A型肉毒素膀胱内阻滞治疗女性膀胱过度活动症的临床效果观察

目的：探讨A型肉毒素膀胱内阻滞治疗女性膀胱过度活动症的临床效果。方法：选择2010年10月至2012年10月,哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院泌尿外科收治的女性膀胱过度活动症患者24例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组（A组）选用国产A型肉毒素（衡力）100IU治疗,用10mL生理盐水稀释后,通过膀胱镜进行壁内注射;对照组（B组）患者给予口服经典的抗胆碱制剂,酒石酸托特罗定片,每天口服2次,每次2mg,疗程不少于6周。于治疗前,治疗后1周和4周观察和比较两组患者的1PSS评分、初尿意膀胱容量、最大膀胱容量。结果：与治疗前比较,A组治疗后1周,IPSS评分显著下降（P〈0．05）,初尿意膀胱容量及最大膀胱容量显著上升（P〈0．05）,治疗后第2周和第4周均维持在相当水平,残余尿量第1周未见明显下降（P〉0．05）,第4周时与基线比较下降明显（P〈0．05）;B组于治疗后第4周时,以上三项指标与治疗前比较才有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,残余尿量在第1周即有明显下降（P〈0．05）,并且第4周时仍维持第1周水平（P〉0．05）。此外,治疗后第1周两组比较以上指标比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,而治疗后第4周无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：经尿道膀胱壁内肉毒素A注射和口服酒石酸托特罗定均是治疗女性膀胱过度活动症的有效方法,但A型肉毒素膀胱内注射起效更快,同时由于其接触性和直观性,疗效更确切。     

心脑佳配方对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马NMDA受体亚基NR2B表达的影响

目的：研究心脑佳配方对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体2B亚基（NR2B）表达的影响。方法：建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒模型,分别检测学习与记忆成绩、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和海马区NR2B mRNA表达。结果：学习记忆测试显示模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩比正常组明显下降（P〈0.01）,各用药组与模型组相比,学习记忆成绩明显上升（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;模型组大鼠脑组织中SOD活性较正常组显著降低（P〈0.01）,而各用药组与模型组相比,脑组织中SOD活性显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;PCR结果表明模型组大鼠海马区NR2B mRNA表达较正常组明显上升（P〈0.01）,各用药组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA表达明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：心脑佳配方可能通过对NMDA受体亚基NR2B蛋白表达的调节而发挥抗酒精中毒作用。     

产后应用乳杆菌活菌胶囊的临床价值探讨

目的探讨乳杆菌活菌胶囊在产后应用对改变阴道微环境,减少阴道炎的临床效果。方法将无阴道炎的104例产后随访的妇女随机分为2组。A组应用乳杆菌活菌胶囊每晚1粒塞入阴道,连续用药10d;B组未用任何药物。2组患者30d后随访并检查白带,对其白带清洁度、pH、阴道炎患病率进行比较。结果用药后A、B组pH均有降低,但A组低于B组,2组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;用药后A组阴道清洁度Ⅰ、Ⅱ度较B组比率升高,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;用药后A组细菌性阴道病发病率低于B组,2组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论产后应用乳杆菌活菌胶囊可改善阴道微环境,减少阴道炎的发生。     

呼吸道合胞病毒感染促进豚鼠产生气道高反应性及其机制研究

目的：通过检测气道反应性和M2受体功能,研究呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）感染与哮喘发病的关系及机制。方法：34只豚鼠随机分为4组：Hep-2滴鼻＋生理盐水雾化（Hep-2／NS,A）组,RSV滴鼻＋生理盐水雾化（RSV／NS,B）组,Hep-2滴鼻＋鸡卵蛋白（OVA）雾化（Hep-2／OVA,C）组和RSV滴鼻＋OVA雾化（RSV／OVA,D）组,其中A和B纽各9只,C和D组各8只,以A组为对照组。21d通过电刺激迷走神经检测各组气道反应性和M2受体功能,行嗜酸性粒细胞计数以及病理学观察。结果：B组气道内压力（mmH2O）与A组无明显差异（P〉0．05）,给予匹罗卡品,IP下降幅度高于A组,但差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。C组IP明显高于A且（P〈0．05）,且给予匹罗卡品,IP下降幅度明显低于A组,差别有显著性（P〈0．05）。D组IP明显高于C组（P〈0．05）,给予匹罗卡品后IP下降幅度明显低于C组（P〈0．05）。结论：RSV感染可促进过敏原引起的M2R功能障碍,从而促进AHR发生。     

