发现参与蛋白质生物合成的第21种氨基酸

天然蛋白质生物合成过程中有20种氨基酸参加。虽然很多种蛋白质中含有不少非标准氨基酸,但它们都是在肽链合成后经翻译后加工修饰而成的。最近研究表明,硒代半胱氨酸是在蛋白质翻译过程中以特异机制和其他氨基酸同时参入多肽链的,成为参与蛋白质生物合成的第21种氨基酸。硒是生物体必需的微量元素,原核及真核生物的一些酶类及 tRNA 均含有硒,例如,大肠杆菌甲酸脱氢酶,哺乳类的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等均为含硒蛋白。硒以硒代半胱氨酸形式在蛋白质的特异位置出现,通常位于含硒酶蛋白的活性中心。矾醇基对上述酶类的氧化还原性质极为重要,例如用半胱氨酸取代大肠杆     

生物富硒对灵芝营养成分的影响

在人工栽培灵芝中,通过外施硒盐以生物转化法获得富硒灵芝,以不同含硒量的富硒灵芝子实体为试样,系统研究了灵芝生物富硒后对其主要营养成分多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸和矿物质等的影响。结果表明：硒可以明显提高灵芝中多糖、蛋白质以及氨基酸的含量,但并不改变灵芝蛋白质的分布和蛋白质中氨基酸的组成配比,而对矿质元素则有不同的影响,如富硒灵芝子实体中人体必需微量营养元素硒有极明显地增加,而铜和钼等人体必需微量元素的含量有一定量的增加,但铁、钙、锶等矿质元素的含量则有所下降。     

云参化学成分研究Ⅱ.云参中氨基酸和微量元素的分析

本文分析测定了云参中的氨基酸和微量元素。结果表明。云参中含15种氨基酸,其中包括人体必须又只能由外界供给的7种氨基酸。同时,云参中还富含铁、硒、锌、锰等对人体具有重要营养、生理及临床意义的微量元素16种。     

富硒产品中硒的形态分析及化学评分模式的建立

采用微波水解、HPLC-HG-AFS法测定了硒蛋白粉、硒蛋白片、肽粉、富硒原料等19种硒产品中的总硒、硒代氨基酸和亚硒酸根离子[Se(IV)],分析了硒代氨基酸、Se(IV)和其他形态硒占总硒的百分比及不同形态硒代氨基酸的组成比例。以此为依据,将硒产品分为硒蛋白型、单一硒代氨基酸型、其它形态硒型及有机无机硒混合型。根据DBS42/002-2014规定建立了富有机硒产品评分模式,其中18种为富有机硒产品;根据适硒地区母乳中硒代氨基酸的组成比例提出了硒代氨基酸的化学评分模式,评分结果显示13种以蛋白态硒为主的硒产品中硒代氨基酸的组成比例均与母乳相差甚远,不利于人体平衡吸收利用,其中10种SeMet含量远远超过人体所需,SeCys_2为限制硒代氨基酸。该评分模式的建立对硒产品的开发具有指导意义。     

硒代半胱氨酸(selenocysteine):密码表中第二十一个氨基酸?

已知所有的氨基酸中,只有遗传密码表内的20种基本氨基酸才能在核糖体中直接掺入肽链;但最近发现于原核、真核生物中的含硒酶里的硒代半胱氨酸(Se-Cys)似亦有此特点。生化、遗传实验均表明Se-Cys对应于终止密码子UGA;相应的tRNA(95bp)基因已经找到。但其转录产物上所携的Se-Cys很可能由原先携带着的Ser经O-磷酰Ser而来。上述发现显示了UGA作为有义密码子的保守性:也许它正处于从有义密码子变为无义密码子的进化过程中。     

南美鲱鱼的含肉率及肌肉营养评价

测定了 6尾南美鲱鱼的含肉率及其营养成分 ,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。该鱼 (鲜样 )含肉率 83.6 5 % ;肌肉中含粗蛋白 1 7 74 % ,粗脂肪 5 2 5 % ,粗灰分 1 0 2 % ,水分 74 73% ,无氮浸出物 1 2 6 %。干物质中水解氨基酸总量 70 36 % ,其中必需氨基酸 2 7 90 % ,占氨基酸总量的 39 6 5 % ;游离氨基酸总量1 2 6 5 1 8mg 1 0 0g;必需氨基酸指数为 4 0 33;矿物质含量丰富 ,尤其是硒。认为南美鲱鱼是一种营养价值和养殖价值都比较高的淡水养殖新品种 ,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

湖北省豆类植物种子硒含量的测定及赋存状态的研究

硒是人类必需的微量元素之一。我们对湖北省豆类植物种子的硒含量进行测定并对硒的赋存状态进行了研究。结果显示:大豆具有较强的富硒能力;大豆硒的赋存形态是含硒蛋白质,主要存在于白蛋白和球蛋白中;高硒地区的大豆含硒量比一般地区高近100倍。     

几种开发的富硒野生植物研究进展

硒是人体必需的微量元素,与人体健康关系密切.野生植物是硒资源利用的重要途径.现今对植物富硒方面的研究主要还集中在传统栽培的粮食作物和经济作物,而野生植物资源在这方面的研究报道还较少.湖北恩施州硒资源丰富,本文对具有此地方特色的野生植物碎米荠、葛、板桥党参、显齿蛇葡萄、紫箕在含硒量、硒的存在形式、富集硒的特性、富硒技术及硒产品的药理保健作用等方面的研究概况进行了综述,并对研究前景进行了展望,以期为进一步的研究和相应富硒产品的开发提供参考信息.     

