2009至2012年血培养阳性结果分析及耐药性监测

了解解放军202医院2009至2012年血培养阳性病原菌分布及耐药性监测,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。使用全自动血培养仪进行血液培养,用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验。从453例血培养阳性标本中共分离出462株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌274株,占59.30%;革兰阳性球菌167株,占36.14%;革兰阳性杆菌1株,占0.22%;真菌20株,占4.32%。最常见的感染菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。89株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出MRSA 9株,46株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中检出MRCoN 6株,对青霉素耐药率分别达81.35%和85.00%,革兰阳性球菌中未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的菌株。鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南耐药率高达51.7%。解放军202医院血液感染以葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌为主,且耐药率高,应对血液细菌进行长期的耐药性监测,为临床合理使用抗生素提供理论依据。     

Slidex Staph-kit和血浆凝固酶试验在金葡菌鉴定中的应用

金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）是一种重要的机会致病菌,常引起化脓性感染,也是医院感染的重要病原菌之一,准确鉴定SA具有重要的临床意义,为了解玻片法凝固酶试验在GPI（革兰阳性球菌鉴定卡）鉴定葡萄球菌中的影响,我们收集玻片法凝固酶试验阳性经VITEK32细菌仪鉴定为SA的59株菌,用Slidex Staph-kit（葡萄球菌凝聚鉴定试剂盒）、试管法凝固酶和玻片法凝固酶3种方法进行再鉴定,现将结果报告如下。     

VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统对牛乳中葡萄球菌的鉴定效果评价

【目的】评价VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统对牛乳中葡萄球菌属细菌鉴定效果。【方法】对从西宁、白银、西安三地乳样中分离的52株葡萄球菌通过VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定,并与革兰氏染色、触酶试验、血浆凝固酶试验以及16S r RNA基因序列分析结果进行比对;通过对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌在不同麦氏浓度的鉴定,评价该系统的稳定性。【结果】VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统对葡萄球菌在"属"水平的鉴定结果符合率达96.15%,与血浆凝固酶结果对比,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌属细菌鉴定结果符合率为92.86%,对凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌属细菌鉴定结果符合率为50%,但对具体种鉴定时,结果符合率仅为44.23%。在稳定性检测的试验中,鉴定符合率为100%,鉴定结果可靠性不随菌液浓度变化而变化。【结论】该系统可用于牛乳中葡萄球菌在"属"水平的鉴定。     

2005-2011年血液科病房细菌分布及耐药情况

目的:探讨我院血液病房近7年临床分离细菌的分布及耐药特征,为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考依据.方法:回顾分析2005年～2011年间南京市鼓楼医院血液病房临床分离的细菌及药敏试验资料.鉴定菌种采用VITE-ATB系统并以Kirby-Bauer 纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,根据NCCLS标准判断结果.结果:7年间共送检标本5802例次,分离出细菌897株.其中革兰氏阴性菌占63.9％,革兰氏阳性菌占36.1％.革兰氏阴性菌中肠杆菌科细菌占48.8％,非发酵菌占38.8％;革兰氏阳性菌中葡萄球菌及肠球菌分别占70.9％及l9.5％.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌ESBLs的检出率分别为68.1％及27.3％;金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为79.5％及85.3％.我科病房检出了替考拉宁中介金黄色葡萄球菌1株及万古霉素耐药人葡萄球菌.结论:血液病房病原菌分布仍以革兰氏阴性菌为主;总体细菌耐药性呈增长趋势,并出现对亚胺培南耐药的肠杆菌科、万古霉素耐药及替考拉宁不敏感的葡萄球菌属.     

血培养中病原菌的分布及其耐药状况分析

目的:了解血培养中病原菌的菌群分布及其耐药状况.方法:血培养标本用Bact/Alert-120自动血液分析系统和Vitek60鉴定仪进行血培养及鉴定,药敏用K-B法,用Whonet 5软件进行分析.结果:在3 680份血培养标本中分离出细菌348株,阳性检出率为9.4%,病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主共分离出189株,占54.3%,其中主要为大肠埃希菌占15.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌占12.4%;革兰阳性菌138株,占39.7%,主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占14.9%,金黄色葡萄球菌占12.1%;链球菌占6.6%.血培养中的革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗较为敏感:革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁较为敏感.结论:肠杆菌科细菌和葡萄球菌是血培养中的主要病原菌,而产ESBLs菌株、MRSA、MRCNS耐药严重,提示应高度重视合理使用抗生素,减少细菌耐药性产生,以提高临床治疗效果.     

