湿地植物根表的铁锰氧化物膜

湿地植物根系具有泌氧能力 ,使其根表及根际微环境呈氧化状态。因而 ,土壤溶液中一些还原性物质被氧化 ,如 Fe2 ,Mn2 ,形成的氧化物呈红色或红棕色胶膜状包裹在根表 ,称为铁锰氧化物膜。铁锰氧化物膜及其根际微环境是湿地植物根系吸收养分和污染物的门户 ,势必会影响这些物质的吸收。主要综述了铁锰氧化物膜的形成和组成 ,以及根表形成的氧化物膜的生态效应 ,也就是氧化物胶膜对植物根系吸收外部介质中的养分及污染物质——重金属离子的影响     

根表铁锰氧化物胶膜对不同品种水稻吸镉的影响

采用土培方法,研究了不同品种水稻吸镉的差异及其与根表铁锰氧化物胶膜的关系,结果表明：不同品种水稻其根膜,根部及地上部含镉量均存在显著性差异,且镉在不同水稻植株体内运输转移能力不同,不同水稻其根表淀积的铁锰氧化物数量也存在显著性差异,根膜及地上部的含镉量与极膜的含铁量均未达到显著性相关,但与根膜的含锰量相关性显著。     

3种湿地植物对锌的吸收分配及其与根表铁氧化物胶膜的关系

在室内培养条件下,以灯心草、茭白和美人蕉3种湿地植物为材料,研究了湿地植物对锌的吸收分配能力与根表铁氧化物胶膜之间的关系.结果表明:(1)3种湿地植物积累锌的总量大小顺序为:茭白>美人蕉>灯心草,茭白积累锌的总量是灯心草的1.79倍;它们根表铁氧化物胶膜含量表现为灯心草>茭白>美人蕉,且其间存在显著差异(P<0.05).(2)锌在湿地植物中分配比例表现为;根中锌量>地上部分锌量>根表铁氧化物胶膜上吸附锌量;锌主要积累在湿地植物根中,地上部分和根表铁氧化物胶膜上吸附的锌量无显著差异.(3)湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜上吸附锌的数量与湿地植物地下部分锌含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.983 5**),增加根表铁氧化物胶膜上锌的数量就能明显提高地下部分锌含量;每千克土壤加入1 g FeSO4后,3种湿地植物积累锌的总量平均增加了21%.可见,湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜对锌的吸附也是湿地植物固定或积累锌的重要途径之一.     

水稻根表铁膜吸附镉及植株吸收镉的动态

采用营养液培养法研究了Cd处理时间对有铁膜和无铁膜水稻根表吸附Cd及植株吸收Cd动态变化的影响.水稻根表铁膜由50 mg·L^-1 Fe^2＋（Fe₅₀）诱导形成.供试植株在含10 μmol·L^-1Cd的营养液中生长不同时间后收获.结果表明, 随Cd处理时间的延长,无铁膜和有铁膜处理水稻根表DCB-Cd含量均为先增加后减少,Cd处理2 h达到最高,之后逐渐下降并趋于稳定. 根系和地上部Cd含量均持续上升,Cd处理8 h前增加缓慢,8 h后增加幅度加大.有铁膜水稻根系和地上部Cd含量增加幅度均低于无铁膜水稻.有铁膜处理DCB-Cd含量、根系和地上部Cd含量均低于无铁膜处理.表明铁膜不影响水稻各部分Cd含量随时间的变化趋势;不同Fe处理之间根系和地上部Cd含量的差异可能与根系含Fe量有关.     

根区通氧状况对水稻幼苗生长及吸收镉的影响

采用水培的方法研究了根区通氧状况对水稻根系结构、根系泌氧、根表铁膜生成以及水稻耐受、吸收Cd的影响.水培条件下,根区氧处理对水稻幼苗的生长产生了一定的影响,缺氧条件下的水稻根的伸长量降低,生物量增加,直径增粗,根系泌氧量增加,并降低幼苗对Cd的吸收.当培养溶液Cd2+浓度为1.0 mg/L时,缺氧处理相对于通氧处理,根表吸附的Cd降低了85 5%,地下部分吸收的Cd降低了35%,转运到地上部分的Cd降低了58%.根表铁膜对Cd的吸收和转运也有一定的抑制作用,但其作用因环境中Cd2+浓度和根区通氧状况而异.在根区通氧充分的培养条件下,水稻幼苗铁膜对较高浓度Cd2+(1.0 mg/L)的吸收和转运起着重要的作用,DCB-Cd占根系吸收Cd的50%,茎叶对Cd的吸收显著降低(p<0.05).研究表明在缺氧胁迫下,根系结构本身(如根表通透性降低)是影响水稻吸收Cd的重要因素.     

