《动物病理学》精品课程建设的探索与实践

为加深精品课程内涵的深刻认识,加强对精品课程的指导与建设,有效促进课程体系及教学内容、教学方法和教学手段的改革,以安徽农业大学《动物病理学》国家精品课程的建设为例,从提高教学团队素质、提升教学资源建设、推进课程教学改革等方面总结该门精品课程的建设经验和心得体会。     

地龙类药用动物的比较鉴别

调查发现我国中药地龙类药用动物主要有14个种,分别隶属于钜蚓科、正蚓科和链胃蚓科4个属。包括参环毛蚓Phereti- ma aspergillum(E Perrier)、通俗环毛蚓Pheretima vulgaris(Chen)、威廉环毛蚓Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen)、栉盲环毛蚓Phere- tima pectinifera(Michaelsen)、湖北环毛蚓Pheretima hupeiensis(Michaelsen)、直隶环毛蚓Pheretima tshiliensis(Michaelsen)、白颈环毛蚓Pherctima califomica(Kinberg)、中材环毛蚓Pheretima medioca(Chen et Hsu)、秉前环毛蚓Pheretima pracpinguis(Gates)、秉氏环毛蚓Pheretima carnosa(Goto et Hatai)、异毛环毛蚓Pheretima diffringens(Baird)、赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida(Savigny),背暗异唇蚓Allolbophora caliginosa subsp.trapezoides(Ant.Duges)以及日本杜拉蚓Drawida japonica(Michaelsen)。本文对我国地龙类原动物主要种类进行了分类及形态描述,并编制了检索表和检索图,以供鉴别,为地龙的开发利用提供资料。     

Animal Models for Echinostoma malayanum Infection: Worm Recovery and Some Pathology

Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, in their adult stage and also parasitize numerous invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts in their larval stages. The purpose of this study was to compare Echinostoma malayanum parasite growth, including worm recovery, body size of adult worms, eggs per worm, eggs per gram of feces, and pathological changes in the small intestine of experimental animals. In this study, 6-8-week-old male hamsters, rats, mice, and gerbils were infected with echinostome metacercariae and then sacrificed at day 60 post-infection. The small intestine and feces of each infected animal were collected and then processed for analysis. The results showed that worm recovery, eggs per worm, and eggs per gram of feces from all infected hamsters were higher compared with infected rats and mice. However, in infected gerbils, no parasites were observed in the small intestine, and there were no parasite eggs in the feces. The volume of eggs per gram of feces and eggs per worm were related to parasite size. The results of histopathological changes in the small intestine of infected groups showed abnormal villi and goblet cells, as evidenced by short villi and an increase in the number and size of goblet cells compared with the normal control group.     

动物病理学在新药开发风险控制中的作用

目的 进行临床前研究的主要原因在于,保证研究中新药探索实验中尤其是研发早期试验人群的安全,因为只是减少健康志愿者身上的风险无益于保证（所有）受试者的安全.内容 本文从新药研发的两个阶段分别对病理学在临床前风险控制研究中的作用进行了讨论.结论 在非临床前新药研发阶段的风险控制中,让病理学家参与到新药研发的风险管理队伍中来,帮助研发、监控研发,是成功研发与优良的风险管理策略相衔接的关键.     

Pathology Influences Blood Pressure Change following Vagal Stimulation in an Animal Intubation Model

Purpose

The haemodynamic response to critical care intubation is influenced by the use of sedation and relaxant drugs and the activation of the vagal reflex. It has been hypothesized that different disease states may have a contrasting effect on the cardiovascular response to vagal stimulation. Our objective was to determine whether the blood pressure response to vagal stimulation was modified by endotoxaemia or hypovolaemia.

Methods

New Zealand White rabbits were anaesthetised with urethane before tracheotomy. The exposed left Vagus nerve of randomised groups of control (n = 11), endotoxin (n = 11, 1 mg/kg), hypovolaemia 40% (n = 8) and hypovolaemia 20% (n = 8) rabbits were subjected to 10 Hz pulsed electrical stimulations of 25 s duration every 15 min. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded from a catheter in the right carotid artery connected to an iWorx monitor. Serum catecholamines were measured every 30 min using reverse-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography. The change in blood pressure after vagal stimulation was compared to controls for one hour after the first death in the experimental groups.

Results

29% of the rabbits died in the hypovolaemia 40% group and 27% in the endotoxin group. One rabbit died in the hypovolaemia 40% group before vagal stimulation and was excluded. Following electrical stimulation of the Vagus nerve there was a fall in blood pressure in control rabbits. Blood pressure was conserved in the hypovolaemic rabbits compared to controls (p<0.01). For the endotoxaemic rabbits, there was a non-significant trend for the mean blood pressure to decrease more than the controls. Serum catecholamines were significantly raised in both the hypovolaemic and endotoxaemic rabbits.

Conclusions

Pathology may contribute to modifications in blood pressure when vagal activation occurs. Patients who are either already vasoconstricted, or not vasoplegic, may be less at risk from intubation-related vagally mediated reductions in blood pressure than those with vasodilatory pathologies.