植酸酶基因的多点突变及在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

根据毕赤酵母基因的密码子选择偏爱性,不改变其编码氨基酸序列,对来源于黑曲霉N25植酸酶phyA基因,进行了突变,构建了含有正确突变的酵母表达载体pPIC9k-phyAm-4,电击转化毕赤酵母,获得优化了密码子的重组酵母转化子。经PCR鉴定表明,植酸酶基因已整合到酵母基因组中; 表达产物的SDS-PAGE分析表明,酶蛋白分子大小为70.15KD。Southern blotting结果表明,phyA基因整合到酵母染色体DNA中;转化子酶活测定结果表明,经密码子优化的重组酵母PP-NPm-4-2酶活可达136900U/ml,比Arg没有优化的PP-NPm-8 (47600 Uoml-1)酶活高约2.8倍。     

绿色木霉内切几丁质酶基因的克隆及其毛壳菌转化

利用PCR方法人Ttichoderma viride的基因组DNA中克隆了一个42kDa的内切几丁质酶基因,扩增的长度为1672bp其中包含了启动子和mRNA的编码区。将该基因与来自构巢曲霉的色氨酸启动子相连后,通过原生质体转化将该基因导入球壳毛壳菌CG10。内切几丁质酶活性的测定结果表明,约1/3转化子的内切丁质酶活性得到了明显提高。本实验为利用基因工程方法提高毛壳菌的生防能力打下了较好的基础。     

亮白曲霉乳糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达及酶学性质研究

将克隆的亮白曲霉 (Aspergilluscandidus)乳糖酶基因lacb′插入到毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)高效表达载体pPIC9中 ,与分泌信号肽序列α_因子融合 ,通过同源重组将lacb′整合到酵母染色体上。通过SDS_PAGE检测和表达产物的酶活性筛选 ,得到重组转化子 ,证明乳糖酶获得有效分泌和高效表达。表达的乳糖酶为糖蛋白 ,表观分子量为 130kD ,脱糖基后的蛋白分子量下降为 110kD。经过 5L小罐高密度发酵 ,重组酵母中酶蛋白表达量为 6mg mL发酵液 ,每毫升发酵液中乳糖酶的活力为 36 0 0U ,高于目前国内外报道的水平。进一步研究了表达产物的酶学性质 ,该酶最适pH为 5 . 2 ,最适反应温度 6 0℃ ,比活性为 70 6 . 5± 2 . 6U mg ,Km为 1 7mmol L ,Vmax为 3. 3μmol min。与米曲霉ATCC 2 0 4 2 3的乳糖酶相比 ,该乳糖酶具热稳定性强、比活性高、pH范围宽等特点。     

诺卡氏菌腈水合酶基因在重组毕赤酵母中的表达

为从基因水平上改造腈水合酶,进行了诺卡氏菌腈水合酶基因的外源表达研究。在重组大肠杆菌表达系统内,腈水合酶的α亚基几乎不能正常表达,在重组E. coli BL21(DE3) (pET32aNHBAX)中,腈水合酶活性仅为0.04U/mg。构建重组毕赤酵母表达质粒pPIC3.5kNHBAX,采用电穿孔转化法将其转入宿主菌P. pastoris GS115中,经过菌株培养和腈水合酶的诱导表达,筛选获得了优选菌株P. pastoris NH4。对P. pastoris NH4的细胞培养和腈水合酶的诱导表达条件进行优化,结果表明,重组腈水合酶在毕赤酵母中的表达水平可以达到0.52U/mg,但不能稳定积累。     

栓菌漆酶在毕赤酵母中高效表达及重组酶的性质

栓菌420（Trametes sp. 420）漆酶基因lacD以两种方式在巴斯德毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）进行异源表达,产生两种重组漆酶：rLacDx（具有天然N-末端）和rLacDe（N-末端带有8个额外的氨基酸残基）。摇瓶发酵18d,rLacDx和rLacDe的产量分别为1.21×10⁵u/L、7.38×10⁴u/L ［以2,2′-连氮-3-乙苯-二噻唑-6磺酸（ABTS）为底物］。在高密度发酵条件下,rLacDx的产量增加到2.39×10⁵u/L,同时其生产周期降至7.5 d。两种重组酶对愈创木酚底物的氧化特性相似,且在50℃和pH3～10的范围内均稳定。然而,rLacDx对底物ABTS的比活力（1761u/mg）高于rLacDe （1122u/mg）,其表观K_m值(427μmol/L)低于rLacDe (604μmol/L)。     

