Allergenic pollen plants and their influential factors in urban areas

Owing to unsuitable green space construction, abundant allergenic pollen plants are centralized in urban areas, producing allergenic pollen. A mass of airborne allergenic pollen could cause pollinosis to badly influence people's robustness. To provide scientific basis for reasonable green space construction, the research advances of allergenic plants were reviewed. Firstly, species composition, phenological characteristics and influential factors (which include unsuitable green land construction, urban heat island effect, traffic pollution, etc.) were summarized. Secondly, the strategies controlling allergenic pollen plants were proposed. Thirdly, some problems on allergenic plants worthy of more research, including allergenic mechanism and methodology, were also put forward.     

城市中的花粉致敏植物及其影响因素

大量致敏花粉飘散于空气中会引发花粉症,严重危害人体健康。由于不当的城市绿地建设使得花粉致敏植物在城市中大量聚集,加之城市热岛效应和交通污染等多方面的因素,使得城市中花粉症患者数量激增。综述了花粉致敏植物的种类、物候特征和影响因素提出了控制花粉致敏植物的建议;总结了目前花粉致敏植物研究中应进一步关注的问题,旨在为改善城市空气质量,建设合理绿化环境提供科学依据。     

Allergenicity of the ornamental urban flora: ecological and aerobiological analyses in C��rdoba (Spain) and Ascoli Piceno (Italy)

Comparative ecological and aerobiological analyses of ornamental urban flora in the cities of Córdoba (Spain) and Ascoli Piceno (Italy) identified a group of plants with allergenic pollen whose behaviour is influenced by a number of factors. The geographical position and the resulting climate of both cities favoured the presence of Mediterranean species. In Córdoba, strongly allergenic evergreens introduced during the Moorish period predominated (Cupressus sempervirens, among others), while in the urban area of Ascoli Piceno, Pinaceae were abundant. In both cities, many species of American origin have been introduced for aesthetic reasons, contributing to an increase in the overall allergenicity of urban greenery. The pollen spectrum differed between the two cities: airborne Oleaceae and Cupressaceae pollen abounded in Córdoba, whilst allergenic pollen from surrounding natural environments (Corylaceae) predominated in Ascoli Piceno. These results pointed to a large number of potentially allergenic species in cities, thus highlighting the importance of greater ecological and aerobiological knowledge of allergenic species of urban ornamental flora. Avoidance of more allergenic species when planning new urban green areas could ensure healthier environments for pollen-allergy sufferers.     

The dispersion characteristics of airborne pollen in the Shijiazhuang (China) urban area and its relationship with meteorological factors

In this study, a Tauber pollen trap was used in the urban area of Shijiazhuang to monitor continuously the outdoor air pollen from 2007 to 2011. The trap was emptied at regular intervals (typically 15 days). The results show that airborne pollen assemblages are generally similar each year among 2007–2011 and are responsive to the flowering times of plants, being dominated by pollen from woody plants in the spring and by pollen from herbaceous plants in summer and autumn. Two peak pollen influx periods, especially for the main allergenic pollen taxa, are seen, one between early March to early June and a second between late August to early October. During the four seasons, the main pollen taxa are Juglans, Artemisia, Platanus, Populus, Chenopodiaceae, Urtica + Humulus, Rosaceae, Pinus, Poaceae, Cereals, Quercus, and Betula, and all taxa other than Rosaceae were confirmed by relevant studies to be allergenic pollen taxa. RDA analysis of pollen influx and meteorological factors shows that in spring, temperature and humidity have significant effects on the pollen influx of woody plants; in summer, humidity and precipitation have significant negative effects on pollen influx of herbaceous plants; in autumn, temperature, water vapor pressure, and precipitation have a significant positive influence on herbaceous pollen influx; in winter, there were no significant correlations between airborne pollen influx and meteorological factors. The results reveal the dispersion patterns of airborne pollen and provide an important reference to appropriate construction of urban green systems and the reliable reduction in regional pollinosis.     