磁处理水对家兔血脂影响的实验研究

目的：探讨饮用磁处理水时间的长短与降低家兔血脂的关系.方法：72只家兔平均分四组A组基础饲料组,饮自来水;B、C、D高脂饲料组,B组对照组饮自来水;C组治疗1组,30天后饮磁处理水,治疗30天后采耳血,分别测血清TC、TG、HDL-c、LDL-c水平.D组治疗2组,30天后饮磁处理水,治疗100天后采耳血,分别测血清TC、TG、HDL-c、LDL-c水平.结果：B组家兔血清TC、TG、HDL-c、LDL-c水平显著高于A组,（P〈0.01）;C组家兔TC、LDL-c水平显著低与B组（P〈0.01）;,但也显著高于A组（P〈0.01）;TG、HDL-c水平与B组相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）.D组家兔血清TC、TG、LDL-c水平与B组相比均有明显下降（P〈0.01）,与A组比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,而HDL-c水平与A组比较明显上升（P〈0.01）.结论：长期饮用磁处理水可以显著降低家兔血清高胆固醇含量,并恢复到正常状态.     

A 型肉毒毒素治疗半侧面肌痉挛的临床疗效评价

目的：观察A型肉毒毒素对面肌痉挛患者的痉挛程度、抑郁症状和焦虑症状的改善。方法：对58例面肌痉挛患者进行局部注射A型肉毒毒素。在治疗前后对痉挛程度改善情况进行评定以及用汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）对焦虑状态、抑郁状态进行评分,并对药物的副作用进行观察。结果：A型肉毒毒素明显改善面肌痉挛患者的痉挛程度,治疗后2周的HAMA、HA肋评分较治疗前明显下降,且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：局部注射A型肉毒毒素可迅速缓解或消除面肌痉挛患者肌肉痉挛及相关的抑郁和焦虑状态,提高患者的生活质量。     

肝康Ⅳ号对脂肪肝大鼠肝组织脂质含量及形态学的影响

目的探讨肝康Ⅳ号（Gankang Ⅳ,GKⅣ）对脂肪肝（FL）组织胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及形态学的影响。方法64只SPF级Wistar大鼠,随机分为A组、B1组、B2组、B3组、C组、D组。A组、B1组、B2组、B3组、C组给予高脂饲料（84.4%标准饲料＋10%猪油＋0.5%胆固醇＋0.1%胆盐＋5%蛋黄粉）和白酒复合复制大鼠FL模型,B1组、B2组、B3组、C组分别给予肝康Ⅳ号低、中、高剂量和东宝肝泰灌胃干预,设空白对照D组。第6周末处死动物取肝脏制备10%的肝匀浆检测TC、TG、SOD、MDA。检测肝脏病理学。结果（1）TC、TG：B1组、B2组、B3组、C组与A组比较,TC、TG含量明显下降（P〈0.05～0.01）,B2组、B3组与C组比较差异有显著（P〈0.05）。（2）SOD、MDA：B1组、B2组、B3组、C组与A组比较,MDA含量明显下降（P〈0.05～0.01）,SOD水平明显升高（P〈0.05～0.01）;在SOD方面,B1组与C组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）,B2组与C组比较差异有显著（P〈0.05）;在MDA方面,B1组、B2组、B3组与C组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）。（3）肝脏病理学：A组为重度脂肪肝,C组、B1组为中度脂肪肝,B2组、B3组脂肪肝程度轻于C组、B1组。结论GKIV能有效降低肝脏组织脂质沉积,防止MDA的升高,SOD的下降;减轻FL程度,呈现量效关系。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎患者血清D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶水平的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）患者血清D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶（DAO）水平的影响。方法选取NASH患者88例,随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组患者予以适度的节食、加强休息与适当的体育锻炼,观察组患者加用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊420 mg,2次/d,连用8周。观察两组患者治疗前后肝功能指标丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和谷氨酰转肽酶（γ-GT）,血清D-乳酸和DAO水平的变化。结果治疗8周后,两组患者ALT和γ-GT水平均较前明显下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,且观察组下降幅度较对照组更明显（P〈0.05）;两组患者血清D-乳酸和DAO水平均较前明显下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,且观察组下降幅度较对照组更明显（P〈0.05）。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊辅助治疗NASH疗效较好,能降低血清D-乳酸和DAO水平,改善其肝功能指标。     

