新疆托木尔峰自然保护区冬季北山羊昼间活动节律与时间分配

2005年10~12月,在新疆托木尔峰自然保护区用直接观察法对193头次北山羊(Capra ibex)的活动节律和时间分配进行了观察。结果表明,北山羊群冬季的活动规律性较强,呈现双峰型,2个高峰时段为08∶00~08∶30时和16∶30~17∶00时前后,活动频率分别为98.6%和93.3%。同时发现冬季其61%的活动时间用于采食,用于移动和站立的时间分别为19%和15%。这种活动节律可能与光照以及人类放牧干扰有关。     

新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区北山羊分布调查

北山羊作为国家I级保护动物,目前对其研究仍然较少。2004年10—11月、2005年7月以及2005年10—12月三次对新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区北山羊(Capraibex)的分布进行调查。通过定点搜寻、样线调查以及访问调查,其结果显示北山羊在保护区5个主要区域中的3个有分布,这3个区域是:琼台兰河谷地区、克其克台兰河谷地区、木扎特河谷地区;在托木尔河谷和库孜巴依河谷两个区域中,定点搜寻和样线调查均没有发现北山羊分布,但访问调查该区域有北山羊。通过此次调查得出托木尔峰自然保护区的大部分地区是北山羊分布区,说明该保护区在北山羊保护中的确起了重要作用,但北山羊在保护区中的不均匀分布现状值得注意,这种现象可能与人为活动干扰有关。     

新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区北山羊种群密度与栖息地利用(英文)

2005年10—12月对新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区北山羊(Capraibex)的种群密度与栖息地利用进行调查。种群密度调查显示该地区北山羊平均群大小为8.43只,种群密度为269.76只/100km2;栖息地选择调查结果显示北山羊广泛活动在海拔2500—3000m的区域范围内,对距悬崖距离、坡度、地形和植被类型有一定选择倾向,它倾向在悬崖附近(<100m)、坡度大于30°而小于45°和崎岖的山地活动,会避开草地和平坦山坡。北山羊这种栖息地利用模式可能与满足自身安全需要有关。     

Evolutionary history of the genus Capra (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): discordance between mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome phylogenies

The systematics of the genus Capra remain controversial in spite of studies conducted using morphology, mtDNA, and allozymes. Here, we assess the evolutionary history of Capra (i) using phylogenetic analysis of two nuclear genes located on the Y-chromosome and (ii) previously published and new cytochrome b sequences. For the Y-chromosome phylogeny, we sequenced segments from the amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) genes from all of the eight wild taxa and from domestic goats (Capra hircus). Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome data revealed two well-defined clades. The domestic goat (C. hircus), the bezoar (Capra aegagrus), and the markhor (C. falconeri) belong to one clade (ML bootstrap value [BP]: 98%), suggesting that domestic goats originated from one or both of these wild species. The second clade (ML BP: 92%) is comprised of all the other wild species. Horn morphology is generally concordant with the Y-chromosome phylogeny. The mtDNA data also revealed two well-defined clades. However, the species in each clade are different from those inferred from the Y-chromosome data. To explain the discordance between Y-chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies, several hypotheses are considered. We suggest that a plausible scenario involves mtDNA introgression between ancestral taxa before the relatively recent colonization of Western Europe, the Caucasus Mountains, and East Africa by Capra populations.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)

A matrix of 57 (mainly cranial) characters and 32 taxa of fossil and Recent Bovini (buffaloes, bison and cattle) has been analysed using the parsimony program HENNIG86. Among the best established results are the exclusion of Parabos , polyphyly of Leptobos , monophyly of the Bos sensu lato + buffaloes group (a clade including all Recent Bovini), probable monophyly of the Bubalina and Syncerina, and the close relationship between bison and yak. Some other interesting questions raised include the apparent absence of a close link between Pliocene African bovines (except Leptobos syrticus ) and later African buffaloes, and the possible monophyly of Pelorovis oldowayensis+Bos sensu lato .     