空气致敏花粉污染研究进展

对空气致敏花粉污染概念的提出 ,空气致敏花粉污染的特点和影响因素 ,花粉采集方法的改进以及空气致敏花粉污染的研究进展等方面进行了总结 ,指出了研究中存在的问题 ,并对研究前景进行了展望     

近自然社区公园的生物多样性特征——以北京市中心城区为例

城市绿地为城市动植物提供了重要栖息地,对城市生物多样性保护具有重要意义。然而,传统社区公园绿地（"传统绿地"）主要围绕安全、景观和游憩功能,植物种类偏少,群落结构单一,为城市野生动物提供食源和栖息地的资源有限。北京市以2035规划"留白增绿"为政策背景,在中心城区建设一系列小型近自然社区公园绿地（"近自然绿地"）,在植物物种组成、群落结构和管理方式上有别于以往的传统绿地。一般认为生物多样性在一定范围内随面积的增大而提高,那么对于受到高度干扰的小型绿地,"近自然"特征是否能够显著提高其包括昆虫、鸟类在内的生物多样性？为探究这类近自然绿地的生物多样性特征,在2020年8月至2021年3月,综合采用样方法、样线法,对北京市西城区2个近自然绿地及4个传统绿地的植物、昆虫和鸟类进行调查,分析比较其多样性特征。结果表明,近自然绿地的灌木和草本层丰富度和多样性显著高于传统绿地,均匀度则无显著差异;近自然绿地的昆虫和鸟类的丰富度、多样性显著高于传统绿地,均匀度则无显著差异。与传统绿地相比,近自然绿地具有更丰富的鸟类食源、蜜源植物,以及更为复杂的植被垂直结构。根据以上结果,近自然绿地具有比传统绿地更为显著的生物多样性优势,建议在进行城市绿地建设时,应增加植被结构复杂的近自然绿地的比例,增加绿地的灌木和草本层多样性。研究成果不仅丰富了小面积绿地的生物多样性内涵,且可为大都市近自然绿地营建提供理论依据。本研究还将为今后公园设计、改造和管理提供新的思路,引导绿地向基于生物多样性保护的方向可持续发展。     

上海城乡绿地网络规划建设的历史进程与驱动力研究

为研究中国先进的城乡绿地规划理念与建设成果,选取上海为研究对象,以城市建设背景变化及绿地格局重大变革为转折,将城乡绿地网络建设划分为6个阶段,通过历史地图、统计资料的收集及田野调查,重点梳理绿地网络规划建设历史进程并对比6个阶段绿地建设的时代背景、规划编制、规划布局及建设成果,进而从经济支持、政策引导和事件推动3方面探讨绿地建设主要驱动力。由此总结上海城乡绿地网络主要特征及控制、连接、拓展、更新和融合五大整合策略,为其他城市绿地建设提供理论依据。     

Aerobiological and ecological study of the potentially allergenic ornamental plants in south Spain

A number of ornamental plant species produce pollen grains with allergenic properties, thus posing a potential risk to human health. A comparative study of the ecological and aerobiological characteristics of ornamental urban flora in four Andalusian cities revealed the presence of over 100 potentially allergenic ornamental plant species. Most of these were phanerophytes, and species of Asiatic origin predominated, followed by Mediterranean and American species. However, not all potentially allergenic ornamental plants were of aerobiological significance, since some produce only small amounts of pollen, while others were infrequent or were located at a considerable distance from the sampler. Even so, when designing new urban parks and gardens, every effort should be made to ensure maximum species variability avoiding the excessive use of any single species.     

Atmospheric invasion of non-native pollen in the Mediterranean region

Most research on the impacts of plant invasion focuses on native plant performance, community structure, and ecosystem functioning. Some non-native species can also pose a risk to human health. One such risk is the allergenic nature of the pollen of some introduced plants. We examined whether patterns of airborne pollen differed between non-native and native taxa by summarizing data from seven Spanish Mediterranean localities monitored over 13 yr. The pollen spectra contained 27 native pollen taxa and 18 non-native taxa. Even though pollen from native taxa were more diverse and were present longer in the atmosphere than the non-native, in some years neither the prevalence of the two nor their weekly maximum pollen values differed significantly. However, maximum values for non-native taxa were found earlier in the season than for native pollen. A small percentage of non-native pollen includes pollen from introduced taxa that have not invaded natural habitats (e.g., ornamental plants). Non-native pollen has a larger proportion of allergenic pollen than native pollen. Therefore, the results reveal that the presence of non-native airborne pollen from naturalized and non-naturalized plant species increases the total amount of airborne allergenic pollen grains and the period of allergenic susceptibility.     