237例新生儿败血症的病原分布及耐药性分析

目的了解近年本地区新生儿败血症病原学及细菌耐药状况,用以指导临床治疗。方法对2006年5月至2010年4月收治的237例病例的血液进行培养,并对分离的菌株进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果革兰阳性菌为主要病原菌,排名前3位的病原菌分别是:表皮葡萄球菌(48.52%)、人葡萄球菌(16.03%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(10.13%)。对培养出的革兰阳性菌最敏感的抗生素是万古毒素、阿米卡星,对培养出的革兰阴性菌最敏感的抗生素是丁胺卡那霉素、亚胺培南。结论本地区新生儿血培养病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,耐药菌株较多,临床医师应根据细菌鉴定及药敏试验选择敏感药物治疗。     

葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类及抗生素敏感性分析

目的：探讨葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类情况及抗生素耐药性特点。方法：利用复星公司FOUTUNE IMS细菌鉴定药敏分析系统,凝固酶试验用试管法。结果：47株菌株分离到6种葡萄球菌,排在前3位的是施氏葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌占29．8％。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）占78．7％,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）78．8％;MRS对万古霉素敏感率为81．1％。MRS建议用药依次为万古霉素、呋喃妥因、氯霉素、四环素和喹诺酮类,未发现对万古霉素耐药的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）。结论：凝固酶阴性、耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌成为下呼吸道球菌感染的主要菌株,MRS比例上升,MRS治疗首选万古霉素。     

万古霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌生物学特性

目的观察金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素耐药后生物学特性的变化,探讨有效方法,为临床正确诊断奠定基础。方法使用万古霉素体外诱导将1株h-VRSA逐步诱导为VISA;观察原代菌及其诱导菌的形态结构、培养特性和生化反应结果并与标准菌株ATCC 29213比较,了解金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素耐药后生物学特性变化规律;比较手工法、仪器法和PCR检测法的细菌鉴定结果。结果金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素耐药后主要生物学特性改变为:细胞壁增厚、细胞表面粗糙,有结节状凸起、菌落变小,溶血环和色素消失,血浆凝固酶、甘露醇、甘露糖等生化反应由阳性转为阴性。生物学特性改变可导致手工法和仪器法细菌鉴定结果错误,但对PCR检测鉴定结果没有影响。结论金葡菌对万古霉素耐药后生物学特性改变可导致常规方法细菌鉴定结果错误,应引起临床的重视。     

临床分离的葡萄球菌克林霉素诱导耐药的检测与分析

目的了解葡萄球菌对克林霉素和红霉素的耐药性和红霉素对克林霉索诱导耐药的情况,以及纸片边缘距离对试验结果的影响。方法采用纸片扩散法检测克林霉素和红霉素的耐药性,用D-试验方法检测并判读红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药,对D-试验阳性菌株再次按纸片边缘不同距离分组,分别再做D-试验,了解纸片边缘距离对D-试验结果的影响。结果462株葡萄球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌214株,克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药有66株占金黄色葡萄球菌30．8％,其中D-试验阳性菌株有37株,占克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药株56．1％。248株凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌中克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药有87株占凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌35．1％,其中D-试验阳性菌株有56株对克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药株占64．4％。纸片边缘距离为17—24mm时有明显的“D”形。纸片边缘距离大于26mm时D-试验有漏检情况出现。结论临床微生物实验室应开展D-试验检测葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药,这样可以避免临床医生盲目使用克林霉素而导致治疗失败。     

葡萄球菌耐药性的监测分析

目的：研究葡萄球菌的感染及耐药性状况,指导临床合理用药。方法：常规方法及阳光微生物鉴定仪鉴定菌株。药敏试验用革兰阳性需氧球菌药敏检测卡,检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）,金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）对12种抗生素的耐药率。结果：158株葡萄球菌中,MRSA占47.5%（78/158）,MRCNS占21.5%(34/158),SA占70.9%（112/158）,CNS占29.1%(46/158)。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）对12种抗生素的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌（MSSA）。结论：MRSA的耐药性较高,需加强其抗生素的耐药性检测。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.