筚路兰缕,默默耕耘,开创微生物学新天地——纪念王鸣岐先生诞辰一百周年

翻开近百年微生物学的历史长卷,可以清晰地看到一大批早期的微生物学家,为创建学科、发展祖国的科学事业,筚路兰缕,开启山林,披荆斩棘,发愤图强。我国著名的植物病理学家、植物病毒学家王鸣岐先生就是这样的人。他始终不渝地坚持科学知识的传授与科学人才的培养;始终坚持     

关于基因工程植物食品的安全问题的讨论

业已受到食品安全法规限制的食品与饲料工业界感到,重组植物的应用将使他们受到公 众更强烈的注意。这是本月初在纽约Boyce Thompson植物研究所举行的为期三天的题为“基因工程植物:在动物饲料和人类食品应用管理方面的科学辩论”的会议上争论不休的话题。     

试论植物绘图与绘画

植物绘图与绘画这个命题，乍一看来是风马牛不相及的两回事，它们有着各自不同的研究对象和表现手法。但作者在多年的工作实践中逐渐感到：植物绘图与绘画二者之间有着许多相似之处和许多等同的表现形式。探讨它们之间内在的区别与联系，对于提高植物绘图水平很有意义，这...     

猕猴桃属新的分类群

<正> 我国各地植物、农、林科教单位开展猕猴桃的调查研究工作方兴未艾。作者承蒙各方同行的信赖,经常接到委托鉴定的标本。料不到在作者完成中国植物志猕猴桃科编写工作,卷子交了出去之后仍然陆续发现不少本属的新分类群。在执笔撰稿的同时,作者禁不住迭次为我们祖国植物资源之丰富感奋赞叹不已也!     

磺胺比色法测定植物组织硝酸还原酶活性的改进

“植物组织硝酸还原酶（NR）活性的测定”是植物生理学矿质营养一章中必做的实验,其目的是让学生掌握植物硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase,NR,EC．1．6．6．1）活性测定的原理和技术方法,进一步了解NR在植物氮素同化过程中的作用（白宝璋和汤学军1993;李合生等2001;郝建军等2007）。但是,在实验教学中,我们感到,按照几种植物生理学实验指导书中介绍的方法（白宝璋和汤学军1993;李合生等2001;     

植物细胞的初生壁与次生壁

最近,在审阅《植物杂志》的一篇来稿：“植物教材中对细胞壁的描述值得商榷”（作者：郑春明）时,感到应该写篇短文谈谈有关“植物细胞的初生壁与次生壁”的问题。 该文作者认为：在现行大中专植物形态解剖学教材中,对植物细胞壁的描述存在三个明显的错误（详见该文）。为什     

植物型膳食对胰腺癌患者生存质量影响的研究

目的：研究植物型膳食对胰腺癌患者生存质量的影响。方法：采用分层随机抽样,将从上海中医药大学附属岳阳中西医结合医院收集到的60例胰腺癌患者,分为植物型膳食组与常规膳食组,对植物型膳食组患者进行一对一的、针对性的膳食指导,并对两组分别进行生存质量问卷调查。结果：通过饮食干预,植物型膳食组在精力不济、感到疼痛、谈论病情、对目前生活质量的满意度、厌恶进食油腻食物和感到倦怠乏力方面,要优于常规膳食组（P＜0.05）。结论：植物型膳食能显著提高胰腺癌患者的生存质量。     

浅谈Taiz和Zeiger合编《植物生理学》中的光合作用论述

我在浙江林学院郑炳松老师处看见一本刚购到美国Sinauer Associates出版社出版的第4版Taiz与Zeiger(2006)编著的《植物生理学》。此教材前几个版本的内容常常被人引用,因而我对这新版中有关光合作用的部分浏览了一遍。感到其编写有不少优点,如:(1)内容较丰富,光合作用     

《植物生物化学与分子生物学》校译商榷

由Bob B．Buchanan、Wilhelm Gruissem和Russell L．Jones主编，50多位知名科学家参与编写，American Society of Plant Physiologists于2000年出版的Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants一书是一部经典巨著，反映了近年来植物生理生化、分子生物学和细胞生物学等学科领域的研究飞速发展的情况，内容丰富，图文并茂，确是一本非常优秀的教科书和科研参考书。由瞿礼嘉等主译、陈章良和邓兴旺主校而成的《植物生物化学与分子生物学》一书，已于2004年由科学出版社出版。这一中文版译著的问世让我在给研究生讲授“高级植物生理学”课程时受益匪浅，补充了不少新的内容。但是，在选择阅读这本中文书的过程中，有时感到难以理解或不够通顺，经查对原著发现中文版中的一些问题，现把它们分类列举出来，与译者商榷。     

