中国神农架民间草药的特点与代表种类

简要介绍了神农架民间草药的特点及其代表种类,并对其中四种名称均带有"一"字、三十六种冠以"还阳"二字以及七十二种名称中以"七"字结尾组成的几类最具特色的中草药的来源和疗效进行了阐述。     

Valuation,Categories and Attributes

Existing research on categories has only examined indirectly the value associated with being a member of a category relative to the value of the set of attributes that determine membership in that category. This study uses survey data to analyze consumers'' preferences for the "organic” label versus for the attributes underlying that label. We found that consumers generally preferred products with the category label to those with the attributes required for the organic label but without the label. We also found that the value accorded to the organic label increased with the number of attributes that an individual associated with the category. Category membership nevertheless still had greater value than even that of the sum of the attributes associated with it.     

Covert genetic selections to optimize phenotypes

In many high complexity systems (cells, organisms, institutions, societies, economies, etc.), it is unclear which components should be regulated to affect overall performance. To identify and prioritize molecular targets which impact cellular phenotypes, we have developed a selection procedure ("SPI"-single promoting/inhibiting target identification) which monitors the abundance of ectopic cDNAs. We have used this approach to identify growth regulators. For this purpose, complex pools of S. cerevisiae cDNA transformants were established and we quantitated the evolution of the spectrum of cDNAs which was initially present. These data emphasized the importance of translation initiation and ER-Golgi traffic for growth. SPI provides functional insight into the stability of cellular phenotypes under circumstances in which established genetic approaches cannot be implemented. It provides a functional "synthetic genetic signature" for each state of the cell (i.e. genotype and environment) by surveying complex genetic libraries, and does not require specialized arrays of cDNAs/shRNAs, deletion strains, direct assessment of clonal growth or even a conditional phenotype. Moreover, it establishes a hierarchy of importance of those targets which can contribute, either positively or negatively, to modify the prevailing phenotype. Extensions of these proof-of-principle experiments to other cell types should provide a novel and powerful approach to analyze multiple aspects of the basic biology of yeast and animal cells as well as clinically-relevant issues.     

Animal Categories and Terms of Abuse

Abstract

Pets are immensely popular in this country. However, the complex nature of human-animal interactions and the importance of these animals in everyday lives are not yet thoroughly understood. The human psychological needs that pet birds fulfill are even less understood than the role of other pets, such as dogs and cats. To compile a list of psychological needs filled by avian companions, 80 bird owners were asked to complete a survey that explored the nature of their relationships with their birds in everyday situations. Results revealed that avian companions most often filled human social needs, followed to a lesser degree by esteem and cognitive needs. The profile of human psychological needs filled by pet birds provides additional rationale and criteria for the use of pet birds in animal-assisted therapy and pet visitation programs.     

Color Categories in Thought and Language

Color Categories in Thought and Language. C. Hardin and Luisa Maffi. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 404 pp.     

国际濒危物种等级新标准

国际濒危物种等级新标准解焱,汪松（国家濒危物种科学委员会中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）背景生活在地球上的数以百万、千万计的动物、植物和微生物,由于人类人口的迅猛增长以及伴随而来的自然栖息地的破坏、对生物资源的过度开发利用、环境污染、外来种的...     

Covert moral bioenhancement,public health,and autonomy

In a recent article in this journal, Parker Crutchfield argues that if moral bioenhancement ought to be compulsory, as some authors claim, then it ought to be covert, i.e., performed without the knowledge of the population that is being morally enhanced. Crutchfield argues that since the aim of compulsory moral bioenhancement is to prevent ultimate harm to the population, compulsory moral bioenhancement is best categorized as a public health issue, and should therefore be governed by the norms and values that apply in public health settings. In this article, I argue for two related claims. First, I question the extent to which compulsory moral enhancement should be considered a public health issue that ought to be governed by the norms and values that apply in public health settings. Second, I argue that Crutchfield's argument that covert moral bioenhancement would better respect people's autonomy than an overt program overlooks two important autonomy‐based reasons that, in fact, favor an overt moral enhancement program over a covert one.     

Covert extraterritorial behavior of female hooded warblers

Extraterritorial forays are one specialized tactic that femalesuse to obtain extrapair copulations (EPCs). By radio-trackingfemale hooded warblers (Wilionia citrina) during the breedingseason, we found that females made covert forays onto neighboringterritories. Almost 80% of females made extraterritorial foraysduring their fertile stages, but none visited territories duringthe nonfertile (incubation) stage, which is consistent withthe extraterritorial foray hypothesis. Females that left theirterritories visited from one to four neighboring territories,and they intruded at a rate of 0.6 territories/h. The propensityof females to foray from their territory did not correlate withbody size or age of the social mate. One female that left herterritory obtained an extrapair fertilization. Females may useforays to assess male quality as well as participate in extrapaircopulations. An alternative hypothesis for extra-territorialforays is that females may foray onto neighboring territoriesto obtain food during the energetically stressful period ofegg production. The extraterritorial foray hypothesis and foraginghypothesis may not be mutually exclusive. Females may obtainbenefits of foraging while at the same time assessing malesfor EPCs. Extraterritorial behavior of female birds may be morecommon than previously believed and in many cases may only beruled out through radio-tracking