长白山阔叶红松林降雨截留量的估算

林冠截留降雨过程是森林流域水分循环的重要组成部分,以往的研究多为1次或多次降雨量与截留量的关系,很少考虑雨强和树木特征.文中利用林冠截留降雨半经验半理论模型,以雨强和叶面积指数为模型输入,林冠湿润程度为参数,结合Penman-Monteith公式,有效地模拟了长白山阔叶红松林次降雨的截留过程和2004年5～9月的林冠截留总量.结果表明,研究期间的林冠截留总量为39.96 mm,占降雨总量的10.2%,与实测资料吻合.根据模拟结果,探讨了不同时间尺度上截留量与降雨量之间的关系,随着时间尺度的增大,截留量与降雨量的相关关系趋于明显.     

辽宁东部山区落叶松人工林林冠降雨截留观测及模拟

利用2005-2008年辽东山区落叶松人工林林冠降雨截留观测数据,并选取Gash解析模型模拟林冠截留过程.结果表明：落叶松人工林林内穿透雨量与林外降雨量呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.98),年均穿透雨量占总降雨量的77.64%;林冠截留量与降雨量和降雨强度之间呈正相关关系;除2007年由于降雨间隔时间短导致模拟截留量大于实测截留量外,模型模拟的林冠截留量均小于实测林冠截留量;模型模拟的绝对误差与林外降水量呈负指数相关,为1.26%～68.96%,平均值为29.09%;模拟值与实测值之间的相关系数为0.91,模型模拟结果与实测结果相吻合.     

黄土高原农牧交错带人工乔灌木林冠截留

在黄土高原农牧交错带的六道沟流域,通过2年观测,研究了主要人工造林树种油松、刺槐、柠条和沙柳的冠层截留特征。结果表明：4个树种林冠截留量和林内降雨量均与大气降水量呈正相关,其中林冠截留量与大气降水量呈幂函数关系;油松林平均截留率为16.7％,刺槐林为11.6％,沙柳林为12.8％,柠条林为11.2％。模拟结果表明,修正的王彦辉模型较原模型能够更好地反映黄土高原半干旱地区典型乔灌木树种冠层截留的大小。     

基于Horton 模型的涟江流域马尾松林冠截留模拟

喀斯特地区林冠截留对降水再分配和水源涵养起到重要的作用。以涟江流域马尾松为研究对象, 以植被截留观测数据为基础, 基于Horton 模型建立涟江流域马尾松林冠截留模型。结果表明: 观测期内, 涟江流域降雨总量为520.67 mm, 叶面积指数平均为0.39; 马尾松林冠截留总量的模拟值为67.79 mm, 与实测值误差16.55 mm, 两者间的决定系数(R²)为0.75, 模型模拟效果较好; 流域内马尾松林冠截留量占全年降水总量的17.04%, 且流域林冠截留空间分布呈现由东北部向南部递减的规律, 流域内黄壤与石灰土上的马尾松林冠截留量较大, 而不同地貌对林冠截留量的影响较小。总体而言, 构建的模型能达到较好的模拟效果, 涟江流域马尾松林具有较强的林冠截留作用。     

川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征

在林分和小流域尺度上,应用模型研究了四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林冠层的降水截留特征.结果表明:生长季节(5—10月),箭竹-岷江冷杉原始林冠层截留系数在33%～72%之间,平均48%;冠层截留量与降水量之间呈显著的线性关系,截留系数与降水量之间呈负指数函数关系;试验小流域内,植被冠层最大截留量的平均值为1.74mm,不同林分间的差异显著,其顺序为藓类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>草类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>藓类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>草类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>杜鹃灌丛;冠层最大截留量与叶面积指数(LAI)之间呈极显著的线性关系;冠层截留量、冠层最大截留量、附加截留量分别占同期降水量的39%、25%和14%.所选模型对整个生长季平均截留量的模拟效果较好,相对误差为9%～14%.     