征稿简则

<正>《广西植物》是广西植物学会与广西植物研究所合办的枪物学学术刊物。主主刊登植物分类学、植物形态学、植物地理学、植物生态及地植牧学、植物生理学、植物引种驯化和植物资源开发利用等领城的试验研究论文、报告,同时亦适当选登一些帧牧学研究的新方法、     

Corrections

Vol. 30, parts 1 and 2 page 45, line 7 for "Canyon" read "Cayman". page 46 line 27for "2G; 7.xi.l937" read "36; 2.vi.l938". page 50 line 5 for "31" read "27". delete "dredged at 3 &metres". page 50 line 32 for "26; 7.xi.l937" read "30; 2.vi.l938". page 53 line 6 for "19.x.l937" read "8.v.l938". page 10, line 35, for "niiudula" read nitidula. page 21, figure 29, for "L. 8248" read "L. 82482". page 61, line 12, for "holotype (B.M. 43100)" read "syntypes(B.M. 43106, L. 82350)". page 64, line 23, for "Coriopsis" read "Cordiopsis". p. 64, lines 34 and 3G, for "lyell" read "lyellii". page 76, line 37, "Rzymowska 1914" should follow "Taylor (1900)"in line 36. page 77, line 43, for "Xerotrhicha" read "Xerotricha". page 87, line 1, for "twelve" read "ten". page 90, lines 44 and 45, for "marginal (M)" read "lateral",and for "two lateral teeth (L₁ L₂)" read "two marginal teeth".In figure 2, for "esehalent" read "exhalent". pp. 123, 125, 127, 129, headings, for "Pseudoneptunia" read"Pseudoneptunea" p. 124, line 34, for "highgatenis" read "highgatensis". p. 125, The locality of the Sedgwick Museum specimens C. 12891of Siphonalia ferroviae should be given as Titchfield, Hants.,and not as Portsmouth Dock.     

蕲州地区的蕲艾、青蒿、黄花蒿与茵陈的考订

<正> 蕲州是我国中药材主要产地之一,是湖北省蕲春县的一个集镇,,是我国中医药大师李时珍的家乡。该地区生长的菊科蒿属植物Artemisia Linn。颇多,其中入药的有十余种,并在李时珍《本草纲目》中曾有记载。这里仅对该地区常见入药的蕲艾、青蒿、黄花蒿与茵陈结合《本草纲目》记载的材料作初步的考订。     

Genetico-demographic patterns of the prevalence of various forms of endogenous psychoses

Prevalence rates (PRs) for EFP (schizophrenic, schizoaffective and affective psychoses), with allowance for proband sex and age-of-onset data were studied in a subdivided population from the North-East of the European Region of the USSR. The population includes three subpopulations: a small old religious semi-isolate of Russians ("Rs"), aboriginal Komi people ("Ks")--an ethnic community of Ugro-Finnish lineage, and a mixed group of migrants ("Ms") from various regions of the USSR. The latter is mainly an urban population, while the "Rs" and "Ks" are, on the whole, rural populations. The total PR for EFP was found to be 0.97% for the "Rs", 0.63% for the "Ks" and 0.35% for the "Ms", whereas PRs-0.85-1.15% in other parts of the USSR, mainly for "panmixed" populations in large towns. The lower PRs for EFP in the "Ms" is caused by a backmigration flow involving certain groups of patients; consequently, the mean liability for "Ms" offsprings (as a whole) should also be lower. On the other hand, the lower PRs for EFP in the "Ks" is caused by underpresentation of clinically mild cases of the mental disease (mainly, pseudoneurotic schizophrenia), especially among female patients, probably due to that the so affected persons are sufficiently adapted to the cultural traditions of this rural population. It was shown that in the "Rs" the total PR for "nuclear" and paranoid schizophrenia is 0.68% versus 0.25% in a "panmixed" population. The increase is most likely caused by the high inbreeding level in the "Rs" semi-isolate, and if this is correct, we may suppose that at least one or two recessive genes are involved in the liability to the most heavy forms of schizophrenia. On the other hand, in the "Ms" (as in other "panmixed" populations) positive assortative mating among hereditary-predisposed persons is a more significant factor influencing family transmission of EFP, since the correlation between probands and their spouses is rpp = 0.31 (p less than 0.001) in the "Ms", as compared to rpp = 0.19 (p less than 0.1) in the "Rs". Thus, our general conclusion is that neither the place of inhabitance nor the life mode are the causal factors for EFP, but rather some genetic factors, more accurately, certain sets of specific genes.     

