沙田柚雌雄蕊发育及其相关性研究

沙田柚为例生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,具多个孢原细胞,其中之一发育形成大孢子母细胞,四个大孢子呈直线形排列,功能大孢子居合点端,胚囊发育为蓼型,珠孔端有珠心冠。 花药为四分孢子囊,小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,胞质分裂为同时型,四分小孢子四面体型,成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。 同一朵花中,雌雄蕊发育的相关性是:当大孢子母细胞形成时,小孢子进入单核期。当雌蕊发育进入大孢子时期,双核花粉粒形成。大孢子和双核花粉粒都在开花前10天左右形成,雌雄蕊同时成熟。     

长白落叶松生殖生物学特性研究──Ⅰ．球花芽分化与早期发育

本文研究了长白落叶松（ＬａｒｉｘｏｌｇｅｎｓｉｓＨｅｎｒｙ）大小孢子叶球的分化及其分布规律．获得如下结果：（１）６月下旬芽鳞形成期终止,７月初进入小孢子叶分化期,７月未至８月上旬小孢子叶分化期结束．８月上旬进入小孢子囊分化期,８月下旬出现造孢细胞,９月中旬形成小孢子母细胞．１０月底小孢子母细胞保持在细线期阶段,小孢子叶球进入冬季休眠期．（２）９月初苞片原基开始形成,９月中旬珠鳞原基形成;１０月上旬出现胚珠原始体,１０月下旬大孢子母细胞形成,１０月底大孢子叶球芽进入冬季休眠．（３）小孢子叶球芽主要分布在树冠的中、下部．数量上远远大于大孢子叶球芽的数量,约为大孢子叶球芽的１９倍。大孢子叶球芽主要集中分布在树冠中部,而且树冠下部多于树冠上部。     

彩色马蹄莲大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究

选用石蜡切片法观察了彩色马蹄莲品种‘Majestic Red’的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育的过程。研究结果表明：彩色马蹄莲的胚珠为倒生,具双珠被、厚珠心和珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞的减数分裂后形成的四分体为直线型或T型排列,合点端的大孢子发育成为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子则退化,表明胚囊发育方式为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊。观察到每个雄花花药多数,花粉囊呈蝶形,每侧有2个小孢子囊。花药壁由外到内分别为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,其中绒毡层为变形绒毡层类型。在小孢子形成时,胞质分裂属于连续型,小孢子排列成十字形的四分体,成熟花粉则为二胞花粉粒。     

满江红的孢子果和孢子果育苗

稻田绿肥作物满江红在养殖中靠营养繁殖,每遇炎夏或寒冬常大批死亡,影响推广和利用。1976年5月—1977年7月,我们调查了满江红在大田养殖下孢子果发生的一般规律,并进行了孢子果育苗试验,初步了解到满江红的孢子果具有耐热性和抗寒性,其苗可塑性较大。因此,通过孢子果育苗的途径,来解决满江红越夏和越冬的困难是可能的。     

对湖北晚泥盆世松滋亚鳞木大孢子叶球的新认识

详细研究湖北省松滋市刘家场镇锈水沟剖面晚泥盆世松滋亚鳞木的形态学和解剖学特征。基于该植物大孢子叶球的连续纵切面,对孢子叶、孢子叶-孢子囊复合体进行了三维复原,并结合扫描电镜认识到以下新性状:叶球轴的后生木质部管胞梯纹加厚并具威廉姆逊纹,孢子叶柄的翅与孢子囊等宽或较窄,孢子囊通过亚孢原垫以径向狭长的连接带与叶柄近轴面的凹槽相连,囊壁由单层柱状细胞构成,每个孢子囊内至少有20个大孢子。另外,依据全锥形的颈锥体,将大孢子归入刺毛瓶形大孢属Lagenicula。这些新特征支持松滋亚鳞木为广义水韭目成员、系统发育位置位于双孢子叶球亚目基部的观点。     