国外城市绿地研究的理论与方法

回顾了近10年国外在城市绿地研究领域的进展,阐述了城市绿地效益、绿地美学、立体绿化、植物造景、景观生态学、信息技术应用、城市林业、植被培育、绿地规划设计等的研究理论及方法,指出了今后国外绿地研究的发展趋势。     

Study on the protection and sustainable development of scenic resources-a case study of Qingxiushan scenic spot in Nanning city

The construction of urban green space has become an important indicator to measure the progress of urban civilization and sustainable development. It is an effective measure to strengthen the construction of urban green space and to protect and build urban ecological environments. The Qingxiushan scenic spot is not only an important part of the urban green space system, but also an important part of the urban ecosystem, which has significant ecological and environmental benefits. In the planning and construction of the Qingxiushan scenic spot in Nanning city, the rare and precious plant species in the south subtropical zone are gathered together to become an important base for the migration and protection of plants in different places, forming a large-area and multi-plant symbiotic plant community, providing a good habitat for animals, realizing the harmonious coexistence of plants and other plants, plants and animals, people and nature, and, based on the protection of the ecological environment, plants and businesses. The ecological, social, and economic benefits of the Qingxiushan scenic spot are fully brought into play.     

醴陵市绿色屋顶生态系统服务潜力评估及规划

近年来,生态系统服务评估逐渐地被运用到城市绿色基础设施的规划建设当中,发掘能提供高生态效益的绿色屋顶潜力区域是增加城市生态空间有效途径.以提供城市空气净化、雨水截留、生物栖息地、热环境调节四个方面的生态服务为目标,借助GIS平台确定醴陵市绿色屋顶生态空间潜力区域并提出规划策略,为醴陵市以绿色屋顶形式完善城市生态空间结构...     

Urban allergophytes of central Italy

This research was designed to compare allergenic flora of various cities of central Italy. Because the data on this problem are rather scant, we wanted to highlight the relationships among the ecological conditions of the urban habitats, and the plants whose pollens cause allergic manifestations in the human population. Our results pointed out that the structural design of the urban land use types play an important role in the distribution of allergophytes. The compact structure of the historic city center does not impede the establishment of allergophytes. Actually, it promotes some species that come from the dry pastures and rocky walls of the surrounding ecosystems. Allergenicity was revealed throughout the urban area, with a prevalence of species with monoporate pollens characteristic of the Poaceae. Highly allergenic plants are present in the central zone (within the city walls) and in some peripheral land use models (urban road verges). The particular abundance of Urticaceae with small triporate pollen grains and of various cultivated species, introduced by man for aesthetic reasons, contributes to the increase of allergophytism. The study points out the role of the interactions between the allergenic flora, human impact through the land use patterns, urban fauna, and the meso- and microclimatic conditions of the cities studied.     

Phenological and aerobiological monitoring of allergenic flora in padua (Italy). Preliminary data

A phenological study on allergenic plants was carried out in Padua during 1995 in order to identify spontaneous and cultivated allergenic species in an urban area and their distribution, and to evaluate the relationship between anthesis length and airborne pollen concentrations. In some cases, there was no temporal overlap between phenological and aerobiological data, in particular forCorylaceae, Betulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae and Fagaceae.     

Assessment between pollen seasons in areas with different urbanization level related to local vegetation sources and differences in allergen exposure

Pollen data recorded by a single sampler in any given city often fail to reflect particular events occurring in surrounding areas. This is frequently overlooked when interpreting aerobiological results, and therefore pollen data obtained in urban areas may not necessarily be representative of the situation in more rural areas of the same city. Our purpose is to assess differences between allergenic pollen concentrations recorded in an urban area (Eskulap) and a rural/suburban (Morasko) of the same city from 2005 to 2007. Anova-Manova Scheffe, Spearman correlation and Mixed-design ANOVA whitin-subjects effects tests were applied. The results obtained have showed longer pollen seasons, earlier starts of flowering and later conclusion in the urban area. The participation of arboreal pollen in the pollen fall of both sites had enough significative similarities to determine that is linked to regional conditions, while differences in the atmospheric pollen content of herbaceous plants between sites should be due to local conditions.     