栓菌漆酶在毕赤酵母中高效表达及重组酶的性质

栓菌420(Trametes sp.420)漆酶基因lacD以两种方式在巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)进行异源表达,产生两种重组漆酶:rLacDx(具有天然N-末端)和rLacDe(N-末端带有8个额外的氨基酸残基)。摇瓶发酵18d,rLacDx和rLacDe的产量分别为1.21×105u/L、7.38×104u/L[以2,2′-连氮-3-乙苯-二噻唑-6磺酸(ABTS)为底物]。在高密度发酵条件下,rLacDx的产量增加到2.39×105u/L,同时其生产周期降至7.5d。两种重组酶对愈创木酚底物的氧化特性相似,且在50℃和pH3~10的范围内均稳定。然而,rLacDx对底物ABTS的比活力(1761u/mg)高于rLacDe(1122u/mg),其表观Km值(427μmol/L)低于rLacDe(604μmol/L)。     

普鲁兰酶基因在毕赤酵母中组成型表达及定点突变研究

合成Bacillus acidopullulyticus的全长普鲁兰酶基因并在毕赤酵母X-33中进行组成型外分泌表达,重组酶的最适作用温度为60℃,最适作用pH值为4.5~5.0,酶比活力为2.0 U/mg.采用重叠延伸PCR方法对普鲁兰酶基因进行定点突变,实验结果表明,625、626位点Ala、Leu氨基酸突变为Leu、Tyr氨基酸后,该酶的催化效率有所降低,而Gln487Ala的突变对催化效率没有较大的影响.该研究结果为探究关键氨基酸区域对催化效率的影响提供了一定的理论和实验基础.     

绿色木霉内切几丁质酶基因的克隆及其毛壳菌转化*

利用PCR方法从Trichoderma viride的基因组DNA中克隆了一个42kDa的内切几丁质酶基因,扩增的长度为1672bp,其中包含了启动子和mRNA的编码区。将该基因与来自构巢曲霉的色氨酸启动子相连后,通过原生质体转化将该基因导入球壳毛壳菌CG10。内切几丁质酶活性的测定结果表明,约1/3转化子的内切几丁质酶活性得到了明显提高。本实验为利用基因工程方法提高毛壳菌的生防能力打下了较好的基础。     

嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶（CBHⅡ）cDNA的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

嗜热毛壳菌Chaetomium thermophilum CT2是一种土壤腐生菌,可产生具有重要工业生产价值的纤维素酶类。RACE-PCR获得嗜热毛壳菌纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ（CBHⅡ）的编码基因(cbh2)。DNA序列分析表明cbh2的开放阅读框由1428个碱基组成,编码476个氨基酸。推断的氨基酸序列包含一个典型真菌纤维素酶的糖结合域（CBD）、催化域（CD）以及二者之间富含脯氨酸和羟基氨基酸的连接桥。根据氨基酸序列推算该酶分子量为53kD,属于糖苷水解酶第六家族,具有该家族催化保守区的典型特征。PCR扩增cbh2的成熟蛋白编码基因,利用基因重组的方法构建可在毕赤酵母分泌表达系统中表达纤维二糖水解酶蛋白的重组表达载体,并转化毕赤酵母得到重组子。在毕赤酵母醇氧化酶AOX1基因启动子的作用下,重组蛋白得到高效表达,小规模发酵量达1.2 mg/mL。经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAESepharose Fast flow阴离子层析等步骤纯化了该重组表达蛋白。SDS-PAGE得到重组蛋白分子量为67kD,与从嗜热毛壳菌中纯化的该酶分子量一致。该重组纤维二糖水解酶作用的最适合温度50℃,最适pH4.0,在70℃的半衰期为30min,具有较好的热稳定性。     

重组人肝素酶在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的:建立肝素酶表达系统,大量制备人肝素酶,用于肝素酶的深入研究,及其抑制剂筛选模型的建立。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从肝癌细胞HepG2中克隆肝素酶全长cDNA,转入毕赤酵母表达体系,经甲醇诱导表达。结果:四唑蓝活性检测结果表明,表达产物具有肝素酶活性;Western印迹证实表达产物可被肝素酶抗体识别。结论:表达产物中含具有肝素酶活性的重组人肝素酶。     

扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

将编码扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶 (PEL)的cDNA克隆到酵母整合型质粒pPIC3.5K ,电转化His4缺陷型巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)GS115 ,通过橄榄油 MM平板及PCR方法筛选和鉴定重组子。重组子发酵液经SDS PAGE分析、橄榄油检验板鉴定 ,表明扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中获得了高效表达。表达蛋白分泌至培养基中 ,分子量约 2 8kD ,与扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶大小一致 ,占分泌蛋白的 95 %。橄榄油检验板检验表明该表达蛋白可分解橄榄油 ,通过优化该表达菌的发酵条件 ,以橄榄油为底物进行酶活测定 ,其发酵液酶活可达 2 6 0u mL。     

Cloning of a gene encoding thermostable glucoamylase from Chaetomium thermophilum and its expression in Pichia pastoris

AIMS: Chaetomium thermophilum is a soil-borne thermophilic fungus whose molecular biology is poorly understood. Only a few genes have been cloned from the Chaetomium genus. This study attempted to clone, to sequence and to express a thermostable glucoamylase gene of C. thermophilum. METHODS AND RESULTS: First strand cDNA was prepared from total RNA isolated from C. thermophilum and the glucoamylase gene amplified by using PCR. Degenerate primers based on the N-terminal sequences of the purified glucoamylase according to our previous works and a cDNA fragment encoding the glucoamylase gene was obtained through RT-PCR. Using RACE-PCR, full-length cDNA of glucoamylase gene was cloned from C. thermophilum. The full-length cDNA of the glucoamylase was 2016 bp and contained a 1797-bp open reading frame encoding a protein glucoamylase precursor of 599 amino acid residues. The amino-acid sequence from 31 to 45 corresponded to the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein. The first 30 amino acids were presumed to be a signal peptide. The alignment results of the putative amino acid sequence showed the catalytic domain of the glucoamylase was high homology with the catalytic domains of the other glucoamylases. The C. thermophilum glucoamylase gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the glucoamylase was secreted into the culture medium by the yeast in a functionally active form. The recombinant glucoamylase purified was a glycoprotein with a size of about 66 kDa, and exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH 4.5-5.0 and 65 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at 60 degrees C, the enzyme activity kept 80% after 60 min incubation at 70 degrees C. The half-life was 40 and 10 min under incubation at 80 and 90 degrees C respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A new thermostable glucoamylase gene of C. thermophilum was cloned, sequenced, overexpressed successfully in P. pastoris. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Because of its thermostability and overexpression, this glucoamylase enzyme offers an interesting potential in saccharification steps in both starch enzymatic conversion and in alcohol production.     

来源于柠檬酸杆菌的高比活植酸酶基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacterbraakii)来源的植酸酶是目前报道的比活最高的植酸酶。按照毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)对密码子的选择偏向性,对来源于柠檬酸杆菌的高比活植酸酶基因AppA进行了密码子优化改造。改造后的基因AppA(m)按正确的阅读框架融合到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9的α-因子信号肽编码序列3′端,通过电击转化得到重组转化子。通过PCR验证,AppA(m)已整合在酵母染色体上。SDS-PAGE分析和表达产物的研究表明,植酸酶得到了高效分泌表达,在5L发酵罐中植酸酶蛋白表达量达到3·2mg/mL发酵液,发酵效价达到每毫升发酵液1·4×107IU以上,高于目前报道的各种植酸酶基因工程菌株的发酵效价。     

Cloning of a gene encoding thermostable cellobiohydrolase from the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum and its expression in Pichia pastoris

Aims:  A new cellobiohydrolase (CBH) gene ( cbh3 ) from Chaetomium thermophilum was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Pichia pastoris .
Methods and Results:  Using RACE-PCR, a new thermostable CBH gene ( cbh3 ) was cloned from C. thermophilum . The cDNA of the CBH was 1607 bp and contained a 1356 bp open reading frame encoding a protein CBH precursor of 451 amino acid residues. The mature protein structure of C. thermophilum CBH3 only comprises a catalytic domain and lacks cellulose-binding domain and a hinge region. The gene was expressed in P. pastoris . The recombinant CBH purified was a glycoprotein with a size of about 48·0 kDa, and exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH 5·0 and 60 °C. The enzyme was more resistant to high temperature. The CBH could hydrolyse microcrystalline cellulose and filter paper.
Conclusions:  A new thermostable CBH gene of C. thermophilum was cloned, sequenced and overexpressed in P. pastoris .
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This CBH offers an interesting potential in saccharification steps in both cellulose enzymatic conversion and alcohol production.     