鸡Sepp1基因及其蛋白理化性质和分子结构的生物信息学分析

硒是人和动物生命必需的微量元素,硒的生物学功能是通过硒蛋白来实现的,硒蛋白P(Selenoprotein P,Sepp1)是机体含量最多的硒蛋白。利用生物信息学相关分析软件和比较基因组学的方法,对鸡Sepp1基因序列和氨基酸序列进行理化性质和结构特征进行分析和预测,并与猪、人、鼠、羊、狗等物种进行比较。结果显示,鸡Sepp1的CDS序列和编码的蛋白质与禽类动物相似,但和哺乳类动物之间差别较大;Sepp1的功能特性与硒半胱氨酸含量有关,不同物种Sepp1中硒半胱氨酸含量存在着差异;鸡Sepp1蛋白在第170-200位氨基酸残基区域具有特定理化性质和分子结构,推测该序列可作为调控鸡Sepp1功能的靶位点。研究结果为以后深入研究鸡Sepp1的机体功能、开发富集Se的动物功能性食品提供理论参考。     

钝顶螺旋藻富硒培养条件的优化

硒是人和动物必需的微量元素 ,补硒可以防治多种疾病。有机硒具有低毒、高生物利用度的优点 ,目前主要寄希望于生物转化的途径来获得有机硒[1 ] 。植物对硒的生物有机化作用已有综述[2 ] ,并开发有富硒酵母[3 ] 、富硒菇类[4] 、富硒大蒜、富硒黄芪、富硒西洋参、富硒麦芽、富硒茶以及富硒鸡蛋、富硒牛奶等[5] 。螺旋藻是一种很有开发利用前景的藻类 ,但其含硒量极微 ,实验报道富硒螺旋藻对60 Ｃｏ γ射线胸部照射大鼠诱发肺炎和早期肺、肝纤维增生有防治作用[6] 。在培养液中添加亚硒酸钠可以实现藻类对硒的富集和转化 ,而且螺旋藻对无机硒…     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Possible mechanisms of implementation of toxic potential of lipopolysaccharides of pathogenic bacteria

The significance of variability of biological properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is discussed in the paper within the pathogenesis of infectious process. On the basis of an analysis of published data and of results of independent research of two microorganisms (Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis) a conclusion is made on that a biologically inert LPS form (with a weak cytokine-inducing ability, apirogenicity and non-toxicity etc.) is typical of highly pathogenic bacteria. It is suggested that the above phenomenon is biologically expedient. Presumably, the inert LPS transforms to the active form inside a sensitive host and, according to an infection stage, each of them being functionally significant. It is the inert status of LPS that enables the pathogens, at the initial stages, to surmount freely the humoral and cell barriers of host. As the infection progressively aggravates and the proliferation of bacteria modifies itself due to LPS micro- and macroorganisms, its chemical structure and biopolymer conformation change. Both modification mechanisms enhance the LPS toxic potential. In case of a sensitive host, such variations transform the biologically inert LPS into a toxically active form with its function of endotoxin being realized. There is no LPS modification in a host insensitive to such infection, which entails either recovery or prolonged persistence of the pathogen inside the microorganism.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Mechanism of action of small doses of radiation

Opposite changes occur in the intensity of UV-fluorescence (UVF) in irradiated (0.1 Gy and 5.0 Gy) HeLa cells. The radiometric study has demonstrated that there is a correlation between the number of tryptophan-containing proteins and UVF intensity in nonirradiated and irradiated (5.0 Gy) cells during culture growth. Such a correlation was absent in cells exposed to 0.1 Gy radiation. Low radiation doses (0.1 Gy) have maximum action on cytoplasm membrane fluorescence. Low-level radiation changes the intensity of the ANS probe fluorescence connected with cell membranes, and the intensity of the cell protein UVF. High radiation doses increase and low doses decrease the probe fluorescence.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Effect of composition of cellular lipids of formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance of alkanotrophic rhodocoocci

The antibiotic resistance and lipid composition of rhodococci grown in rich organic media with gaseous or liquid n-alkanes were studied. Hydrocarbon-grown rhodococci exhibited an increased resistance to a wide range of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, linkosamides, macrolides, beta-lactams, and aromatic compounds). The enhanced antibiotic resistance of rhodococci grown on n-alkanes correlated with an increased content of total cell lipids (up to 14-28%) and saturated straight-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C21:0) and was accompanied by the appearance of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in cells. These lipid compounds were supposed to promote the formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance in rhodococci by decreasing the permeability of their cell envelope to antibiotics.     

Non-Productive Binding of Substrates as One of Aspects of Substrate Specificity of Cholinesterases of Different Origin

Taking into account the phenomenon of non-productive binding of substrate, kinetic parameters of hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) and its 13 derivatives with different structures of ammonium group by cholinesterase (ChE) of human erythrocytes, ChE of horse blood serum, and ChE of optic ganglia of the Pacific squid Todarodes pacificus are determined. A dependence is revealed of values of parameters of their enzymatic hydrolysis and parameters of the non-productive binding on the substrate structure and ChE nature. Effects of salts, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂ and BaCl₂, on various kinetic parameters, including parameters of the non-productive binding of substrate, of enzymatic hydrolysis of iodides of ACh and N-acetoxyethylene-N-ethylpiperidinium under action of horse blood serum ChE are studied. Addition of the salts to the reaction mixture produced different effects on values of the catalytic center activity (a _c) and the Michaelis constant (K _M), depending on the cation nature and the substrate structure. At the same time, values of the a _c/K _M ratio that characterize to a degree the substrate affinity to the enzyme are equal to each other for two substrates differing in structure, regardless of the presence and nature of the studied cations. Parameters of the non-productive binding of N-acetoxyethylene-N-ethylpiperidinium iodide also depended on the salt nature; however, in that case, a question arises as to the correctness of the comparative analysis, when at determinations of the parameters the non-productive binding of ACh is ignored.