Asymmetries in population growth regulated by intraspecific competition: Empirical studies and model tests

Summary The linearity assumption in the logistic model of population growth is violated for nearly all organisms. Two simple models, the -logistic and the -Ricker, are shown to account for asymmetric patterns of population growth for 27 species of Drosophila and for a variety of other organisms, where the data were derived from the literature. These models are developed so as to aid laboratory and field ecologists to anticipate the dynamics of various experimental organisms. Potential problems of data gathering and model applications for experimental ecologists and wild life management biologists are identified. Intraspecific asymmetries offer alternative explanations to the habitat selection model, and the higher order interactions or coalitions model, for interspecific competition.     

Improved protein-ligand docking using GOLD

The Chemscore function was implemented as a scoring function for the protein-ligand docking program GOLD, and its performance compared to the original Goldscore function and two consensus docking protocols, "Goldscore-CS" and "Chemscore-GS," in terms of docking accuracy, prediction of binding affinities, and speed. In the "Goldscore-CS" protocol, dockings produced with the Goldscore function are scored and ranked with the Chemscore function; in the "Chemscore-GS" protocol, dockings produced with the Chemscore function are scored and ranked with the Goldscore function. Comparisons were made for a "clean" set of 224 protein-ligand complexes, and for two subsets of this set, one for which the ligands are "drug-like," the other for which they are "fragment-like." For "drug-like" and "fragment-like" ligands, the docking accuracies obtained with Chemscore and Goldscore functions are similar. For larger ligands, Goldscore gives superior results. Docking with the Chemscore function is up to three times faster than docking with the Goldscore function. Both combined docking protocols give significant improvements in docking accuracy over the use of the Goldscore or Chemscore function alone. "Goldscore-CS" gives success rates of up to 81% (top-ranked GOLD solution within 2.0 A of the experimental binding mode) for the "clean list," but at the cost of long search times. For most virtual screening applications, "Chemscore-GS" seems optimal; search settings that give docking speeds of around 0.25-1.3 min/compound have success rates of about 78% for "drug-like" compounds and 85% for "fragment-like" compounds. In terms of producing binding energy estimates, the Goldscore function appears to perform better than the Chemscore function and the two consensus protocols, particularly for faster search settings. Even at docking speeds of around 1-2 min/compound, the Goldscore function predicts binding energies with a standard deviation of approximately 10.5 kJ/mol.     

Full 1H NMR assignment of a 24-nucleotide RNA hairpin: Application of the 1H 3D-NOE/2QC experiment

The subject RNA models the binding site for the coat protein of the R17 virus, as well as the ribosome recognition sequence for the R17 replicase gene. With an RNA of this size, overlaps among the sugar protons complicate assignments of the ¹H NMR spectrum. The cross peaks that overlap significantly in 2D-NOE spectra can frequently be resolved by introducing a third, in our approach the double-quantum, frequency axis. In particular the planes in a 3D-NOE/2QC spectrum perpendicular to the 2Q axis are extremely useful, showing a highly informative repeating NOE-2Q pattern. In this experiment substantial J-coupling confers special advantages. This always occurs for geminal pairs (H5/H5 for RNA plus H2/H2 for DNA), as well as for H5/H6, for H3/H4 in sugars with substantial populations of the N-pucker, for H1/H2 for S-puckered sugars, and usually for H2/H3. For the 24-mer RNA hairpin the additional information from the 3D-NOE/2QC spectrum allowed assignment of all of the non-exchangeable protons, eliminating the need for stable-isotope labeling.     

