A cladistic study of North AmericanCoreopsis (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)

A cladistic study of all 44 species of North AmericanCoreopsis was performed using 35 characters. The resulting cladogram indicated that all 11 sections are monophyletic. At the intersectional level, two lineages were revealed, one consisting of six sections occurring almost exclusively in Mexico and California, and another comprising five sections restricted largely to the eastern and southeastern United States. The cladogram is similar to phylogenies produced by less explicit methods but it differs in two major respects: the monotypic sect.Silphidium is placed with other sections from the southeastern United States rather than with Mexican sections, and sect.Anathysana from Mexico is more closely allied with the three California sections than with sect.Electra from Mexico.     

The Opuntia (Cactaceae) and Dactylopius (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Mexico: a historical perspective of use, interaction and distribution

A historical perspective on the use and production of species of Dactylopius (Hemipetera: Dactylopiidae) and Opuntia (Cactaceae: Opuntioidae), information on their origin, diversity and distribution in Mexico are reviewed, and aspects of their conservation are discussed. The use and exploitation of both genera are part of Mexican cultures since prehistory. Opuntia species were among the main components of human diet during pre-agricultural times. Cochineal was used and probably cultivated at least from the Tenth century. During the colonial period, cochineal generated significant benefits to the Spaniard colonizers and Mexico was the world’s first producer of insects and dyes until the mid Nineteenth century. Currently, Mexico is the main producer of Opuntia cladodes and prickly pear, but cochineal cultivation is marginal and only maintained in traditional indigenous systems. Mexico is one of the main areas of diversity of Opuntia, having 83–104 out of nearly 200 species worldwide. More than 50 species are used mainly as food, fodder and medicine and 20 species are cultivated with different degrees of domestication. The genus Dactylopius includes nine species, with five of them naturally occurring in Mexico. Only D. coccus has been cultivated and domesticated but other wild species have been used throughout history. Arid and semiarid areas of Mexico are among the most important reservoirs of biological diversity for both genera, particularly for D. coccus. Specific measures for protection of such biodiversity and generic resources are required. Strategies for in situ conservation combined with re-established use and cochineal production may enhance conservation policies.     

Geographical distribution of the Aedes Triseriatus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mexico

Aedes brelandi Zavortink is reported for the first time outside of the United States, where it has been found in northern and central parts of Mexico. Ae. triseriatus (Say) is reported in northern and central Mexico and Ae. zoosophus Dyar and Knab is recorded in southern Mexico. Collection records for these species in northern, central, and southern Mexico showing the current distribution of the Aedes Triseriatus Group are included.     

Diversity and Distributional Patterns of Neotropical Freshwater Copepods (Calanoida: Diaptomidae)

The distributional patterns and diversity of the diaptomid calanoid copepods were analysed to assess the faunistic affinity of North and South America with respect to Mexico and Central America. In the Neotropical region, the most speciose genera of Diaptomidae are Leptodiaptomus and Mastigodiaptomus. The former genus is a Nearctic form, and Mastigodiaptomus is Neotropical. Based on the current distribution of their diversity, it is probable that these genera radiated into Mexico and Central America from North America and the insular Caribbean, respectively. Arctodiaptomus dorsalis is a primarily Palaearctic taxon, it is widely distributed between North and Central America. This species probably radiated in the Americas as a Tethyan derivate. Prionodiaptomus is the only member of the highly diverse South American diaptomid fauna that has expanded beyond the subcontinent. Despite the high diversity present in South America, its influence in Mexico and Central America appears to be weak; this is probably a consequence of the geologically recent union of the two main subcontinental landmasses. Mexico shares 33% of its species with NA, and no species are shared between NA and SA. For the Diaptomidae, the Nearctic influence is strongest in Mexico. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Townsendia gypsophila (Compositae: Astereae): a new species from northern New Mexico

Townsendia gypsophila, a new species from Sandoval Co., New Mexico, is described and illustrated. It is a narrowly distributed obligate gypsophile closely related toT. fendleri andT. incana. It overlaps the ranges of the two taxa at the edge of their distributional limits in New Mexico.     