Caprinae (Bovidae,Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Neogene of Mongolia

Gobiocerus mongolicus Sokolov, 1952, Turcocerus kekemaidengensis Ye Jie et al., 1999; and Hypsodontus sp. were recorded in Miocene deposits of the Valley of Lakes (MN4-MN8) and Oioceros atropatenes (Rodler et Weithofer, 1890) occurred in the Mio-Pliocene (MN11-MN20) of northwestern Mongolia. Gobiocerus, Turcocerus, and Hypsodontus represent the same evolutionary lineage. Thus, Caprinae existed in Central Asia in the Early Miocene. They diverged from the Bovidae at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The presence of early bovids in this region suggests that this group could have appeared in Central Asia.     

海南尖峰岭中华穿山甲的分布与保护现状

中华穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)是国家I级重点保护野生动物, 被IUCN红色名录列为极危(CR)物种, 也被列入CITES附录I。分布现状信息的匮乏是制约该物种保护规划制定与保护行动开展的关键因素。本文利用红外相机陷阱法和样线调查法, 于2020年8月至2021年11月在海南尖峰岭林区进行中华穿山甲海南亚种(M. p. pusilla)的监测调查, 分析评估了其分布与保护现状。调查发现: (1)尖峰岭林区7个公里网格内的8台红外相机拍摄到10次中华穿山甲出没的影像, 且在11个网格内见到35个觅食洞穴, 其中在红外相机损失率较低的南中区域记录到的中华穿山甲实体数量和洞穴数最多; (2)中华穿山甲主要分布于尖峰岭林区400-1,000 m海拔区域, 林区的国家公园一般控制区内仍然有3台红外相机拍摄到中华穿山甲及调查记录到18个觅食洞穴。结果表明: 海南尖峰岭林区仍然存在中华穿山甲种群, 目前可能被海拔等因素隔离为3个小种群; 人为干扰是影响该物种种群恢复的重要因素之一。因此, 本文提出如下建议: (1)管理部门要落实各项管护制度并加强巡护管理力度以把人为干扰程度降到最低; (2)管理部门在今后国家公园总体规划调整时可将有中华穿山甲等极危物种分布的一般控制区调整为核心保护区, 而在未调整规划前则要重点加强该区域的管理, 对建设项目布局等要尽量避开该区域; (3)尽快开展尖峰岭林区中华穿山甲的生境适宜性分析及廊道研究, 以使该物种得到更有效的保护和管理; (4)今后要定期开展其监测与保护研究, 明确尖峰岭林区中华穿山甲种群数量的动态变化; (5)在海南岛范围内开展中华穿山甲资源调查, 明确该物种在海南的种群数量及分布等情况。     

Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in a subclinical experimental infection

Many wild ruminants such as Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, which causes disease mainly in domestic sheep and cattle. Outbreaks involving either BTV serotypes 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) are currently challenging Europe. Inclusion of wildlife vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered in certain species. In the present study, four out of fifteen seronegative Spanish ibexes were immunized with a single dose of inactivated vaccine against BTV-1, four against BTV-8 and seven ibexes were non vaccinated controls. Seven ibexes (four vaccinated and three controls) were inoculated with each BTV serotype. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses were evaluated until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated ibexes showed significant (P<0.05) neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination compared to non vaccinated ibexes. The non vaccinated ibexes remained seronegative until challenge and showed neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of non vaccinated ibexes from 2 to the end of the study (28 dpi) and in target tissue samples obtained at necropsy (8 and 28 dpi). BTV-1 was successfully isolated on cell culture from blood and target tissues of non vaccinated ibexes. Clinical signs were unapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. Our results show for the first time that Spanish ibex is susceptible and asymptomatic to BTV infection and also that a single dose of vaccine prevents viraemia against BTV-1 and BTV-8 replication.     

Social interactions of juvenile Collared peccaries, Tayassu tajacu (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)

Is there a predictable relationship between species-typical behavioural development and social organization in mammals? Earlier work on canids and rodents suggested that adult sociality is associated with a developmental schedule in which juveniles showed, among themselves: (1) frequent social play; (2) frequent amicable contact; (3) frequent olfactory contact; (4) a delay in the emergence of agonistic behaviour. In the highly social Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) the behaviour of juveniles conformed only partially to this scheme. Juveniles engaged in social play with each other at an early age, but showed no other observable amicable or olfactory contact until eight to twelve weeks of age and showed no delay in the emergence of agonistic behaviour among themselves. Adults, in contrast, were conspicuously tolerant of juveniles, and 86% of juvenile social interactions in the first year took place with adults.     