高山红景天有性生殖过程及濒危原因的生态学分析

研究了高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis)的生殖生态学特性,并探讨了其致濒的原因。高山红景天花药具4个小孢子囊,腺质绒毡层,初生造孢细胞直接行小孢子母细胞功能,小孢子四分体呈四面体形,小孢子形成初期有败育现象,成熟花粉2细胞,有二种类型花粉。胚珠倒生,大孢子四分体线形排列,功能大孢子位于合点端,胚囊发育属蓼型。高山红景天花粉败育是其濒危的内因,恶劣的生境条件及其大规模人工采挖是其濒危的主要原因     

对湖北晚泥盆世松滋亚鳞木大孢子叶球的新认识北大核心CSCD

详细研究湖北省松滋市刘家场镇锈水沟剖面晚泥盆世松滋亚鳞木的形态学和解剖学特征。基于该植物大孢子叶球的连续纵切面,对孢子叶、孢子叶-孢子囊复合体进行了三维复原,并结合扫描电镜认识到以下新性状:叶球轴的后生木质部管胞梯纹加厚并具威廉姆逊纹,孢子叶柄的翅与孢子囊等宽或较窄,孢子囊通过亚孢原垫以径向狭长的连接带与叶柄近轴面的凹槽相连,囊壁由单层柱状细胞构成,每个孢子囊内至少有20个大孢子。另外,依据全锥形的颈锥体,将大孢子归入刺毛瓶形大孢属Lagenicula。这些新特征支持松滋亚鳞木为广义水韭目成员、系统发育位置位于双孢子叶球亚目基部的观点。     

三叶木通大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

三叶木通（Akebia trifoliata）属于木通科（Lardizabalaceae）木通属（Akebia）,为雌雄异花,雌雄同株的木质藤本植物,具有药食两用的经济价值。本文运用石蜡切片技术观察了三叶木通的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程中胚胎学特征,以期了解三叶木通有性生殖过程,分析该物种自然条件下结实率低的生殖原因,为其后续进行杂交育种和新品种培育提供理论基础。结果表明：三叶木通雄蕊6枚,每枚花药具4个小孢子囊,花药壁完全分化时由外到内依次为1层表皮、1层药室内壁、2～3层中层及1层绒毡层,且绒毡层为分泌型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体型排列,从四分体分离出来的小孢子经过进一步发育形成2-核成熟花粉细胞。小孢子囊中的小孢子四分体时期存在少量败育现象。雌蕊具1室子房,为侧膜胎座,胚珠横生,多枚,双珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂后形成的大孢子四分体呈线型排列,靠珠孔端的3个大孢子退化,合点端的1个大孢子发育成为功能大孢子,经3次连续有丝分裂并进一步发育为七细胞八核的蓼型胚囊。雌花中的雄蕊早期发育正常,但小孢子发育至单核靠边期不在进一步发育,...     

新疆准噶尔盆地西缘晚泥盆世一种新的石松类植物

描述新疆和布克赛尔晚泥盆世洪古勒楞组中的一种石松类孢子囊穗,该孢子囊穗二歧分叉一次,长纺锤形叶座紧密螺旋排列于穗轴上,每轮6枚;孢子叶披针形,具叶柄,单脉,叶缘具细齿;孢子囊近轴处着生,长椭球形,囊内有4枚大孢子;大孢子圆球形,表面光滑,直径为900－1200μg。通过对比研究,将当前孢子囊穗定为新属、新种,即Hefengistrobus bifurcus gen.et sp.nov.,同时讨论该孢子囊穗在石松类演化上的意义。     

沙棘根瘤内生菌的多型性

用透射电子显微镜观察了春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的沙棘根瘤,以及瘤瓣上、中、下三个部位。结果表明,不同季节,不同部位的瘤瓣内,根瘤内生菌有7种不同形态。即侵染菌丝体、繁殖菌丝体、营养菌丝体、春孢子及春孢子囊、泡囊,冬孢子及冬孢子囊和类菌体。在多年生珊瑚状的根瘤中,它们的世代交替是:春夏季以侵染菌丝、繁殖菌丝、营养菌丝、春孢子囊及春孢子、泡囊为主;秋冬季以衰退的营养菌丝、衰老泡囊、冬孢子囊和冬孢子、类菌体为主。冬孢子和类菌体是休眠体。     