Paracapillaria epinepheli n. sp. (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from the red grouper Epinephelus morio (Pisces) from Mexico

A new nematode species, Paracapillaria epinepheli, is described from the stomach of the marine fish Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes), the red grouper, (Serranidae, Perciformes) from coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico in Yucatan, southeastern Mexico. It is characterised mainly by its small body (body length of male and female 2.73–3.22 mm and 5.94–6.35 mm, respectively), number (31–36) and structure of the stichocytes, length of the spicule (0.180–0.195 mm), structure of the male caudal bursa (considerably reduced), structure and size of the eggs (size 0.057–0.063 × 0.027–0.030 mm), and by their site within the host. It is the second Paracapillaria species known to occur in the marine and estuarine fishes of the Gulf of Mexico.     

Thermosphaeroma subequalum,n. gen., n. sp. (crustacea: Isopoda) from Big Bend National Park,Texas

A new species of the Sphaeromatidae (Thermosphaeroma subequalum) is described from thermal waters (32° –35dgC) in Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas. A new genus, Thermosphaeroma, is proposed to include the Texas species and other sphaeromatids from hot springs in the American Southwest and Mexico: Exosphaeroma dugesi (Dolffus, 1893) from Aguascalientes, Mexico, and E. thermophilum (Richardson, 1897) from Socorro, New Mexico.Supported by National Park Service Contract PX 7000 3 0502, awarded to Owen T. Lind, Baylor University.     

Metacestodes of the family Dilepididae (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) parasitising fishes in Mexico

A survey of metacestodes of dilepidid tapeworms (Cyclophyllidea) occurring in fish from Mexico is presented. They belong to the following species (those first reported from Mexico marked with an asterisk): Cyclustera capito (Rudolphi, 1819); ^* Cyclustera cf. ralli (Underwood & Dronen, 1986); Dendrouterina pilherodiae Mahon, 1956; ^* Glossocercus auritus (Rudolphi, 1819); ^* G. caribaensis (Rysavy & Macko, 1973); ^* Paradilepis caballeroi Rysavy & Macko, 1973; ^* Paradilepis cf. urceus (Wedl, 1855); ^* Paradilepis sp.; Parvitaenia cochlearii Coil, 1955; ^* Parvitaenia macropeos (Wedl, 1855); ^* Valipora campylancristrota (Wedl, 1855); ^* V. mutabilis Linton, 1927; and ^* V. minuta (Coil, 1950). Metacestodes of Dendrouterina papillifera (Fuhrmann, 1908), previously reported from the gall-bladder of the pimelodid catfish Rhamdia guatemalensis from Mexico by Scholz et al. (1996), belong actually to V. minuta. Data on the morphology of metacestodes, their fish hosts and rate of infection, site and distribution in Mexico are provided.     

The mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Tabasco,Mexico

To document and update the mosquito species of Tabasco, Mexico, field collection trips were conducted in the two physiographic regions of Tabasco: the coastal plain of the southern gulf and the mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mosquitoes were collected as immature and adult stages during the dry and rainy seasons from 2014 through 2015. Additionally, the Reference Collection of Arthropods of Medical Importance (CAIM‐InDRE) containing mosquitoes of Tabasco was re‐examined. In total, 4,913 specimens were collected and examined, which are divided into seven tribes, 18 genera, 27 subgenera, and 104 species. Of these, one genus (Shannoniana Lane and Cerqueira), two subgenera (Georgecraigius Reinert, Harbach and Kitching, and Carrollia Lutz), and 21 species are new records for the mosquito fauna of Tabasco. Culex metempsytus Dyar is a new record for Mexico and Wyeomyia jocosa (Dyar and Knab) is removed from the Mexican mosquito fauna. Seventeen species historically reported were not found in the field collections conducted here. Taxonomic notes, new distribution limits, and comments about the medical importance of species of mosquitoes of Tabasco are discussed. Tabasco is the second state in Mexico with the largest mosquito richness (104 species), followed by Veracruz with 139 species.     

Aphyllon castilloi sp. nov. (Orobanchaceae) from Veracruz,Mexico

Aphyllon castilloi Franc.‐Gut., Cházaro & Espejo (Orobanchaceae), a new species discovered in central Veracruz, Mexico is herein described, illustrated and compared with other Aphyllon species recorded from Mexico. The new species inhabits tropical semideciduous forest, a novel ecosystem for Aphyllon species native to North America, in contrast to most collections from Mexico, which are from warm sandy deserts. In addition, it parasitizes Simsia foetida (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). As far as known, the distribution of the new species is very restricted.     