半湿润地区城市绿地灌木的截留集水功能及其影响因素

在半湿润地区,创新节水型城市绿地建设模式,实现绿地由耗水型向节水型转变,是学术界关注的热点问题。通过模拟降雨的方法,对半湿润地区城市绿地中的金叶女贞、大叶黄杨、小叶黄杨、红叶石楠、龙柏和侧柏等6种灌木的截留集水功能及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明: 冠层截留和茎流集水是水文过程的两个不同阶段,常绿灌木冠层截留大,但其茎流集水差;随着雨强增大,所有灌木的穿透雨率和茎流率都明显增加,但截留率却相对减少;穿透雨率表现为阔叶灌木显著大于针叶灌木,茎流率趋势与之相同,而截留率则相反。冠层投影中心区域穿透雨率最小,随着与冠层投影中心距离的加大,叶面积指数降低,穿透雨率也呈逐步减少趋势;当雨强为小雨时,冠层投影中心的穿透雨率小,即截留率和茎流率大,当雨强为大雨时,冠层投影中心的穿透雨率大,即截留率和茎流率小;随着雨强增大,冠层外围穿透雨率增大,漏斗形截留集水系统呈缩小趋势。雨强和叶面积指数是显著影响灌木截留集水功能的重要因素;半湿润地区城市绿地在林下配置阔叶灌木更有利于截留集水。     

祁连山青海云杉林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素

以位于祁连山中段大野口关滩森林站的青海云杉林为研究对象,利用2008年观测期间(6月12日至10月8日)34场降雨的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量观测资料,对青海云杉林的降雨再分配特征及其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明:青海云杉林的总穿透雨量、截留量和干流量分别为212.6、64.5 mm和3.4 mm,分别占大气降雨量的75.8%、23.0%和1.2%;穿透雨在林内具有较大的空间变异性,其变异程度随降雨量的增大而减小,叶面积指数和冠层郁闭度在一定程度上也影响穿透雨的空间分布,且降雨量越小其影响效果越明显;青海云杉林的总干流量为3.4 mm,平均干流率为0.58%,雨前林冠的湿润程度对树干流的产生有很大影响,导致当降雨量为5.6 mm时就开始产生树干茎流;青海云杉林冠截留率的大小主要取决于降雨量,且随着降雨量的增大先减小并逐渐趋于稳定,林冠截留量总体上随冠层郁闭度和叶面积指数的增大而增大,但当观测点位于树冠边缘或多个树冠重叠处时出现负截留现象。所以,就特定林分而言,冠层结构特征对于其林冠生态水文效应起着重要的作用。     

太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征

利用2011年5-9月生长季观测的30场降雨数据,分析了山西太岳山不同郁闭度下油松人工林林冠截留、穿透雨以及树干茎流与降雨量的关系,以及林冠截留过程的特点.结果表明:(1)实验观测期间,该地区降雨总量为634.79mm,单次平均降雨量为21.16mm,单次最大降雨量为58.15mm,单次最小降雨量为0.54mm.其中,8月份的降雨总量最大,为190.77mm,6月份的降雨总量最小,为41.81mm.(2)郁闭度为0.8的油松人工林林冠截留量与降雨量呈一元线性关系,郁闭度为0.7、0.6和0.5均呈幂函数关系;对于各郁闭度的油松人工林,其林冠截留率与降雨量均呈对数函数关系;穿透雨量、树干茎流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干茎流量都随着降雨量的增加而增加.(3)不同郁闭度油松人工林之间林冠截留、穿透雨和树干茎流不同,总的趋势为随着郁闭度的减小,林冠截留量减小,穿透雨量增大,树干茎流量增大.林冠截留量与郁闭度表现出正相关关系,而穿透雨量、树干茎流量都与郁闭度表现出负相关关系.(4)各郁闭度林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致.     