Postcranial morphology and locomotion of the Eocene raoellid Indohyus (Artiodactyla: Mammalia)

Raoellids are small, raccoon-sized Eocene artiodactyls, closely related to archaic cetaceans (archaeocetes) that have poor representation of postcranial elements in the fossil record. Little is known of the aquatic and terrestrial locomotor affinities of raoellids due to the paucity of their fossil record, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of the earliest portion of the artiodactyl marine invasion. To address this gap, a comparative morphological analysis of the postcranial elements was undertaken based on newly recovered elements of the raoellid Indohyus, archaeocetes and extant artiodactyls. Greater than 200 postcranial elements of Indohyus were described, and some limb element cross-sections were visualised via paleohistological thin sections and CT scans. Results show that during terrestrial locomotion, Indohyus probably had a digitigrade posture and mediolaterally stabilised limbs that functioned mostly in flexion and extension within the parasagittal plane. Quantification of midshaft cross-sectional area for some elements of Indohyus showed an osteosclerotic cortex, a skeletal characteristic associated with aquatic behaviours. Indohyus may represent a critical intermediate in the evolution of the cetacean terrestrial-to-aquatic body plan, as it bears gracile postcranial element proportions similar to a terrestrial artiodactyl but also an incipient form of osteosclerosis compared to pakicetid archaeocetes.     

青山羊（Capra，hircus）小肠凝集素的分离、纯化及性质研究

报道了青山羊小肠凝集素的分离、纯化及性质研究。青山羊小肠先经过含有巯基乙醇的磷酸缓冲液抽提,然后上Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ６Ｂ柱及ＤＥＡＥ－Ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ－２３柱,得到纯化的青山羊小肠凝集素。采用ＳＤＳ电泳法测得其分子量在６６１００左右,而且该凝集素不含糖,对人Ｂ型血球有专一性凝集作用。半抗原抑制实验表明它对半乳糖（乳糖）有亲和性。其中酸性氨基酸含量较高,组氨酸、蛋氨酸含量较低。该凝集素在胚胎期出现,出生后几个月达到高峰然后逐渐下降,最后消失。     

Records and Stratigraphical Ranges of South American Tayassuidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)

Tayassuidae represent one of the first mammalian immigrants that entered South America during the “Great American Biotic Interchange.” However, the exact moment of its arrival for the first time in South America is controversial. Three genera are recognized in South America: Platygonus, Catagonus, and Tayassu. This paper aims to: (1) review the paleontological record of the South American Tayassuidae and update it; and (2) discuss its geographical and statigraphical distribution pattern in South America. The genus Platygonus (middle Pliocene to early Pleistocene) is registered in Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, and Bolivia; Catagonus (late Pliocene? to Recent) in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, and Bolivia; and Tayassu (middle Pleistocene to Recent) in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Platygonus and Catagonus have adaptations to dry and relatively open environments; in contrast, Tayassu is adapted mainly to humid climates and woodland and forest environments. The faunal changes that took place since the middle-late Pliocene could have been strongly influenced by climate. Open and arid environments developed during the glacial cycles, allowing the latitudinal expansion of Platygonus and Catagonus. Considering ecological and anatomical information, it is possible to infer that Platygonus species were replaced by those of Catagonus since the middle Pleistocene, probably due to a reduction of the open environments to which Platygonus species were better adapted. The alternation of these mainly arid or semiarid, cold conditions with warmer and more humid short pulses would have allowed the posterior expansion of Tayassu species. According to phylogenetic analysis and chronological as well as geographical evidence, Platygonus and Catagonus represent two Tayassuidae lineages that originated in North America and then migrated to South America. This migration would have occurred on more than one occasion and with different taxa. Evidence indicates that Tayassu represents a lineage that differentiated in the Southern Hemisphere and then migrated to North America.     