蝮蛇毒诱导小鼠急性肾损伤的研究

目的观察蝮蛇毒诱导小鼠急性肾损伤肾脏病理变化特点,为肾损伤的防治提供理论依据。方法将小鼠分为N组（正常对照组）、L组（蛇毒低剂量组,0.50 mg/kg）、H组（蛇毒高剂量组,2.00 mg/kg）,每组按时相点又分为3、6、244、8 h四个亚组。96只小鼠随机分配到各亚组,采取肌注蝮蛇毒的方式建立动物模型。结果 SCr值,L组24 h升高（P〈0.05）,48 h下降（P〈0.05）;H组持续升高（P〈0.05）。光镜下肾损伤病理评分,L组6 h开始升高（P〈0.05）,48 h下降（P〈0.05）;H组3 h开始持续升高（P〈0.05）。SCr与光镜下,肾损伤病理评分呈正相关（L组：r=0.883,P〈0.01;H组：r=0.891,P〈0.01）。结论 SCr在一定条件下能反映肾损伤的严重程度,但急性肾损伤的发生早于SCr升高;急性肾损伤的严重程度与蝮蛇毒的剂量呈正相关。     

丹参酮对于阿尔茨海默症大鼠颞叶iNOS,MMP-2表达的影响及机理研究

目的：应用中药丹参酮（tanshinone ⅡA,Tan ⅡA）治疗AD大鼠,观察TanⅡA干预前后,AD大鼠学习记忆、颞叶中诱导型一氧化氮合成酶（iNOS）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-2）表达的变化。方法：采用β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）定向注射法建立AD大鼠模型,并使用Tan Ⅱ A干预,通过避暗测试、real-time PCR和Western Blot分别观察大鼠学习记忆能力、大鼠颞叶MMP-2、iNOS两者的mRNA及蛋白表达的变化。应用SPSS13.0进行统计学分析。结果：与假手术组相比,AD组的平均潜伏期缩短（P〈0.01）,平均错误次数增加（P〈0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。颞叶内iNOS、MMP-2 mRNA表达均显著增高（P〈0.01,P〈0.01）;两蛋白的表达均显著增高（P〈0.01,P〈0.01）。与AD组相比,Tan ⅡA组的平均潜伏期延长（P〈0.01）,平均错误次数减少（P〈0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。颞叶内iNOS、MMP-2 mRNA表达均显著下降（P〈0.05,P〈0.05）,两蛋白的表达均显著下降（P〈0.01,P〈0.01）。结论：Tan Ⅱ A干预可显著降低AD大鼠颞叶中iNOS、MMP-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达,显著改善AD大鼠的学习记忆能力。其作用机制可能是通过降低Aβ诱导的iNOS及MMP-2的表达,抑制氧化应激损伤来完成。     

儿童区分意图行为与自我控制能力关系的研究

目的:研究3至5岁儿童能否对主动行为、被动行为加以区分以及其控制能力的差异和两者是否相关。方法:设计两个任务:衡量儿童对主动与被动行为区分的意图实验与衡量儿童自我控制能力的七巧板任务。结果:意图实验年龄效应显著,F=48.317,P<0.001。七巧板任务年龄效应显著:F=88.123,P<0.001,意图实验与七巧板任务相关显著:r=0.79 t=8.37,P<0.01。结论:儿童对主动行为和被动行为的区分转折点为4岁;儿童的自我控制能力以坚持性为指标时转折点在4岁;儿童时意图行为的区分与自我控制能力具有相关性。     

3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate as an intracellular second messenger of luteinizing hormone: application of the forskolin criteria