The Development of Microsporangium and Microspore in Azolla

This paper presents a detailed report on the developmental progresses of the microsporangium and its microspores in Azolla filiculoides Lam., and shows the morphologicaI structures of the respective developmental stares with the aid of scanning electron photographs. The entire developmental progress may be divided into six stages: ( 1 ) The microspore mother cell initiating stage The microsporangium initial on the placenta of the sporocarp gave rise a sporogenous cell, and then divided four times to form sixteen microspore mother cells; (2) The meiotic stage–The microspore mother cells initiated meiosis inside their calIose walls. The radial and inner tangential walls of the tapetum were dissolved at the same time and followed by the formation of a sporoplasmodium; (3) The microspore shrinking Ⅰ–After the callose walls of tetrads was dissolved, those microspores that just released from the callose walls shrunk intensely and became spherical later again. The sporoderm of microspores was principally synthesized in this stage, and the volume of microspores became evidently increased. The microspores then gradually moved to the periphery of the sporoplasmodium; (4) The microspore shrinking Ⅱ-Each microspore formed a large vacuole and gave rise the second contraction. The periphery of the sporoplasmodium was gradually dissolved; (5) The massulae forming stage–The sporoplasmodium was dissolved successivelly, and the undissolvable granules and organelle membrane residues. became aggregated into the compartmental layer, and the microsporangium was divided into several large vesicles, each vesicle will form a massulae; (6) The microspore germinating stage–The ,natured microspores inside the massulae each gave rise an androgonial initial which divided two times to form four antherozoid mother cells and then gave rise the antherozoids. The relationships between the various morphological structures and their functions in the microsporangium developmental progress have breify discussed. In addition, our viewpoints have compared with those of previous investigations.     

Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Azolla genus in Portugal

ABSTRACT

The Portuguese and the European Flora refer to the presence of two or three Azolla species in Portugal: A. filiculoides Lam., A. caroliniana Willd. and/or Azolla mexicana Presl., the latter included in the last edition of Flora Europaea. In the present work, the taxonomy of Azolla species is reviewed using the two most important characters that can distinguish between these two/three species: papillae in the dorsal leaf lobe and perine architecture of the megaspore apparatus. Other characteristics, such as the hyaline border cells of the dorsal leaf lobes and the number of glochidia septa in microsporangium massulae, are also used. All the Azolla specimens, collected from several locations in Portugal, were identified as Azolla filiculoides Lam. This identification disagrees with previous published reports on Azolla taxonomy in Portugal as well as with herbarium identification.     

Use of DNA/DNA hybridization techniques to authenticate the production of new Azolla-Anabaena symbiotic associations

Abstract The establishment of Azolla-Anabaena 'recombination' symbioses by grafting the Anabaena -containing indusium (cap) from the donor megasporocarp onto a decapitated megasporocarp from an Anabaena -free recipient has been recently reported. We have generated strain- and species-specific DNA probes for unequivocally establishing the identity of Anabaena azollae strains isolated from Azolla-Anabaena symbioses (whether new, i.e. heterosymbioses or natural i.e. homosymbioses). Eight out of nine heterosymbioses tested proved to contain the expected heterosymbiont while one recombined association was shown to contain both its own homosymbiont and a heterosymbiotic Anabaena strain. In addition, a species-specific plant probe was isolated from the total DNA of Azolla microphylla roots and used to establish the identity of a host plant used for recombination experiments.     

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EARLY TERTIARY FOSSIL RECORD OF THE SALVINIACEAE

Megaspores and massulae of Azolla, Azollopsis, and Salvinia are recorded from the Paleocene and Eocene of Montana and the Dakotas. Three new species of Azolla are described and two species of Azolla are redescribed. The columella of the floating apparatus of the megaspore apparatuses of Azolla appears to be a phylogenetic localization of the perispore around the megaspore. A new section of Azolla (section Kremastospora) is created for species whose megaspore apparatuses have many floats and whose massulae have hooked (anchor-shaped) glochidia. Salvinia preauriculata is based only on leaf remains from the Eocene of North America. Megaspores and massulae which probably are conspecific with the leaf remains are described. The megaspores and massulae of the fossil species are much smaller than those of the living species, S. auriculata, with which S. preauriculata has been compared. The similar size of the megaspores and massulae of the fossil species suggests a less specialized condition than in living species, where these two structures differ greatly in size. Azollopsis tomentosa, previously known from the late Cretaceous, has been found in the Eocene.     