Environmental suitability for Agrilus auroguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Mexico using MaxEnt and database records of four Quercus (Fagaceae) species

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Phylogeography of the bark beetle Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Dendroctonus mexicanus is polyphagous within the Pinus genus and has a wide geographical distribution in Mexico and Guatemala. We examined the pattern of genetic variation across the range of this species to explore its demographic history and its phylogeographic pattern. Analysis of the mtDNA sequences of 173 individuals from 25 Mexican populations allowed to us identify 53 geographically structured haplotypes. High haplotype and low nucleotide diversities and Tajima’s D indicate that D. mexicanus experienced rapid population expansion during its dispersal across mountain systems within its current range. The nested clade phylogeographic analysis indicates that the phylogeographic pattern of D. mexicanus is explained by continuous dispersion among lineages from the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. However, we also observed isolation events among haplotypes from the Cofre de Perote/Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt/Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt/Sierra Madre del Sur, which is consistent with the present conformation of mountain systems in Mexico and the emergence of geographical barriers during the Pleistocene.     

Salsuginus neotropicalis n. sp. (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae) from the pike killifish Belonesox belizanus (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae) from southeastern Mexico

Salsuginus neotropicalis n. sp. is described from the gills of Belonesox belizanus (Kner), the pike killifish (Poeciliidae), from the southeastern Mexico. S. neotropicalis is distinguished from all other congeners by the morphology of the haptoral sclerites, especially by the presence of a ventral bar with notably enlarged ends, and by possessing overlapping gonads. The diagnosis of Salsuginus is amended based on the position of gonads in this species. This is the first known Salsuginus species occurring in a freshwater fish from the Neotropical Region.     

Areography of the genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Mexico

Objective To analyse whether the geographical ranges of Dendroctonus species are (1) associated with factors such as host species or elevation, and (2) in agreement with Halffter's Nearctic distribution pattern. (3) To identify and discuss the factors that are likely to act as barriers to the genus’ geographical distribution. (4) To explore whether there is an association between the size of the geographical ranges of Dendroctonus species and the number of Pinus host species used by each of them, and (5) to assess if these host species are most common at the elevations preferred by the individual Dendroctonus species. Site Mexico. Methods Records of 12 species of Dendroctonus were gathered from entomological collections in Mexico. Distribution ranges were defined by using the propinquity method ( Rapoport, 1975a ). Analysed parameters were: (1) geographical distribution of single species, (2) overlapping of species ranges, (3) disjunction patterns and barriers by means of isoprobabilistic lines, based on the morphotectonic subdivision of Mexico ( Ferrusquía‐Villafranca, 1998 ), (4) spatial variation in species richness with respect to latitude and altitude, (5) size of geographical ranges, and (6) host species for each Dendroctonus species. A correlation was determined between area size and number of pine host species. Results The species ranges varied in shape and size. Geographical ranges tend to be discontinuous in shape. Composite patterns showed that disjunctions among ranges do not closely follow Mexico's morphotectonic subdivision. There are repeated discontinuities among individual distributions, which define five areas: (1) Baja California Peninsula, (2) Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOC), (3) northern Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOR), (4) Sierra Madre de Chiapas, and (5) SMOR + Faja Volcanica Transmexicana (FVT) + Sierra Madre del Sur. The isoprobabilistic lines confirm that the inner part of SMOC provides an optimal environment for the genus, and the FVT province constitutes the broader corridor for it in the country. Richness does not directly decrease or increase with latitude. Richness behaviour of the insect is not associated with that of its host. Elevation distributions showed that most Dendroctonus species move within broad margins of tolerance and species richness is concentrated in the montane interval. Dendroctonus attack 24 of the 47 Pinus species distributed in Mexico. Preferred pine species belong predominantly to Leiophyllae, Ponderosae and Oocarpae subsections. The Spearman rank correlation between area size and number of pine host species was not significant. Dendroctonus clearly belongs to a Nearctic distribution pattern (sensu Halffter, 1987 ). Main conclusions Dendroctonus is present in all montane systems of Mexico and its species coexist within a high geographical sympatry. Overlapping of species distribution appears to be the result of two elements – generalized polyphagy inside Pinus and a wide elevation tolerance within mountainous environments. This behaviour, linked to a high vagility, has allowed the genus Dendroctonus to expand its distribution across Mexico and to employ mountainous systems as corridors separated by barriers that exert a low selective filter effect.     