苏南丘陵区毛竹林冠截留降雨分布格局

降雨穿过林冠层时,由于林冠的拦截作用,改变了降雨分布格局。林冠截留是一个复杂的水文过程,受降水特征及林分特性的影响较大。本文以北亚热带苏南丘陵地区人工毛竹林(Phyllostachys edulis)为研究对象,利用2007年度各场次降雨观测数据,分析了降雨量和降雨强度与林冠截留降雨的关系,研究了林冠截留过程的特点。结果表明：（1） 研究期间共观测到102次降水事件,降水总量为1110.8mm,单次最大降雨量为110.0㎜,最小为0.55㎜,事件平均降水量为10.89mm,且绝大部分降雨为低雨强、中雨量级的降雨事件。（2） 研究期间林冠截留总量为171.72mm,占同期降雨总量的15.46%。单次林冠截留量变幅为0.21—4.55mm,截留率变幅为1.3%—100%,且随林外降雨量的递增,林冠截留率呈现递减的变化趋势,二者的关系用幂函数（I0=117.34P-0.9106）拟合效果较好。（3）在林外次降雨量小于5㎜的条件下,事件降雨量占年降雨总量的5.0%,相应的降雨事件频率为9.8%,此时林冠截留量随降雨量的增大而增加,其变幅为0.55—1.9㎜,截留量与降雨量的关系用对数函数（I=0.4931Ln(P) 0.9493）进行拟合效果较好;在单场降雨量大于5㎜时,林冠截留量随各场次降雨量的增加,其变动幅度和频率均大大增强,变化范围在0.21—4.55㎜之间,二者相关性较差。（4）降雨在7—10mm雨量级范围内时,林外降雨量和林冠截留量分别为245.14mm和47.9㎜,占其全年总量的比例均为最大,分别为22.07%和27.9%;各雨量级林冠平均截留量与平均降雨量的关系表现为对数函数关系（R2=0.7287）,而截留率与平均降雨量的关系表现为极显著的幂函数关系（R2=0.9817）,且林冠对降雨的截留作用在雨量级较小时,表现十分显著。（5）全年单场降雨强度小于0.06mm/min时,降雨事件频数为73.53%,降雨量占其总量的57.93%,林冠截留量占其总量的89.34%,降雨事件平均截留率（23.84%）远高于雨强大于0.06mm/min时的降雨事件平均截留率（3.92%）。本研究结果为长江中下游丘陵山区水土保持林和水源涵养林体系建设提供了理论依据。     

暖温带落叶阔叶林冠层对降水的分配作用

 对1996年生长季节中两种落叶阔叶林冠层对降水的分配各分量的测定和分析表明：降水在辽东栎林冠层中的分配为：干流量S,66.7mm;透流量T,539.3mm;截留量I,117.6mm;分别占同期降水量的9.2％、74.5％和16.3％。混交林对降水的分配为：干流量S,32.8mm(4.5％);透流量T;555.9mm(76.8％);截留量I,134.9mm(18.6％)。各分量与降水特性的多元回归的结果表明：干流量S与降水量P和前24小时降水量P1之间呈显著正相关关系;透流量T与降水量P和最大雨强M正相关显著。     

透光抚育强度对小兴安岭“栽针保阔”红松林凋落物水文效应的影响

为了揭示“栽针保阔”及透光抚育在恢复东北温带地带性顶极植被阔叶红松林过程中对凋落物层水文效应的影响规律,采用样地调查法和室内浸泡法,同步测定小兴安岭山杨-红松林、白桦-红松林和蒙古栎-红松林(冠下栽植红松25～35年)在不同透光抚育强度(对照,轻、中、强度透光抚育)下的凋落物量、凋落物持水过程、最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量。结果表明: 透光抚育对3种林型凋落物蓄积量(7.32～15.58 t·hm^-2)影响不同,使蒙古栎-红松林(各强度)、山杨-红松林(轻、中度)及白桦-红松林(强度)分别显著提高24.3%～34.6%、15.3%～19.3%和27.1%。凋落物未分解、半分解层的持水量(W)、吸水速率(V)随浸泡时间(t)变化符合W=alnt+b(R²＞0.908)、V=ktⁿ(R²≥0.999)函数关系。各透光抚育(除强度透光抚育山杨-红松林外)使3种林型凋落物层最大持水量(17.86～45.12 t·hm^-2)、最大拦蓄量(16.10～34.19 t·hm^-2)和有效拦蓄量(13.42～27.42 t·hm^-2)分别显著提高30.1%～74.8%、27.4%～83.6%和26.7%～86.0%,且改变了各林型间凋落物层有效拦蓄量的差异。透光抚育显著增强了中期“栽针保阔”红松林凋落物层的水文生态功能,蒙古栎-红松林、山杨-红松林和白桦-红松林依次采取轻、中和强度透光抚育的效果最佳。     