Influence of Azolla management on the growth,yield of rice and soil fertility

A field experiment conducted at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, during three successive seasons showed that with the 120-day-duration variety Ratna two dual crops ofAzolla pinnata R. Brown (Bangkok isolate) could be achieved 25 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT) by inoculating 2.0 t ha⁻¹ of fresh Azolla 10 and 30 DAT respectively. One basal crop of Azolla could also be grown using the same inoculum 20 days before transplanting (DBT) in fallow rice fields. The three crops of Azolla grown—once before transplanting and twice after transplanting—gave an average total biomass of 38–63 and 43–64 t ha⁻¹ fresh Azolla containing 64–90 and 76–94 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively in the square and rectangular spacings. Two crops of Azolla grown only as a dual crop, on the other hand, gave 26–39 and 29–41 t ha⁻¹ fresh Azolla which contained 44–61 and 43–59 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively. Growth and yield of rice were significantly higher in Azolla basal plus Azolla dual twice incorporated treatments than in the Azolla dual twice incorporation, Azolla basal plus 30 kg N ha⁻¹ urea and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ urea treatments. Azolla basal plus 30 kg N ha⁻¹ urea and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ urea showed similar yields but Azolla dual twice incorporation was significantly lower than those. The different spacing with same plant populations did not affect growth and yield significantly, whereas Azolla growth during dual cropping was 8.3 and 64% more in the rectangular spacing than in the square spacing in Azolla basal plus Azolla dual twice incorporation and Azolla dual twice incorporation treatments.     

Some structures in Azolla megaspores,and an anomalous form

On the assumption that the “float” apparatus of Azolla arose by the “capture” and retention of separate floats developed as massulae round abortive megaspores, a model is proposed, accounting hypothetically for the separate origin of three-floated, nine-floated, fifteen-floated and twenty-four-floated species in different types of cytological behaviour during origin of the functional megaspore. It is considered irrelevant to ask whether nine-floated arose from three-floated or vice versa. Each type arose de novo and possibly more than once, out of the initial cytological situation which is constant for all species.An abnormal form of Azolla imbricata is described, which in terms of the model appears to represent a reversion to a Salvinia-like ancestral form, by loss of linked genes responsible for the Azolla “syndrome”.Anatomical and morphological studies on five modern and two Paleocene species are used to illustrate adaptation of perine as float-retaining mechanisms. A new structure, the manicula, produced from the perispore, is described in A. teschiana and A. velus.     

Palynological evidence of Azolla nilotica Dec. in recent Holocene of the eastern Nile Delta and palaeoenvironment

Megaspores, microspores and massulae of the free-floating fern, Azolla nilotica, were found in Late Holocene sediments obtained by coring in the eastern Nile Delta. Nowadays, the nearest station for this fern is southern Sudan. The determination of the species is based on spiny projections on the megaspore body and on the verrucate microspores. Palynological studies reveal that the habitat of the fern consisted of extensive papyrus marshes, now disappeared. Several causes for the disappearance of the fern from the Nile Delta are proposed amongst which the most probable is human influence which has completely modified the vegetation and the hydrology.     