Distribution pattern of allergenic plants in the Beijing metropolitan region

Urbanization has significantly affected the composition and distribution pattern of plant species within and around cities. Plants with airborne pollens can cause seasonal allergic symptoms that are intensified by increasing air pollution and temperature. In urban landscapes, the reduced native biodiversity, increased exotic biodiversity, and species homogenization may all affect the abundance and distribution of allergenic plants. We investigated the plants with airborne pollens in the Beijing metropolitan region to determine the distribution pattern of allergenic plants as influenced by urbanization. Our results show that native allergenic plants dominated the urban area in the region. The species richness of allergenic plants, particularly the exotic plants with airborne pollens, significantly differed between land use types. The higher the plant diversity in the urban area, the higher the frequency of allergenic plant occurrence. Despite the homogenization of the allergenic plant communities, their characteristic species were still present across the metropolitan region. The flowering allergenic plants also differed between the different land use types. We suggest that some common allergenic plants should be avoided by urban planners, especially those that are exotic to the region. Humans susceptible to pollinosis should stay away from places that are concentrated with allergenic plants, and be aware of the flowering phenology of allergenic plants.     

福建厦门城市绿地主要落叶植物及其园林应用

在对厦门市区主要道路、公园、街头绿地、住宅小区等绿地落叶植物的种类、配置方式、景观特征等调查分析的基础上,总结了厦门城市园林绿地中落叶植物的基本特色,并提出改进应用建议,为今后城市绿地更好地利用落叶植物提供借鉴与参考。     

Airborne pollen from allergenic herbaceous plants in urban and rural areas of Western Pomerania,NW Poland

This paper presents the course of the pollen season of selected allergenic taxa (Rumex spp., Plantago spp., Urtica spp. and Chenopodiaceae) in two towns with different degrees of urbanisation (urban, the city Szczecin, and rural, the village Gudowo in Western Pomerania, northwest Poland). The study was conducted in the years 2012–2014 with the volumetric method. The pollen of allergenic herbaceous plants was present in the air from early May until the end of September. From among the taxa studied, the genus Rumex is characterised by the longest pollination period, while the genus Urtica by the shortest. The highest percentage contribution of pollen grains to the total pollen count in the air reaching over 90% is from nettle. The pollen seasons determined for the majority of taxa are longer in the city, however the mean pollen grain counts in the air are higher for the rural area.     

基于格兰杰因果实证的城市绿地与经济发展互动机制研究

城市绿地与经济发展的互动机制是社会-经济-自然复合生态系统和生态文明理论研究的重要内容。利用面板格兰杰因果关系检验和面板数据回归分析方法,对中国城市绿地与经济发展之间存在的因果互动关系开展实证研究。研究结果表明:(1)全国尺度上,城市建成区绿地率与人均GDP互为格兰杰原因,存在"正向循环反馈"的因果互动关系,即城市绿地水平的提高能够推动城市经济发展,而经济发展能够拉动城市绿地建设。城市绿地率与城市人均GDP的因果关系可以概括为"绿磁效应"(GME)和"需求效应"(GDE)。(2)区域尺度上,东部地区人均GDP与城市建成区绿地率存在单向格兰杰因果关系,人均GDP是城市绿地率增长的格兰杰原因,而城市绿地率不是人均GDP的格兰杰原因;(3)西部地区城市绿地率与人均GDP的交互强度最大,即西部"绿地-经济弹性"和"经济-绿地弹性"高于其他地区。东部地区通过扩大城市绿地率来提升经济发展的空间比较小,应着眼于提高城市绿地质量,中、西部地区城市绿地率较小,应在兼顾城市绿地质量的基础上提升城市建成区绿地率。本研究能够为城市绿地与经济发展的关系研究和城市生态规划与经济发展规划提供参考。     

城市道路绿地对局地空气污染扩散的影响研究进展

城市道路绿地对局地污染物扩散的影响研究近年来比较活跃,获得了大量研究结果,但因缺乏总结梳理,尚难切实指导城市绿地建设实践.本文对道路及绿带类型进行归类,以实地监测和数值模拟两种常用方法为分类前提,对相关研究涉及的污染物浓度指标、植物特征因子及其他影响因子进行系统回顾,总结了道路绿地对局地污染扩散的影响规律,进而指出未来...