水稻根表铁膜及其形成的形态、生理及分子机理综述

介绍了水稻铁吸收的两种机理、根表铁膜组成及其对生态环境和养分吸收意义。分析了影响铁膜形成的重要因素,即根系氧化力提升背后的两大基础:通气组织形成和酶介导的活性氧增加;说明了通气组织具有促进根系泌氧和缓解磷缺乏及铁中毒的作用,并指出,在铁膜形成过程中通气组织形成是活性氧增加引起细胞程序性死亡的结果。通过讨论抗氧化酶清除活性氧的功能,认为Fenton反应可能是铁膜形成的关键反应,提出了定位在表皮及外层皮层组织细胞壁上的III型过氧化物酶很可能与铁膜形成有密切联系的猜想。随后在分子层次上探讨了铁螯合还原-氧化酶、铁转运子及过氧化物酶等对铁膜形成所起的作用,认为类机理I铁吸收途径可能是铁膜形成所需铁的主要来源。概括了铁膜形成过程及条件,最后对铁膜研究中有待解决的热点问题进行了探讨。     

湿地植物根表铁膜研究进展

为了适应渍水环境,许多湿地植物都具有根系泌氧、形成铁膜的能力。因铁膜具有特殊的物理或化学结构,可以通过吸附和共沉淀作用影响元素在土壤中的化学行为和生物有效性,在植物吸收营养元素和重金属中起重要作用。综述了湿地植物根表铁膜的形成、影响因素以及根表铁膜对营养元素和重金属的生态环境效应,从表征技术方面阐述了根表铁膜的作用机制。对今后的研究方向给出如下建议:(1)扩大研究领域;(2)铁膜形成的动态变化过程;(3)铁膜对植物生理形态的影响;(4)利用先进的表征技术以确定铁膜的作用机制。     

接种AM真菌和施加铁可协同降低水稻砷累积

采用外源添加砷(As)的土培模拟试验探究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)异形根孢囊霉Rhizophagus irregularis和外源添加铁(Fe)对水稻Oryza sativa根表铁膜形成以及水稻累积砷的影响。结果表明,根表铁膜能够吸附大量的磷和砷。添加砷促进了根表铁膜的形成,而接种AMF后铁膜厚度显著降低。接种AMF改善了植物的磷营养状况,显著提高了水稻根系砷浓度,但降低了地上部砷浓度;砷污染情况下施加铁显著降低了接种处理水稻地上部的砷浓度。接种AMF+施加铁处理降低水稻地上部砷浓度的效果最大。这表明AMF+施加铁可协同抑制水稻地上部砷积累。该研究结果为在高砷背景值土壤中种植粮食作物并保障食品安全提供了一条可供选择的技术途径。     

有机物料对黄河三角洲滨海盐土根际效应的影响Ⅰ．──养分和酶生物学效应

采用根际袋法研究腐熟有机物料对滨海盐土水稻根际养分和酶活性特征的影响．结果表明,施用有机物料可增加土壤有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｆｅ和Ｚｎ的含量,增强土壤尤其根际土壤的转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和豚酶活性,可加速土壤有机Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ的代谢作用,增加水稻养分吸收,改善生长发育,增强耐盐性．     

湿地植物根表铁膜研究进展

湿地植物具有一系列生理和结构上适应浸水环境的特征,如根系的通气组织和渗氧能力,这使得植物根际微环境处于氧化状态,这样土壤中的铁和锰会在植物根表被氧化而形成红棕色的铁锰氧化物胶膜.土壤中的铁锰元素和局部的氧化环境是铁膜形成的2个重要条件.铁膜的主要组分为铁锰的氧化物及其水合物,它是一种两性胶体,可以通过离子之间的吸附-解吸、氧化-还原、有机-无机的络合等作用改变根际环境中重金属阳离子和养分的存在形态,从而影响这些离子的生物有效性,进而能影响土壤-湿地植被体系中污染物和养分的迁移.本文主要综述了湿地植物根系铁锰氧化物胶膜的形成、组成以及对植物吸收外部介质中的重金属和养分的影响,并提出了在今后的研究中仍值得进一步探讨和解决的问题.

Abstract：

Wetland plants have a series of physiological and anatomical characteristics to adapt flooding habitat, e.g. , their root aerenchyma and oxygen-penetrating capability can make the rhizospheric micro-environment be under oxidation condition, resulting in the formation of Fe/Mn plaques on root surface. Soil Fe and Mn and thee micro-environment oxidation condition are the two important prerequisites for the formation of the Fe/Mn plaques. The plaques are mainly com-posed of Fe-and Mn-0xides and their hydrates, which can alter the forms of heavy metals and nu-trients in rhizospberic micro-environment via the actions ahserption-desorption, oxidation-reduc-tion, and organic-inorganic chelation, etc. , and thereby, affect the bioavailability and the migra-tion of pollutants and nutrients in wetland soil-plant system. This paper reviewed the researches about the formation and composition of Fe/Mn plaques on wetland plant root surface, and the effects of the plaques on the heavy metals and nutrients uptake by wetland plants. Some problems worthy to be further approached were discussed.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.