中国的草蛉及其地理分布（脉翅目：草蛉科）

本文讨论了中国草蛉科已知属种的地理分布及其特点,指出：属的分布以东洋成分比重较大,高山高原属分化明显;种类分布呈现东洋成分由东部沿海向北挺进、古北种类通过西北地区向西南延伸的格局,丰富的高山、高原种类及狭布种类,是我国草蛉区系的一大特点。     

Isopropanol attracts the green lacewing,Chrysopa quadripunctata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Adult female green lacewings, Chrysopa quadripunctata Burmeister, were attracted to traps baited with 45% isopropanol in an unsprayed apple orchard in Missouri, USA. No lacewings were attracted to the unbaited traps. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on a semiochemical that attracts lacewings of this species.     

Methyl salicylate is a field attractant for the goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata

The green lacewing, Chrysopa oculata Say, was significantly attracted to sticky cards baited with undiluted methyl salicylate (MeSA) in an unsprayed vineyard in Washington State. During the first three weeks of the five week experiment 5-8 times as many C. oculata were trapped on MeSA-baited as on unbaited or hexane-baited cards. Diluted (10%, 1%) MeSA-baited cards did not attract C. oculata. These results are discussed with respect to a hypothesis that only lacewings with carnivorous adults are attracted to MeSA.     

Effect of the insecticides abamectin and lufenuron on eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa under laboratory conditions

The side effects of twoinsecticides/acaricides, abamectin andlufenuron, on the eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) were studied inthe laboratory (25 ± 2°C, 62 ±10% RH and 12-h photophase). The analyticalmethods used were those proposed by theInternational Organization for BiologicalControl (IOBC) – Working Group for Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms. Chrysoperla externa eggviability was not affected by abamectin.Neonate larvae from abamectin sprayed eggs aswell as first, second and third instar larvaethat were directly treated, developed normallyand yielded normal adults. Lufenuron presentedno adverse effects on egg survival. However,lufenuron induced high mortality in neonatelarvae from treated eggs. These neonates, aswell as lufenuron treated first and secondinstar larvae could not molt. In the thirdinstar, high pupal mortality occurred. Theresults showed that abamectin is innocuous andthat lufenurom is toxic to Chrysoperlaexterna eggs and larvae.     

Ingestion of spinosad bait GF-120 and resulting impact on adult Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The spinosad bait spray GF-120 Naturalyte F® (Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA) is widely used in commercial olives in California. Because of concern about its non-target effects on beneficial insects, we studied its impact on feeding behavior, mortality, and reproductive parameters of adult green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), under laboratory conditions. Male and female feeding rate and quantity, and subsequent mortality, were compared over a 5-day period following a 24-h exposure to honey, GF-120, or the bait component (without spinosad) in two-choice and no-choice assays. All treatments were ingested equally when offered alone. Spinosad did not impart repellency or preference to GF-120 relative to the bait. Honey was preferred in choice tests with GF-120 or bait. Significant mortality occurred when GF-120 was offered alone, but was not significant when it was offered in choice with honey or bait. In a separate assay of female longevity and reproduction, mortality rate as a function of time was similar in all treatments, except for some significantly earlier mortality due to GF-120 compared with honey. GF-120 ingestion significantly reduced fecundity compared with bait during the first week after treatment. Egg hatch was not significantly affected. The preference of adult C. carnea for food should ameliorate the potential negative effect of GF-120 on adult C. carnea mortality in the field. The laboratory study finds that GF-120 is a potentially safer choice for C. carnea than an aqueous suspension of spinosad, and provides no new evidence for definitive risk to field populations.     

北京海淀公园绿地二氧化碳通量

作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,城市绿地有着释氧固碳、降温增湿、吸收有毒有害气体、降尘、减噪等多种生态功能。在对北京海淀公园2006年5月到2007年3月的CO2通量观测数据进行质量评价、数据剔除和插补的基础上,通过与温度、太阳辐射等气象数据的相关性分析,定量研究了海淀公园绿地CO2通量的日变化、年变化以及影响因子。结果表明,海淀公园绿地日CO2通量在一年内具有明显的季节变化,植物生长季3—10月份以吸收CO2为主,11月至翌年2月份以释放CO2为主;年净生态系统生产力(NEP)为8.7554 tCO2/hm2a,反映了海淀公园绿地具有较强的固碳能力。     