地形对典型阔叶红松林叶面积指数分布的影响

基于小兴安岭丰林国家级自然保护区阔叶红松林30 hm²监测样地,利用叶面积指数(LAI)与胸高断面积间的经验模型计算样地内主要树种及所有树种的总LAI,研究海拔、坡度、坡向和曲率4种地形因子对LAI分布的影响,以及对LAI分布的综合作用. 结果表明: 4种地形因子对红松、冷杉、紫椴、裂叶榆和五角槭5种主要树种LAI的分布均存在显著影响,而坡向对枫桦LAI的分布存在显著影响;4种地形因子对所有树种总LAI的分布具有显著影响. 将样地划分为山脊、阳坡、山谷阳面、阴坡和山谷阴面5种生境类型.生境类型对所有树种总LAI的分布存在显著影响,其中山脊LAI显著高于其他生境类型,均值为8.85;阳坡的LAI次之,均值为7.62;山谷阳面和阴坡的LAI不存在显著差异;而山谷阴面的LAI最小,均值为4.42.     

Contrasting climate-growth relationship between Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica along a latitudinal gradient in Daxing’an Mountains,China

The Daxing’an Mountains is one of the areas with the most serious climate warming in northern China. Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) and Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) are two major coniferous species in boreal forests of the region. Their growth-climate relationship is crucial for understanding the effects of climate change on boreal forest ecosystems. To examine and compare the changes of climate-growth relationship between larch and pine, a total of 418 tree-ring cores of the two species were collected at six sites in the Daxing’an Mountains, and the tree-ring chronologies were developed. The results showed that water availability (Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI) played a key role in the stable growth of larch and pine. The temperature and precipitation in January, June-August are important factors affecting the radial growth of the two coniferous species along the latitude gradient. The correlation coefficients of growth and the seasonal temperature and precipitation of larch and pine showed a completely opposite trend with the increase of latitude. In summer and autumn, the correlation coefficients between larch growth and seasonal mean temperature decreased first and then increased with the increase of latitude, while that of pine, on the contrary, increased first and then decreased. In winter, spring and autumn, the correlation coefficients between larch growth and seasonal total precipitation decreased first and then increased with the increase of latitude, while that of pine was opposite. However, the correlation coefficients between larch and pine growth and PDSI showed the same trend with the increase of latitude, decreasing at first and then increasing. Before and after rapid warming (around 1980), the correlation coefficients between larch and pine growth and PDSI showed a completely opposite change. Our findings emphasize that the growth-climate relationships of Dahurian larch and Mongolian Scotts pine shows an opposite trend with latitude, which means that the two species may exhibit a completely opposite response with climate change along the latitude gradient.     

The effects of tree characteristics on rainfall interception in urban areas

Trees in urban areas have significant effects on the urban ecosystem. They can be used to improve the water cycle in urban areas by increasing evaporation and reducing runoff through rainfall interception. Street trees placed in planters on impervious areas reduce runoff by intercepting rainfall and by temporarily storing raindrops on leaves. Therefore, understanding tree canopy geometry and the effect of rainfall interception is important in urban hydrology. In this study, we assessed the effect of tree canopy morphology on rainfall interception using four major street tree species, Sophora japonica L., Ginkgo biloba L., Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino, and Aesculus turbinata Blume, in Seoul, South Korea. We measured throughfall for each tree and also derived three-dimensional data of tree canopy morphology with a terrestrial laser scanner. Tree height, canopy crown width, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area density, mean leaf area, and mean leaf angle were used to determine canopy morphology. The interception rate was mostly affected by the LAI; a higher LAI tended to result in a higher interception rate. Leaf area affected the rainfall interception rate when trees had similar LAIs. These findings on individual tree canopy rainfall interception can help us to understand the importance of rainfall interception in hydrology and for ecological restoration when planning urban green spaces.