Studies on the Ontogeny of the Pollinium of Goodyera Procera

Using light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the development of the pollinium of Goodyera procera (Ker-Gawler) Hooker. was investigated. At the early stage, sporogenous cells inside the microsporangium were seen grouping together into small aggregates each containing few cells. After the aggregates have formed the sporogenous cells inside the aggregates (which could now be called massulae) divide to form numerous pollen mother cells. Later, the pollen mother cells undergo meiosis to form tetrads. The pattern of formation of the exine of tetrads varies according to the location of the tetrads inside the micro- sporangium. Those tetrads that are situated near the outer region of the massulae can form: exine with well developed tectum, bacula and foot layer; and the sequence of events leading to the formation of this type of well developed exine is as follows the original wall and the cyto- plasmic channels associated with the wall become surrounded by a thick layer of callose thus isolating the wall from the plasmalemma. Near the plasmalemma a layer of primexine containing callose and cellulose begins to form. Later, the primexine develops into exine and between the exine and plasmalemma a layer of intine is laid down. Similar type of exine with well developed tectum, bacula and foot layer, is also present in tetrads facing the tapetum. But in this case the original wall of the tedtrad is not retained but undergoes dissolution and in its place a new exine formed. The pattern of formation of exine in the region between tetrads is even more different. Here the original wall also undergoes dissolution but instead of forming a proper exine it only forms a thin foot layer with bulges at places. The pattern of formation of the exine in the cells inside the tetrad is even more different. Here the original wall of the cells only undergoes partial dissolution. The loose fibrils of the partially dissolved wall then become mixed with the callose layer surrounding the cell. Inside this wall-fibril/callose mixture thin sheets of exine appear, but these thin sheets of exine do not develop further into tectum or bacula. In Goodyera a quite substantial amount of callose is retained in the regions between massulae and tetrads, and we believe that it is this callose which is holding the massulae and tetrads together to form pollinium.     

The nature and causes of annual fluctuations in numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on field beans (Vicia faba)

Experiments for nine successive years showed that Aphis fabae Scop. populations on mid-March-sown field beans were either large with peak densities between late June and mid-July or very small with peak densities in early August. It is concluded that the largest populations develop when many plants have been colonized by primary migrants from Euonymus europaeus and temperature and radiation are above average during June and early July, as in the year 1957. Cold, dull weather slows multiplication and decreases the size of the peak population even when there is a large initial colonization, as in 1954. The peak population may also be less than predicted from the initial colonization when natural enemies are exceptionally abundant in early June, as in the year 1960. Yield losses of mid-March-sown crops in years of large A. fabae populations ranged from 53 % in 1954 (peak population of 1260 aphids per plant) to 100% in 1957 (6920 aphids per plant). Small summer populations with peak densities of about 0·2–85 aphids per plant developed on mid-March-sown plots in years when fewer than about 6% of the plants were colonized by primary migrants. Yield losses ranged from 6·3–13·6%. Three years' experiments indicated that crops sown in late April or May are relatively lightly infested in years when large populations develop on mid-March-sown crops. Conversely, they may be relatively heavily infested when the populations on these crops are small, as in 1955 when temperatures and sunshine during July and early August were above average. Small and large early summer populations tend to alternate in successive years. The alternation is upset by hot, sunny weather during July and August, and perhaps September and October, which compresses the population cycle Thus the large and small populations expected from this alternation in 1956 and 1960 developed instead during exceptionally fine weather in late summer 1955 and 1959, converting 1956 and 1960 to years of small and large populations respectively.     

Effect of phosphorus on Azolla and its utilization in rice culture in Niger

The trials to use Azolla as a green manure for rice culture were made in the Niger basin.Azolla pinnata (Niger isolate) was used for the experiments. The effect of phosphorus on the growth and N₂-fixation was examined in the field and in the laboratory. The growth rate and N content were maximum with P 3.1 ppm culture solution under laboratory conditions. The threshold P content for the growth was 0.5–0.6% in the dry matter. Maximum N content was 4.1% in the laboratory culture. In the field culture, the effect of P fertilizer on the growth and N yield of Azolla was tested. The split application of 6.5 kg P ha⁻¹ per 13 days was most effective in stimulating the growth of Azolla. One kg of P as triple superphosphate produced 3.66 kg N in the Azolla. Maximum growth rate and N content in the field trials was 4.3 days (doubling time) and 2.3%, respectively. The lower productivity in the field in comparison with the laboratory culture was considered to be due to higher temperature and light intensity. the growth of Azolla was suppressed in the hot season in the Niger basin. The growth rate and N content were reduced during the high temperature period over 30°C on an average. The effect of inoculation of Azolla on rice yield was tested in the field experiment. The grain yield was increased 27% by Azolla incolation over the treatment without Azolla inoculation in — N fertilizer treatments. While the growth of Azolla with rice plants did not attain saturated density (1.8 kg fresh weight m⁻²), the effect on the grain yield was comparable to 40 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea.