1999～2013年我国野生丹顶鹤死伤数量及其对野生种群的影响

丹顶鹤是国家一级保护动物,已被IUCN列为濒危物种。近年来,我国野生丹顶鹤种群数量不断下降,就地保护形势极为严峻。本研究搜集和整理了1999~2013年我国与直接人为干扰相关的野生丹顶鹤死伤事件,并分析了其对丹顶鹤野生种群的影响。结果表明:近15年,因直接人为干扰导致死亡和受伤的丹顶鹤总数为174只,平均11.6只/年;其中,死亡丹顶鹤67只,受伤丹顶鹤107只。也就是说,每年约2.1%的野生丹顶鹤种群因直接人为干扰而丧失。1999~2013年,丹顶鹤死亡数量随时间推移呈不断下降的趋势,但受伤丹顶鹤数量并未减少;丹顶鹤因中毒导致的伤亡事件比例随时间推移呈直线下降趋势。1999~2013年,全国有10个省、市、自治区发生了野生丹顶鹤的死伤事件;其中,江苏省、辽宁省和吉林省的死伤丹顶鹤总数最多,分别达到62只、46只和23只;江苏省和辽宁省的死亡丹顶鹤分别占总数的52.2%和29.9%。从丹顶鹤死伤原因分析,中毒事件占死伤事件总数的38.5%,受伤原因不明的占48.7%;因中毒而死亡的丹顶鹤有62只,占死亡总数的92.5%;因中毒而受伤的丹顶鹤有51只,占受伤总数的47.7%。中毒是近15年我国野生丹顶鹤死亡或受伤的最主要原因。本研究为了解直接人为干扰对丹顶鹤野生种群的影响提供了最直接的证据,为解释我国丹顶鹤野生种群持续减少提供了新的视角,为进一步加强丹顶鹤保护与管理、促进丹顶鹤野生种群健康稳定发展提供了基础数据。     

兴凯湖湿地丹顶鹤迁徙与繁殖数量调查

兴凯湖作为亚太地区水鸟重要的迁徙停歇地以及繁殖地,对丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的局域保护有着重要意义。2012~2014年通过样点与样线相结合的方法对兴凯湖保护区春、秋两季丹顶鹤的迁徙数量以及夏季的繁殖数量进行了调查。这3年中兴凯湖地区丹顶鹤的迁徙数量较为稳定,春季迁徙数量51~84只,秋季迁徙数量178~213只;繁殖个体数量呈轻微下降趋势,由2012年的105只下降至2014年的83只;栖息本地的丹顶鹤数量有了明显的增多,2013和2014年分别增长15和9只。丹顶鹤数量调查对了解其地理分布和种群数量变动规律具有重要意义,也为制订保护措施提供科学依据。     

就地保护中迁地保护实践案例--以扎龙保护区人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群为例)

就地保护中实施迁地保护是濒危物种保护的较为有效的形式。扎龙保护区自1976年筹建以来,就计划并实施开展了以人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)种群为平台的孵化、训飞、放飞工作,本文通过常规的统计方法对扎龙保护区自建区以来的丹顶鹤孵化、训飞、放飞数据进行了分析。结果显示出：建区至今,人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群的年均孵化成功率为77.41%(1981年最高,为100%);孵化成活量整体呈上升趋势,年均约为27只(2003年最高,为52只),近10年来基本维持在30~50只之间;训飞规模在逐年提高,近年来基本维持在100~120只之间;放飞规模与训飞规模同步也在逐年提高,年均放飞8只,2009年以来维持在10只以上;放飞野化的丹顶鹤已记录于中国的江苏盐城保护区、山东黄河三角洲保护区、韩国铁原地区。进一步分析表明,扎龙保护区在丹顶鹤保护方面已取得了一定的成绩。     

扎龙自然保护区人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤的保护实践

就地保护中实施迁地保护是濒危物种保护的较为有效的形式。扎龙保护区自1976年筹建以来,就计划并开展了以人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)种群为平台的孵化、训飞、放飞工作,本文通过常规的统计方法对扎龙保护区自建区以来的丹顶鹤孵化、训飞、放飞数据进行了分析。结果显示,建区至今,人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群的年均孵化成功率为77.41%(1981年最高,为100%);孵化成活量整体呈上升趋势,年均约为27只(2003年最高,为52只),近10年来基本维持在30~50只之间;训飞规模在逐年提高,近年来基本维持在100~120只之间;放飞规模与训飞规模同步也在逐年提高,年均放飞8只,2009年以来维持在10只以上;放飞野化的丹顶鹤已记录于中国的江苏盐城保护区、山东黄河三角洲保护区、韩国铁原地区。进一步分析表明,扎龙保护区在丹顶鹤保护方面已取得了一定的成绩。     

盐城沿海滩涂丹顶鹤的分布现状及其趋势分析

通过江苏盐城国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤越冬数量分布和动态变化调查,得出丹顶鹤在该区越冬分布由建区初期的230只增加到2000年春的1128只,但近几年分布数量呈下降趋势,2008年春仅有640只。该项工作主要借助望远镜、照相机,采用直接计数法统计数量,往年数据则引用参考文献。结果表明:丹顶鹤越冬总数呈下降趋势的同时,人工湿地中丹顶鹤的分布比例也由2000年春的76.4%下降到今年的50.5%。根据年度动态分布现状对丹顶鹤的分布趋势分析认为,未来于本区越冬的丹顶鹤种群在核心区的栖息仍然保持稳定及增加趋势,但部分群体有继续向异地迁移的可能。据此本文对今后丹顶鹤越冬种群的保护与管理进行了讨论,提出了规划和实施人工湿地生态经济系统的设想。     

重引入丹顶鹤在黑龙江林甸和江苏盐城成功繁育后代

正丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN濒危物种(EN),野外种群数量仅2 600只左右(崔多英等2017)。根据2015至2017年对江苏盐城丹顶鹤越冬种群数量调查,丹顶鹤西部迁徙种群的数量呈逐年下降趋势,原因尚不得而知。中国动物园有圈养丹顶鹤1 248只(崔多英等2017),分布在中国动物园协会所属62家会员单位。开展濒危物种重引入项目是恢复、壮大野生丹顶鹤种群的有效措施,将为拯救濒危物种—     

黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等珍稀涉禽航空调查报告

利用Y-11型单翼轻型飞机,航高100米,航速140公里/小时,采用且测全区调查方法,对黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等涉禽进行了航空调查,续航里程2184公里,调查面积共计为209,000公顷。结果发现调查区内有丹顶鹤(Orus japoncnsis)173只,白枕鹤(Grus vipio)19只,白鹤(Grus leucogeraous)24只,白鹳(Ciconia ciconia)19只等。     

江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区丹顶鹤的承载力

江苏盐城沿海滩涂地区是世界上最大的丹顶鹤(G rus jap onensis)越冬地。如今全球的丹顶鹤仅约2700只,而每年在此越冬的丹顶鹤接近世界野生个体总数的一半。因此,盐城滩涂的环境状况对于保护该物种的意义不言而喻。该地区能够容纳承养多少丹顶鹤?这是一个关键性的问题。此前尚无人就盐城滩涂对丹顶鹤的承载力作过详细分析。处于保护下的野生动物应按照“生态承载力”来分析其容纳量。由于滩涂上水源较充足,食物和隐蔽物就是丹顶鹤对生境的主要两方面需求,也即限制因子。根据2004~2005年越冬期统计的鹤数及其分布,运用N eu方法分析丹顶鹤对盐城8种不同栖息地的选择性,结果显示它们最偏爱的生境是稻田和草滩,可以栖息在芦苇(P hragm ites comm un is)地、淡水养殖塘或大米草滩,而回避的生境是泥滩、盐田、盐地碱蓬(Suaed a sa lsa)滩。之后,作者用“热量法”计算了射阳基地圈养丹顶鹤的饲料成分,基本符合营养定额标准;而人工投放的玉米饲料难以保障野生鹤的生存。又按“重量法”,以丹顶鹤对各生境的利用程度为权重,估算得盐城保护区可利用的食物总量远远大于鹤群一个越冬期所需量,表明食物并非生境的决定性因子。此外,作者分析了丹顶鹤对各种主要食物的选择性,发现植物在食物总量中占比例极小,但其喜爱的食物却是植物性的稻谷和人工的玉米饲料。总而言之,其种群喜爱居留在淤长型海岸带及食物量大、距道路(人类活动)远、盐度小的栖息地。核心生境丹顶鹤的分布密度约0.8~2.5只/km2,则1000km2最适宜生境的容纳量为800~2500只;实际上,近10a来80%~90%的鹤群分布收缩在核心区与缓冲区(面积共641km2),则整个保护区容纳量为570~2004只。结合这两方面考虑,作者预测盐城保护区的丹顶鹤承载力为2000~2500只,目前其数量未达饱和,种群还将增长。     

正在消失的家园

丹顶鹤目前仅分布在中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜、韩国和日本。在日本的丹顶鹤约有600只,现在为留鸟,是50年代人为饲喂而留住的;朝鲜和韩国的“三八军事分界线”是天然的野生动物乐园,丹顶鹤也在那里安家;俄罗斯和我国的东北地区是丹顶鹤的繁殖地,每年大约有600～700对丹顶鹤在这里养育后代;越冬地除了朝鲜、韩国的“三八军事分界线”以外,主要分布在我国的长江、黄河中下游的湿地,如:江苏盐城沿海滩涂(盐城生物圈保护区)、洪泽湖湖区、兴化     

向海湿地丹顶鹤迁徙动态及其栖息地保护研究

基于1997～2003年间吉林省通榆县向海湿地春季丹顶鹤数量和分布数据,分析了丹顶鹤的迁徙动态及其与栖息地生态环境变化之间的关系．结果表明,1997～2003年间,每年春季丹顶鹤的种群数量分别为32、25、64、92、72、59和14只;丹顶鹤迁达向海的最早年份为2002年(3月12日),最晚年份为2001年(3月28日),大多年份于3月中旬到达向海;其产卵时间最早的年份为2000年(4月1日),最晚年份为2003年(5月10日),大多年份于4月上旬开始产卵;在分布上,以2000年丹顶鹤分布点最多(15个),1998年和2003年分布点较少(2个)．表明丹顶鹤的迁徙动态随湿地水文条件的改变而变化．据此提出了利用洪水资源保护和恢复丹顶鹤等珍稀水禽栖息地的技术与对策．     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.