The role of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) as an intracellular second messenger of luteinizing hormone (LH) was reinvestigated in vitro with diterpene forskolin, a highly specific activator of adenylate cyclase. Treatment of cultured testicular cells from adult hypophysectomized rats with increasing concentrations (10(7)-10(-4) M) of forskolin produced dose-dependent increments in cAMP and testosterone accumulation. Concomitant blockade of cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity with 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (10(-4) M) resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) enhancement of the forskolin effect for all but the 10(-4) M forskolin dose. Potency evaluation as judged by half-maximal stimulation of testosterone accumulation revealed median effective doses (mean +/- SE) of 1.25 +/- 0.2 x 10(-5), 1.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(-5), and 2.5 +/- 0.4 x 10(-10) M for forskolin, N6, O2'-dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), respectively. Examination of the time requirements of forskolin disclosed time-dependent increments in the accumulation of extracellular cAMP and testosterone, the earliest significant (P less than 0.05) increases being noted by 6 hr of treatment. In comparison, a minimal time requirement of less than or equal to 12 hr was noted for hCG- and choleragen-stimulated androgen biosynthesis, whereas the apparent onset of action of Bt2cAMP was delayed to the 24-hr time point. Although 10(-7) M of forskolin by itself did not alter the accumulation of testosterone, its addition resulted in substantial amplification of the hCG effect, producing a 4.6-fold reduction in the median effective dose (ED50) of hCG. Moreover, concurrent treatment with this functionally inert dose of forskolin rendered steroidogenically inert doses of hCG (eg, 10(-11) or 3 x 10(-11) M) steroidogenically potent. However, combined treatment with maximally stimulatory doses of Bt2cAMP (10(-4) M) and one of several testicular cell agonists [forskolin (10(-4) M), choleragen (10(-9) M) or hCG (10(-9) M)] did not prove additive. Taken together, our findings indicate that forskolin, like LH, is capable of stimulating testicular cAMP generation as well as androgen biosynthesis and that a functionally inert low dose of forskolin can significantly amplify LH hormonal action. Inasmuch as forskolin-stimulated and forskolin-amplified hormonal action are acceptable as novel criteria of cAMP dependence, our observations provide new evidence in keeping with the notion that cAMP may be in intracellular second messenger of LH.     

2‐photon excitation fluorescence microscopy enables deeper high‐resolution imaging of voltage and Ca2+ in intact mice,rat, and rabbit hearts

We describe a novel two‐photon (2P) laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) protocol that provides ratiometric transmural measurements of membrane voltage (V_m) via Di‐4‐ANEPPS in intact mouse, rat and rabbit hearts with subcellular resolution. The same cells were then imaged with Fura‐2/AM for intracellular Ca²⁺ recordings. Action potentials (APs) were accurately characterized by 2PLSM vs. microelectrodes, albeit fast events (<1 ms) were sub‐optimally acquired by 2PLSM due to limited sampling frequencies (2.6 kHz). The slower Ca²⁺ transient (CaT) time course (>1ms) could be accurately described by 2PLSM. In conclusion, V_m ‐ and Ca²⁺‐sensitive dyes can be 2P excited within the cardiac muscle wall to provide AP and Ca²⁺ signals to ～400 µm. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The uniquely human capacity to throw evolved from a non-throwing primate: an evolutionary dissociation between action and perception

Humans are uniquely endowed with the ability to engage in accurate, high-momentum throwing. Underlying this ability is a unique morphological adaptation that enables the characteristic rotation of the arm and pelvis. What is unknown is whether the psychological mechanisms that accompany the act of throwing are also uniquely human. Here we explore this problem by asking whether free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), which lack both the morphological and neural structures to throw, nonetheless recognize the functional properties of throwing. Rhesus not only understand that human throwing represents a threat, but that some aspects of a throwing event are more relevant than others; specifically, rhesus are sensitive to the kinematics, direction and speed of the rotating arm, the direction of the thrower's eye gaze and the object thrown. These results suggest that the capacity to throw did not coevolve with psychological mechanisms that accompany throwing; rather, this capacity may have built upon pre-existing perceptual processes. These results are consistent with a growing body of work showing that non-human animals often exhibit perceptual competencies that do not show up in their motor responses, suggesting evolutionary dissociations between the systems of perception that provide understanding of the world and those that mediate action on the world.     

A continuous-time neural model for sequential action

Action selection, planning and execution are continuous processes that evolve over time, responding to perceptual feedback as well as evolving top-down constraints. Existing models of routine sequential action (e.g. coffee- or pancake-making) generally fall into one of two classes: hierarchical models that include hand-built task representations, or heterarchical models that must learn to represent hierarchy via temporal context, but thus far lack goal-orientedness. We present a biologically motivated model of the latter class that, because it is situated in the Leabra neural architecture, affords an opportunity to include both unsupervised and goal-directed learning mechanisms. Moreover, we embed this neurocomputational model in the theoretical framework of the theory of event coding (TEC), which posits that actions and perceptions share a common representation with bidirectional associations between the two. Thus, in this view, not only does perception select actions (along with task context), but actions are also used to generate perceptions (i.e. intended effects). We propose a neural model that implements TEC to carry out sequential action control in hierarchically structured tasks such as coffee-making. Unlike traditional feedforward discrete-time neural network models, which use static percepts to generate static outputs, our biological model accepts continuous-time inputs and likewise generates non-stationary outputs, making short-timescale dynamic predictions.     

低镁和缺镁对离体豚鼠右心室肌单细胞动作电位的效应

取豚鼠右心室肌,在改良 Krebs 溶液灌注下,用微电极记录动作电位(AP)12只豚鼠72次心肌单细胞 AP 有关参数的平均值为:静息电位(RP)-76±9mV;动作电位振幅(APA)107±7mV;动作电位时程(APD)_(_30mv)为254±123ms;APD_(100)为312±133ms。当灌注液中镁离子浓度减低到0.6mol/L 时,72次 AP 的 APD_(_30mv)和APD_(100)分別为对照值的80.7%和83%;在无镁溶液中,改变更为显著,分别为对照值的70.9%和76.7%;RP 和 APA 则变化均不大。实验提示:低镁可使 APD 缩短,从而可能影响体表心电图 T 波的第3位相;此外,APD 的缩短意味着不应期相对缩短,这或许是低镁症时出现室性早搏的因素。     

21种植物提取物对玉米象的生物活性

为了筛选对粮库安全的植物源杀虫剂,研究了21种植物的4种溶剂（无水乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚）提取物对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky的驱避和触杀作用。结果表明,高良姜Alpinia officinarum石油醚提取物、黄姜Curcuma longa丙酮提取物和山鸡椒Litsea cubeba石油醚提取物对玉米象成虫的驱避作用显著,处理60 h平均驱避等级均达到Ⅴ级,平均驱避率分别为80.02%、80.60%和81.70%。在21种植物中,石菖蒲Acorus gramineus和巴豆Croton tiglium的4种溶剂提取物均对玉米象成虫的触杀作用明显,7.86 mg/cm²的剂量处理4天后的校正死亡率均达到90%以上。     

Radiation-induced Formation of 3-Cyclohexylbutanal in Cyclohexane Containing Crotonaldehyde

The effects of dietary octopine, which is one of the major extractive component of marine molluscs, on the level of serum and liver cholesterol of rats fed with cholesterol-enriched or cholesterol-free diets were investigated. Dietary supplementation with 1.5% octopine in a cholesterol-enriched diet significantly decreased the serum total- and VLDL + LDL-cholesterol levels and by contrary increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level in rats. The same tendency was observed in the rats fed with 1.5% octopine in a cholesterol-free diet.     

The minimalist grammar of action

Language and action have been found to share a common neural basis and in particular a common 'syntax', an analogous hierarchical and compositional organization. While language structure analysis has led to the formulation of different grammatical formalisms and associated discriminative or generative computational models, the structure of action is still elusive and so are the related computational models. However, structuring action has important implications on action learning and generalization, in both human cognition research and computation. In this study, we present a biologically inspired generative grammar of action, which employs the structure-building operations and principles of Chomsky's Minimalist Programme as a reference model. In this grammar, action terminals combine hierarchically into temporal sequences of actions of increasing complexity; the actions are bound with the involved tools and affected objects and are governed by certain goals. We show, how the tool role and the affected-object role of an entity within an action drives the derivation of the action syntax in this grammar and controls recursion, merge and move, the latter being mechanisms that manifest themselves not only in human language, but in human action too.     

Amylase action pattern on starch polymers

Several decades ago, the first reports on differences in action pattern between amylases from different sources indicated that the starch polymers are not degraded in a completely random manner. We here give an overview of different action patterns of amylases on amylose and amylopectin, focusing on the so-called multiple attack action of the enzymes. Nowadays, the multiple attack action is generally an accepted concept to explain the differences in amylase action pattern. However, the pancreatic α-amylase remains one of the few enzymes known with a considerable level of multiple attack action. Despite some recent studies, the molecular mechanism of the multiple attack action is still largely unclear. Probably, the degree to which the active site architecture and binding properties allow both the reorganization (sliding) of the substrate in the active site and the stabilisation of the productive enzyme/substrate complex mainly determine the multiple attack action of amylases.