     

1987年特大火灾后不同树种种植比例对大兴安岭森林景观的长期影响

应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了1987年大兴安岭北坡图强林业局特大森林火灾后在目前种植强度下,不同落叶松和樟子松种植比例(100%落叶松(P₁)、70%落叶松和30%樟子松(P₂)、50%落叶松和50%樟子松(P₃)、30%落叶松和70%樟子松(P₄)、100%樟子松(P₅)以及完全依靠天然更新(P₀)条件下森林景观的长期动态变化.结果表明,在演替的前期、中期和后期,不同种植比例均对落叶松、樟子松和白桦有显著影响;落叶松所占的面积百分比随时间的推移均呈上升趋势,而樟子松则相反;在各种植预案下,落叶松和樟子松的面积百分比均高于天然更新预案的比例,随着落叶松种植比例的增加,落叶松的多度也相应增加;樟子松在该区所占的面积百分比也随其种植比例的增大而增加.白桦在天然更新预案下所占的面积百分比明显高于种植预案下所占的比例;而不同落叶松和樟子松种植比例也对白桦面积有较大影响,樟子松种植的比例越大,白桦所占的面积百分比越高,说明落叶松比樟子松有更强的竞争能力.但P₂、P₃和P₄预案下,落叶松和樟子松的面积所占比例相差不大,但要高于完全种植落叶松(P₁)或樟子松(P₅)所占的比例.     

半干旱区沙质退化草地造林对土壤质量的影响

采用野外调查与室内培养相结合的方法,研究了我国北方半干旱区科尔沁沙地退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后0～10 cm表层土壤理化性状、土壤碳氮矿化量、土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性等的变化. 结果表明32年生樟子松人工林土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷等养分含量分别下降了21%、42%和45%;5月和11月樟子松人工林土壤NH4 -N显著高于草地(P=0.001;P=0.019),而5、8和11月草地土壤NO3--N含量显著高于樟子松人工林(P＜0.001;P=0.048;P=0.031);5、8和11月樟子松人工林土壤有机碳日矿化释放的CO2-C量均大于草地,而二者土壤氮矿化率差异不显著(P＞0.05);5和8月樟子松人工林土壤微生物量碳含量与草地相比差异不显著,11月则显著高于草地;土壤养分和水分含量是影响土壤微生物量碳含量的重要因素;与草地相比,樟子松人工林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性升高. 上述结果说明半干旱区沙质退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后土壤质量出现一定程度的下降;由于植被的改变,樟子松人工林土壤理化性状和生物学性状等表现出与草地不同的季节动态特征.造林作为我国北方半干旱区沙地退化生态系统的一种恢复手段具有一定的局限性.     

岷江上游植被冠层降水截留的空间模拟

 通过对岷江上游实地踏查和定位观测研究,结合MODIS遥感数据,利用“3S”技术对岷江上游植被冠层降水截留进行了空间模拟。研究结果表明：岷江上游植被叶面积指数（LAI）与增强性植被指数（EVI）以二项式关系拟合效果较好。由于归一化植被指数（NDVI）存在的饱和问题,研究采用EVI反演LAI,统计结果表明：岷江上游LAI值在0～2之间的占28.57%,在2～4.5之间的占63.06%,大于4.5的占8.37%,其中LAI最大值为7.394;从冠层最大降水截留模拟结果来看: 植被较好的地区,如卧龙、米亚罗的植被冠层最大降水截留量较大,而干旱河谷、上游高山草甸等地的植被冠层最大降水截留量相对较低;附加冠层降水截留与降雨量呈线性相关,模型验证时以此为基础,模型模拟的结果较为理想。     

Direct and indirect estimates of Leaf Area Index (LAI) for lodgepole and loblolly pine stands