Biochemical and genetic analysis of variant C of caprine αs2-casein (Capra hircus)

Two alleles, A and B, were previously described at the goat α_s2-casein locus. Isoelectric focusing allowed us to subdivide the former one in two new alleles, called A and C. Although α_s2-casein C cannot actually be distinguished from its A counterpart by starch or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it differs from the previous allele by a single substitution Lys (A)/Ile (C) at position 167, which was confirmed at the nucleotide level. The frequencies of the three α_s2-casein alleles A, B and C were estimated to be 0.85, 0.04 and 0.11 in the French dairy breeds ‘Alpine’ and ‘Saanen’.     

Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

The first well-preserved, partial associated skeleton of Anoplotherium latipes , with critical details of tibia, femur, ulna and cervical vertebrae, is described from the UK earliest Oligocene. Anoplotherium and related genera are interpreted as facultatively bipedal, extended-limb, high browsers, based especially on the following: pelvis with flared ilia and long pubic symphysis; medially bowed tibiae shorter than femora; trunk vertebrae enlarging caudally; extensive attachment for supraspinous and deltoid muscles for raising the forelimbs; long muscular tail for balance; and large hind foot processes for attachment of suspensory ligaments. Although overall most like extinct ground sloths among bipedal browsers, Anoplotherium is unique in combining long muscular tail, hooves instead of claws and relatively short forelimbs. Primitive retention of the long tail facilitated an erect stance without need for the long, clawed forelimb support evolved by chalicotheres. Emphasis was instead on strengthening support by the hind-quarters. With only toe-number differences, A. latipes and A. commune may have been sexual dimorphs. The large Anoplotherium species would have been able to browse 2–3 m above the ground with no competition from other contemporaneous European terrestrial mammals. Bipedal browsing is an adaptation previously unrecognized in European Eocene communities.  © 2007 Natural History Museum. Journal compilation © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 151 , 609–659.     

The role of hybridization in the karyotype evolution of deer (Cervidae; Artiodactyla; Mammalia)

Summary The karyotypes of 46 animals from a population ofCervus elaphus, Cervus nippon, and hybridsCervus elaphus xCervus nippon were studied using G- and C-banding techniques. It was found that four chromosome pairs known from the karyotype ofCervus elaphus are involved in two systems of Robertsonian translocations. Pedigree analysis supports the hypothesis of a simple Mendelian inheritance of each translocation system. With respect to these translocation systems, the population shows no significant deviation from the corresponding Hardy-Weinberg-structure. Thus, hybridization events can be accepted as a major factor in karyotype evolution of deer.     

Buck (Capra hircus) genes encode new members of the spermadhesin family

Spermadhesins are the major proteins of boar seminal plasma and form a group of polypeptides probably involved in reproduction. In previous work, a member of the spermadhesin family from buck seminal plasma, called BSFP, was characterized by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. The present study aimed to clone and characterize the BSFP gene and investigate its expression along the genital tract using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cDNAs of the seminal vesicle, testis, epididymis, bulbourethral gland, and ductus deferens were prepared from a buck. Following 3'- and 5'-end amplifications using seminal vesicle cDNA, we cloned and sequenced four highly similar (97-98%) nucleotide sequences encoding spermadhesins, which were named Bodhesin-1(Bdh-1), Bdh-2, Bdh-3, and Bdh-4. All deduced amino acid sequences contained the CUB domain signature and were 49-52% similar to boar AWN. Among the four Bdh amino acid sequences, Bdh-2 was the most similar to the BSFP N-terminal fragment. By using real-time PCR, it was verified specific amplifications for all Bdh in the seminal vesicle, testis, epididymis, and bulbourethral gland, with the exception of Bdh-2 in epididymis. The amplicons had a melting temperature and size of approximately 78 degrees C and 130 bp, respectively. Bdh expression was higher in the seminal vesicle when compared to the other tissues. The present work confirms that goat is the fifth mammalian species, after pig, cattle, horse, and sheep, in which spermadhesin molecules are found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on buck spermadhesin genes using molecular cloning and expression profile.