Inhibition of the Myotoxicity Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Venom and Isolated Phospholipases A2 by Specific Camelid Single-Domain Antibody Fragments

Antivenoms, produced using animal hyperimmune plasma, remains the standard therapy for snakebites. Although effective against systemic damages, conventional antivenoms have limited efficacy against local tissue damage. Additionally, the hypersensitivity reactions, often elicited by antivenoms, the high costs for animal maintenance, the difficulty of producing homogeneous lots, and the instability of biological products instigate the search for innovative products for antivenom therapy. In this study, camelid antibody fragments (VHH) with specificity to Bothropstoxin I and II (BthTX-I and BthTX-II), two myotoxic phospholipases from Bothrops jararacussu venom, were selected from an immune VHH phage display library. After biopanning, 28 and 6 clones recognized BthTX-I and BthTX-II by ELISA, respectively. Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and immunoglobulin frameworks (FRs) of 13 VHH-deduced amino acid sequences were identified, as well as the camelid hallmark amino acid substitutions in FR2. Three VHH clones ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF498607","term_id":"558064687"}}KF498607, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF498608","term_id":"558064693"}}KF498608, and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC329718","term_id":"468362338"}}KC329718) were capable of recognizing BthTX-I by Western blot and showed affinity constants in the nanomolar range against both toxins. VHHs inhibited the BthTX-II phospholipase A₂ activity, and when tested for cross-reactivity, presented specificity to the Bothrops genus in ELISA. Furthermore, two clones ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC329718","term_id":"468362338"}}KC329718 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF498607","term_id":"558064687"}}KF498607) neutralized the myotoxic effects induced by B. jararacussu venom, BthTX-I, BthTX-II, and by a myotoxin from Bothrops brazili venom (MTX-I) in mice. Molecular docking revealed that VHH CDRs are expected to bind the C-terminal of both toxins, essential for myotoxic activity, and to epitopes in the BthTX-II enzymatic cleft. Identified VHHs could be a biotechnological tool to improve the treatment for snake envenomation, an important and neglected world public health problem.     

Extent of heterosis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under cold stress conditions — yield and its components

Summary The nature and extent of heterosis for grain yield and its component characters was estimated in a seven-parent F₁-diallel cross in rice under the cold stress conditions of Palampur, representing sub-temperate climate of the mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. The highest heterotic effects for grain yield were observed in Himalaya 1/Phul Patas 72 and China 988/Himdhan hybrids, which gave 60.36 and 32.48% heterosis, respectively, over mid parent, 38.76 and 26.86% heterosis, respectively, over high parent and 32.30 and 26.86% heterosis, respectively, over the best variety, Himdhan. Heterosis for grain yield in these crosses was due to an increase in tiller number, panicle length, spikelets/panicle and 1,000-grain weight. Large number of crosses exhibited significant heterosis for high spikelet sterility and the majority of them had significant heterosis for late flowering, taking more than 120 days to flower, which resulted in lack of heterosis for grain yield in such crosses due to cold stress at the reproductive stage.Part of the thesis submitted by the senior author to Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur (H.P.) India, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture     

The radiosensitivity of hematopoietic stem cells from mice forming splenic colonies after 8 and 12 days following bone marrow cell transplantation (CFU-S-8 and CFU-S-12)]

The method of "macro-" and "microcolonies" was used to study the radiosensitivity of CFU-S that form "early" (8 days) and "late" (12 days) splenic colonies after transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow to fatally exposed mice: no significant differences were found. Median lethal doses (D0) for CFU-S-8 and CFU-S-12 were 1.03 and 1.13 Gy for "microtest" and 0.99 and 1.16 Gy for "microtest" respectively.     

Genetic analysis of certain in vitro and in vivo parameters in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)

Summary Studies on callus growth and shoots/cotyledon, using seven different genotypes of pigeonpea and their hybrid progenies, revealed continuous variation for these traits. Hence, the type of gene action influencing in vitro cell proliferation and differentiation has been investigated in a diallel analysis of seven pigeonpea genotypes. Highly significant average heterosis was recorded for callus growth and seed yield/plant. In general, the F₁ hybrids which showed heterosis for callus growth also exceeded their better parent for yield/ plant. Combining ability analysis revealed both additive and non-additive gene effects for callus growth, while number of shoots/cotyledon was mostly governed by non-additive gene effects. The genotype, ICP 7035, was the best general combiner for callus growth and shoot forming capacity of cotyledons. Two cross combinations, 7186×6974 and 7035×T-21, showed maximum SCA effects for callus growth and shoots/cotyledon. Callus dry weight was positively correlated with seed yield/plant and seedling weight. The strong positive association of callus growth with seed yield indicates the possibility of using this system for mass screening and selection of superior hybrids.