in preferential flow path areas. Although P concentrations were locally high, DSSP (the index of potential soil P release from peat to water) was very low in all studied peatlands, indicating that peat was not saturated by phosphorus. The results indicate that Al-based precipitation chemicals increase substantially P retention capacity of peatland and maintain a stabile P reduction in spite of varying P loads. The results also show long-term phosphorus accumulation in peatlands polishing municipal wastewater from activated sludge treatment. The regression analyses showed that k-value for N removal depends on N loading and hydraulic loading. The first-order area model together with regression analysis of the rate constant result in a good agreement between observed and calculated nitrogen concentration. The NH₄-N loading to the peatland should be below 0.10 mg m² d^?1 in order to achieve a high reduction of 70%.     

四面山阔叶林土壤大孔隙特征与优先流的关系

为研究土壤大孔隙数量、分布特征与优先流发生之间的关系,在使用亮蓝染色法划分林地优先流发生区域基础上,利用穿透曲线理论方法,对重庆四面山典型亚热带阔叶林土壤剖面染色和未染色区域内的土壤大孔隙进行了量化分析.结果表明：研究林地土壤剖面内大孔隙半径多在0.3～3.0 mm,大孔隙率为6.3%～10.5%,随着土壤深度的增加,大孔隙呈现出聚集态的分布特征.各孔径范围内,染色区域的土壤大孔隙数量较未染色区域高出约1个数量级.半径＞0.3 mm,尤其是半径＞1.5 mm的大孔隙数量,是影响林地优先流发生的主要通道.森林土壤0.3～3.0 mm孔径范围内,大孔隙数量与其对应的土壤水分稳定出流速率呈显著的正相关关系,其中在0.7～1.5 mm和1.5～3.0 mm孔径范围内大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率相关程度最大,相关系数分别为0.842和0.879.发生优先流的染色区内大孔隙联通状况优于未染色区,两区中1.5～3.0 mm孔径范围内的联通大孔隙数量差异最大,相差78.3%.染色区内大孔隙数量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少,“漏斗”状的孔隙分布特征可以形成有效的水压梯度,有利于水分优先运移.     

Moderate hypothermia induces a preferential increase in pancreatic islet blood flow in anesthetized rats

The aim of the study was to characterize the effects of induced moderate hypothermia on splanchnic blood flow, with particular reference to that of the pancreas and the islets of Langerhans. We also investigated how interference with the autonomic nervous system at different levels influenced the blood perfusion during hypothermia. For this purpose, hypothermia (body temperature of 28 degrees C) was induced by external cooling, whereas normothermic (37.5 degrees C) anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls. Some rats were pretreated with either propranolol, yohimbine, atropine, hexamethonium, or a bilateral abdominal vagotomy. Our findings suggest that moderate hypothermia elicits complex, organ-specific circulatory changes, with increased perfusion noted in the pylorus, as well as the whole pancreas and the pancreatic islets. The pancreatic islets maintain their high blood perfusion through mechanisms involving both sympathetic and parasympathetic mediators, whereas the increased pyloric blood flow is mediated through parasympathetic mechanisms. Renal blood flow was decreased, and this can be prevented by ganglionic blockade and is also influenced by beta-adrenoceptors.     

干湿交替对红河干旱河谷区土壤优先流形成特征的影响

为明确干旱河谷气候区干湿交替作用对土壤优先流形成的影响,本研究以红河干旱河谷区的荒草地为对象,通过模拟干湿交替的方法,基于染色示踪和水分穿透曲线试验并利用图像处理技术,对比分析模拟前后土壤优先流特征的差异性规律。结果表明: 模拟干湿交替条件下基质流发生区在0~10 cm土层,染色深度高达35 cm,其优先路径的水平宽度仅为3～10 cm,且染色面积曲线波动小。模拟干湿交替条件导致土壤稳定出流速率、大孔隙数量和大孔隙率明显增加,在0~20 cm土层,实施干湿交替后的土壤稳定出流速率较非干湿交替条件高约0.27 cm³·s^-1,染色区的大孔隙数量增加约1.4倍,大孔隙率则高13.4%。大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关,模拟干湿交替后大孔隙数量从大到小依次为: 0.6～0.8 mm＞0.8～1.0 mm＞1.0～1.5 mm＞1.5～2.0 mm＞2.0～3.7 mm,非干湿交替条件下为: 0.8～1.0 mm＞0.6～0.8 mm＞1.0～1.5 mm＞2.0～3.7 mm＞1.5～2.0 mm。各孔径范围的大孔隙数量与染色面积比呈极显著相关关系,经过模拟干湿交替处理后,其相关性增大,且影响优先流发生的主导因素由孔径1.5～2.0 mm的大孔隙数量变为孔径0.8～1.0 mm的大孔隙数量。干湿交替作用会通过影响大孔隙特征进而导致土壤更易发生优先流且程度增强。     

Photosynthetic electron flow during leaf senescence: Evidence for a preferential maintenance of photosystem I activity and increased cyclic electron flow

Limitations in photosystem function and photosynthetic electron flow were investigated during leaf senescence in two field-grown plants, i.e., Euphorbia dendroides L. and Morus alba L., a summer- and winter-deciduous, shrub and tree, respectively. Analysis of fast chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence transients and post-illumination fluorescence yield increase were used to assess photosynthetic properties at various stages of senescence, the latter judged from the extent of Chl loss. In both plants, the yield of primary photochemistry of PSII and the content of PSI remained quite stable up to the last stages of senescence, when leaves were almost yellow. However, the potential for linear electron flow along PSII was limited much earlier, especially in E. dendroides, by an apparent inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex and a lower efficiency of electron transfer to intermediate carriers. On the contrary, the corresponding efficiency of electron transfer from intermediate carriers to final acceptors of PSI was increased. In addition, cyclic electron flow around PSI was accelerated with the progress of senescence in E. dendroides, while a corresponding trend in M. alba was not statistically significant. However, there was no decrease in PSI activity even at the last stages of senescence. We argue that a switch to cyclic electron flow around PSI during leaf senescence may have the dual role of replenishing the ATP and maintaining a satisfactory nonphotochemical energy quenching, since both are limited by hindered linear electron transfer.     

Heat transfer analysis of peristaltic flow of a Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid model due to metachronal wave of cilia

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - In the present investigation, we have studied the effects of heat transfer on the peristaltic flow considering the Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid model....