Albumin Mexico (Al Me ) in the Guatemalan highlands

The examination of the sera of two samples of Guatemalans (total n = 386) revealed the presence of albumin Mexico (Al^Me) among unrelated individuals from the western highlands near the Mexican border. The frequency in the putatively less admixed sample, from Quiché, was 0.008. This is the first report of albumin polymorphism among American Indians south of Mexico. The presence of the Al^Me allele among Indians of the Guatemalan highlands argues for a zone of gene flow between contiguous groups of Mexico and Guatemala. The failure to detect albumin polymorphism among lowland populations of the Yucatan peninsula may likewise be significant, but more testing of samples is required before definitive statements can be made with respect to contacts among and within highland and lowland groups.     

Taxonomy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Koeberlinia</Emphasis> (Koeberliniaceae)

Koeberlinia has a natural amphitropical distribution that includes the deserts of central Bolivia, northern Mexico, and the southwestern United States. Despite the long recognition of only one species, K. spinosa, field, herbarium, and SEM studies support the recognition of two species. Koeberlinia spinosa of northern Mexico and adjacent United States is recognized to consist of three varieties: K. spinosa var. spinosa of northeastern Mexico and the adjacent United States, K. spinosa var. tenuispina of the Sonoran Desert of southwestern Arizona, adjacent California, and northwestern Mexico, and K. spinosa var. wivaggii from south central Texas and northern Mexico to Arizona, which is described as new. Koeberlina holacantha, endemic to the deserts of Bolivia, is proposed as new.     

Coltriciella sonorensis sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales) from Mexico: evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data.

Coltriciella sonorensis is described here as a new species from Mexico. It is characterized by pleuropodal, flabelliform basidiomes, rounded to elongated or daedaloid pores, a well-developed sub-hymenium, and oblong to cylindrical basidiospores, slightly attenuated towards the apex. The specimen was collected on soil in an open Quercus stand in mixed Quercus–tropical deciduous forest in the Sierra de álamos–Río Cuchujaqui Biosphere Reserve, Sonora, Mexico. From a phylogenetic perspective, the species appears to be related to C. oblectabilis, also occurring in Mexico.     

Cestodes of the family Dilepididae (Cestoda:Cyclophyllidea) from fish-eating birds in Mexico: a survey of species

A survey of adults of dilepidid tapeworms (Cyclophyllidea) from piscivorous birds from Mexico is presented on the basis of the taxonomic evaluation of freshly collected and voucher specimens. The following species are reported (first records from Mexico marked with an asterisk): Cyclustera capito (Rudolphi, 1819); ^* C. ibisae (Schmidt & Bush, 1972); ^* Dendrouterina ardeae Rausch, 1955; ^* D. herodiae Fuhrmann, 1912; ^* D. papillifera (Fuhrmann, 1908); Glossocercus auritus (Rudolphi, 1819); ^* Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855); Paradilepis caballeroi Rysavy & Macko, 1973; Paradilepis sp.; Parvitaenia cochlearii Coil, 1955; and Valipora mutabilis Linton, 1927. Dendrouteria herodiae is reported from America for the first time. New definitive hosts are Phalacrocorax olivaceus for C. capito, N. cheilancristrotus and P. caballeroi; Casmerodius albus and Egretta thula for G. auritus; and E. thula for D. herodiae. Data on the morphology of the rostellar hooks of all species, their hosts and distribution in Mexico are provided.     

New and little known cladocerans (Crustacea: Anomopoda) from southeastern Mexico

Mexico represents a transitional area in which two biogeographic regions meet. A survey of the cladocerans collected in true tropical waterbodies from the country revealed a diverse fauna. The environments examined included temporary pools in the forest, rivers, permanent lagoons and karstic sinkholes. New records or little known taxa include: Diaphanosoma brevireme, D. fluviatile, Pseudosida ramosa, Simocephalus mixtus, Onchobunops tuberculatus,Guernella raphaelis, Chydorus nitidilus, Notoalonacf. globulosa, Alonella brasiliensis and Leydigiopsis curvirostris. In contrast to high altitude systems, with clear nearctic affinity, the lowlands of southeastern Mexico showed a striking resemblance with the South and Central American cladoceran fauna. Apparently, orographic barriers control the distribution of the cladoceran taxa in this region.