We compared direct and indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI) for lodgepole and loblolly pine stands. Indirect estimates of LAI using radiative methods of the LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (PCA) did not correlate with allometric estimates for lodgepole pine, and correlated only weakly with litter-trap estimates for loblolly pine. The PCA consistently under-estimated LAI in lodgepole pine stands with high LAI, and over-estimated LAI in the loblolly pine stands with low LAI. We developed a physical model to test the hypothesis that the PCA may under-estimate LAI in high leaf area stands because of increased foliage overlap and, therefore, increased selfshading. Radiative estimates of LAI using the PCA for the physical model were consistenly lower than allometric measures. Results from the physical model suggested that increased foliage overlap decreased the ability of the PCA to accurately estimate LAI. The relationship between allometric and radiative measures suggested an upper asymptote in LAI estimated using the PCA. The PCA may not accurately estimate LAI in stands of low or high leaf area index, and the bias or error associated with these estimates probably depends on species and canopy structure. A species specific correction factor will not necessarily correct bias in LAI estimates using the PCA.     

Effects of Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Leaf Area Index and Fruit Yield in High-Density Soilless Tomato Culture Using Low Node-Order Pinching

To further development of a simplified fertigation system using controlled-release fertilizers (CRF), we investigated the effects of differing levels of fertilizers and plant density on leaf area index (LAI), fruit yields, and nutrient use in soilless tomato cultures with low node-order pinching and high plant density during spring-summer (SS), summer-fall (SF), and fall-winter (FW) seasons. Plants were treated with 1 of 3 levels of CRF in a closed system, or with liquid fertilizer (LF) with constant electrical conductivity (EC) in a drip-draining system. Two plant densities were examined for each fertilizer treatment. In CRF treatments, LAI at pinching increased linearly with increasing nutrient supply for all cropping seasons. In SS, both light interception by plant canopy at pinching and total marketable fruit yield increased linearly with increasing LAI up to 6 m²·m⁻²; the maximization point was not reached for any of the treatments. In FW, both light interception and yield were maximized at an LAI of approximately 4. These results suggest that maximizing the LAI in SS and FW to the saturation point for light interception is important for increasing yield. In SF, however, the yield maximized at an LAI of approximately 3, although the light interception linearly increased with increasing LAI, up to 4.5. According to our results, the optimal LAI at pinching may be 6 in SS, 3 in SF, and 4 in FW. In comparing LAI values with similar fruit yield, we found that nutrient supply was 32−46% lower with the CRF method than with LF. In conclusion, CRF application in a closed system enables growers to achieve a desirable LAI to maximize fruit yield with a regulated amount of nutrient supply per unit area. Further, the CRF method greatly reduced nutrient use without decreasing fruit yield at similar LAIs, as compared to the LF method.     

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林不同年龄针叶生理生态性状

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)又称蒙古松, 是我国“三北”防护林建设的主要造林树种。人工林建立初期, 在水分、养分匮乏的干旱、半干旱沙地, 樟子松仍表现出较强的适应性; 近年来, 各地樟子松人工林均出现衰退迹象。在沙地这种特殊生境下, 樟子松针叶的光合作用、水分利用效率、氮利用效率等主要性状的研究对于理解樟子松的沙地适应性具有非常重要的意义。该文以位于科尔沁沙地南缘的中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所奈曼沙漠化研究站(42°55′ N, 120°43′ E) 30龄樟子松人工林为研究对象, 对不同年龄针叶的光合作用、蒸腾作用、针叶碳氮含量、针叶形态(叶长、宽、厚)等主要生理生态属性进行测定, 计算出针叶的蒸腾系数(K_c)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE), 阐明了这些性状与樟子松叶龄的关系, 进而探讨了叶片性状在樟子松适应沙地生境中的意义。结果表明, 1)不同年龄针叶的光合速率(P_n)、K_c和PNUE存在显著差异, 四龄针叶的P_n、K_c和PNUE显著低于其他龄针叶。氮含量减少是导致P_n差异的根本原因, P_n随着氮含量的减小而降低。2)各龄针叶的长、宽等形态参数及碳含量受其形成前一年的降水量影响显著。3)从水分及养分利用(K_c、PNUE)角度来看, 一至三年生针叶的利用效率更高, 四龄针叶较低。合理的叶龄结构既能增强针叶对氮素的利用又能增大植株的光合叶面积, 有利于提高个体乃至冠层的光合能力。此外, 遇到严重干旱时, 老叶脱落可以增强樟子松个体的适应性。