Analysis of expressed sequence tags from Chaetomium cupreum grown under conditions associated with mycoparasitism

Aims:  To elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with mycoparasitism from Chaetomium cupreum , an effective biocontrol agent with ability against plant pathogenic fungi.
Methods and Results:  One cDNA library was constructed from conditions predicted to resemble mycoparasitic process. A total of 1876 ESTs were generated and assembled into 1035 unigenes. B last X search revealed that 585 unigenes had similarities with sequences available from public databases. Based on the ESTs abundance, MFS monosaccharide transporter was found as the gene expressed at the highest level. A KEGG analysis allowed mapping of 60 metabolic pathways well represented by the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, d -arginine and ornithine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. The genes related to mycoparasitism were detected.
Conclusions:  The results revealed that the cell walls of the fungal pathogen can simulate some aspects of the mycoparasitic interaction between C. cupreum and its targets.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This is the first report to study genes expression under conditions associated with the mycoparasitic process. The findings contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in mycoparasitism and will help to advance our efforts in developing novel strategies for biocontrol of plant fungal diseases.     

Cloning and Expression of a Novel Chitinase chi58 from Chaetomium cupreum in Pichia pastoris

A gene encoding a novel chitinase chi58 was cloned from the fungus Chaetomium cupreum by using inverse PCR. The DNA sequence of chi58 contains a 1,602 bp open reading frame and two introns that are 52 and 201 bp in length. Regarding our in silico analysis, chi58 is a modular enzyme composed of a family-18 catalytic domain, which is responsible for chitinase activity, and a chitin-binding domain containing several cysteines. Apparently, the function of these domains is to anchor the enzyme tightly onto the large insoluble polymeric substrate. Chi58 has a pI of 4.47 and a deduced molecular mass of 58 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature conditions were determined to be 5.8 and 45°C, respectively, when colloidal chitin was used as the substrate. SDS-PAGE and zymogram analyses indicated the presence of a single active chitinase. Cells with pPIC9K-chi58 produced an extracellular chitinase that had an activity of 39 U/ml protein. Metal ions such as Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, and Co²⁺ also influenced the activity of the recombinant enzyme.     

一个推测的拟南芥漆酶基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达

At5g01040基因是一个推测的拟南芥漆酶基因。根据其编码序列设计引物,利用RT—PCR方法扩增出1755bp的片段。测序结果表明,该片段存在3个突变位点,其中一个突变位点改变了所编码的氨基酸。将该片段克隆到表达载体pPICZaB上,电击转化毕赤酵母。经筛选获得80个候选重组菌株,其中18个菌株的培养液中存在漆酶活性,说明所克隆的基因在毕赤酵母中实现了分泌表达,证实了At5g01040编码的蛋白具有漆酶活性。     

ApCl基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

为了研究ApCl基因的功能,应用基因重组技术将ApCl基因片段克隆入大肠埃希菌—酵母穿梭质拉pGAPZαA,构建重组真核表达质拉pGAPZαA-ApCl,电转化巴斯德单赤酵母GS115,Zeocin筛选出阳性克隆转化子.通过比较转化空载体pGAPZaA和重组载体pGAPZαA-ApCl的不同菌株分别在含有高盐和高山梨醇浓度的液体培养基中生长情况,发现毕赤酵母GS115在转化ApCl基因后其抗旱、抗盐能力显著提高(约3倍),进一步验证了ApCl基因对提高生物抗逆能力有显著作用,为将来分离该蛋白及进一步研究奠定基础.     

猪干扰素-γ基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

将去除信号肽的猪干扰素-γ（PoIFN-γ）基因置于酿酒酵母α因子分泌信号的DNA序列后, 构建成pPIC9K-α-PoIFN-γ分泌型重组表达载体, 电转化导入毕赤酵母GS115中,经G418筛选后获得2株多拷贝插入的重组子。SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析结果表明,所获得的重组子能够分泌表达出17kD和23kD左右的PoIFN-γ特异蛋白,其表达量为108mg/L,占培养液总蛋白的60%。实验首次在毕赤酵母表达系统中实现了PoIFN-γ基因的分泌表达。     

合成耐高温α-淀粉酶PFA在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

PFA是来源于Pyrococcus furious的一种耐高温α-淀粉酶,为了使PFA能够在巴斯德毕赤酵母中高效表达,根据巴斯德毕赤酵母密码子的偏好性对PFA的基因序列进行密码子优化,人工合成耐高温淀粉酶PFA基因pfa,并连接到巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达载体pPIC9K上,得到重组质粒pPIC9K-pfa。重组质粒线性化后转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母菌株GS115中,重组菌株在摇瓶中用甲醇诱导表达,分泌表达酶活最高为220U／L。