呼吸末二氧化碳监测在临床中的应用

呼吸末二氧化碳监测是评估患者通气状态的重要指标,也是确保病人安全的重要参数之一。呼吸末二氧化碳分压与动脉血二氧化碳分压之间存在良好的相关关系,可以通过持续监测其动态观察动脉血二氧化碳分压,近年来呼吸末二氧化碳监测已经成为了临床工作中一项常规监测技术手段。在临床的实际工作中呼吸末二氧化碳监测不仅能够确定气管插管的位置,评估心肺复苏的预后,而且能够监测患者的通气功能状态,更好地指导工作中呼吸模式和呼吸机的参数的调整,为撤机提供准确的时机,并能及时发现机械故障和减少不必要的操作。本文重点对呼吸末二氧化碳监测的原理以及其在临床中的应用展开综述。     

Nomenclatorial changes and redescriptions of three of Navás' Leucochrysa (Nodita) species (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)

Three species that Navás described - Leucochrysa (Nodita) azevedoi Navás, 1913, Leucochrysa (Nodita) camposi (Navás, 1933) and Leucochrysa (Nodita) morenoi (Navás, 1934) - have received recent taxonomic attention. All three have many similar external features; indeed Navás himself, as well as subsequent authors, have confused the species with each other. Here, (a) misidentifications are corrected; (b) a neotype of Leucochrysa azevedoi is designated; (c) Leucochrysa (Nodita) morenoi, previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Nodita) camposi, is recognized as a valid species [Reinstated status] All three species are redescribed and illustrated, with special emphasis on the types. Leucochrysa (Nodita) azevedoi was found to be relatively common in agricultural areas along Brazil's Atlantic coast. The two other species are known only from their type localities: Leucochrysa (Nodita) camposi - coastal Ecuador, and Leucochrysa (Nodita) morenoi - Quito, Ecuador.     

Gas Exchange and Co-regulation of Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Quenching in Bean during Chilling at Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide

The effects of elevated (700 micromol mol(-1)) and ambient (350 micromol mol(-1)) CO(2) on gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during 24 h chilling treatments at 6.5 degrees C. Consistent with previous research on this cultivar, photosynthetic decline during chilling was not significantly affected by CO(2) while post-chilling recovery was more rapid at elevated compared to ambient CO(2). Our primary focus was whether there were also CO(2)-mediated differences in demand on nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) processes during the chilling treatments. We found that photosystem II quantum yield and total NPQ were similar between the CO(2) treatments during chilling. In both CO(2) treatments, chilling caused a shift from total NPQ largely composed of q(E), the protective, rapidly responding component of NPQ, to total NPQ dominated by the more slowly relaxing q(I), related to both protective and damage processes. The switch from q(E) to q(I) during chilling was more pronounced in the elevated CO(2) plants. Using complementary plots of the quantum yields of photochemistry and NPQ we demonstrate that, despite CO(2) effects on the partitioning of NPQ into q(E) and q(I) during chilling, total NPQ was regulated at both CO(2) levels to maximize photochemical utilization of absorbed light energy and dissipate only that fraction of light energy that was in excess of the capacity of photosynthesis. Photodamage did occur during chilling but was repaired within 3 h recovery from chilling in both CO(2) treatments.     

两种草蛉对取食棉花的扶桑绵粉蚧的嗅觉反应（英文）

捕食性的普通草蛉Chrysoperla sp.（carnea group） 和安平草蛉Mallada desjardinsi（Navas）（脉翅目:草蛉科）的寄主-生境定位取决于其觅食行为以及对各阶段释放的植物气味的行为反应.本研究调查了这两种交配的草蛉成虫以及取食棉花的扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis的反应,以便了解它们之间的三重营养关系.结果表明：草蛉雄虫和雌虫均能感受到棉花植株释放的绿叶挥发物;植株的各个阶段均可使捕食性昆虫和绵粉蚧定位.在受绵粉蚧为害的棉叶上饱和烃含量高,说明草蛉成虫的反应更为强烈;在植株受为害期和开花期释放捕食性昆虫,可提高田间捕食性昆虫的作用.这些结果提示有效的生物防治取决于捕食性昆虫在植株上的天然定殖能力以及对害虫的吞食能力.     

Does soil nitrogen influence growth,water transport and survival of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel.) under CO2 enrichment?

Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel. (snow gum) was grown under ambient (370  µ L L⁻¹) and elevated (700  µ L L⁻¹) atmospheric [CO₂] in open-top chambers (OTCs) in the field and temperature-controlled glasshouses. Nitrogen applications to the soil ranged from 0.1 to 2.75 g N per plant. Trees in the field at high N levels grew rapidly during summer, particularly in CO₂-enriched atmosphere, but suffered high mortality during summer heatwaves. Generally, wider and more numerous secondary xylem vessels at the root–shoot junction in CO₂-enriched trees conferred fourfold higher below-ground hydraulic conductance. Enhanced hydraulic capacity was typical of plants at elevated [CO₂] (in which root and shoot growth was accelerated), but did not result from high N supply. However, because high rates of N application consistently made trees prone to dehydration during heatwaves, glasshouse studies were required to identify the effect of N nutrition on root development and hydraulics. While the effects of elevated [CO₂] were again predominantly on hydraulic conductivity, N nutrition acted specifically by constraining deep root penetration into soil. Specifically, 15–40% shallower root systems supported marginally larger shoot canopies. Independent changes to hydraulics and root penetration have implications for survival of fertilized trees under elevated atmospheric [CO₂], particularly during water stress.     

Points of View Exploring the boundaries of environmental stress and fluctuating asymmetry: is Eumantispa (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) exceptional?

Eumantispa spp. usually show markedly asymmetrical wing venation, and this character is used in defining the genus. This is illustrated and discussed in relation to fluctuating asymmetry, which is used as a measure of environmental stress. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bioleaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bacterial leaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate was studied in continuous-flow reactors. Steady-state operation with two feed slurry densities, 6 wt% and 16 wt% solids, were tested for the effect of carbon dioxide concentration. Bacterial growth rates were estimated via the measurement of carbon dioxide consumption rates. Aqueous-phase carbon dioxide concentrations in excess of 10 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

溪流二氧化碳排放研究进展

陆源碳经内陆水体生态系统输出是全球碳循环的关键一环,其中溪流碳排放超过内陆水体平均碳排放,影响区域乃至全球碳收支.本文通过对前人的研究结果进行总结,归纳了当前溪流二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、二氧化碳排放通量(FCO2)的动态变化特征,二者均表现出明显的昼夜变化和季节变化特征,且随溪流分级的增大而减小;梳理了影响溪流pCO...     

A revision and key to the genera of Afrotropical Mantispidae (Neuropterida, Neuroptera), with the description of a new genus

The Afrotropical Mantispidae genera have previously been neglected and are poorly known. The genera are revised and redescribed. A new genus Afromantispa Snyman and Ohl is described with Afromantispa tenellacomb. n.as type species. Perlamantispa (Handschin, 1960) is synonymised with Sagittalata Handschin, 1959. The new combinations within the genus include Sagittalata austroafricacomb. n., Sagittalata bequaerticomb. n., Sagittalata dorsaliscomb. n., Sagittalata girardicomb. n., Sagittalata nubilacomb. n.,Sagittalata perlacomb. n.,Sagittalata pusillacomb. n., Sagittalata similatacomb. n., Sagittalata royicomb. n., Sagittalata tinctacomb. n. andSagittalata vasseicomb. n. An illustrated key to the genera Afromantispagen. n., Sagittalata Handschin, 1959, Mantispa Illiger, 1798, Cercomantispa Handschin, 1959, Rectinerva Handschin, 1959, Nampista Navás, 1914, and Pseudoclimaciella Handschin, 1960 is provided. The wing venation of Mantispidae is redescribed. Similarities between the genera are discussed. Subsequent studies will focus on revising the taxonomic status of species, which are not dealt with in this study.     

中国热带天然林变迁对大气CO2的影响及经济损益评估

我国目前保存较好的热带天然林（包括热带原始林、结构良好的天然更新林,而不包括疏林、残次林、灌木林等）面积约１１８７万ｈｍ２,其中云南南部约有６０万ｈｍ２,海南中南部山区约有５８７万ｈｍ２。在过去的４５年中,我国的热带原始林面积减少了５０％（约１１０ｈｍ２）。在海南岛尖峰岭的实例结果表明,热带原始林的生态系统的Ｃ素库为３４２ｔ／ｈｍ２（其中,森林群落Ｃ素库为２３４ｔ／ｈｍ２,土壤为１０５ｔ／ｈｍ２,凋落物层为３ｔ／ｈｍ２）,系统每年净固定ＣＯ２量为１３３６ｔ／ｈｍ２,折合Ｃ量为０３７３ｔ／ｈｍ２;热带天然更新林生态系统每年净固定ＣＯ２量为７２１３ｔ／ｈｍ２,折合成Ｃ量为１９７ｔ／ｈｍ２。在我国现有的热带天然林生态系统中,森林植被层的Ｃ素库为１４４８亿ｔ,土壤中的Ｃ素库为１４２２亿ｔ,与植被层Ｃ库相当。在减少的热带森林中,Ｃ素库减少了约２２３１亿ｔ、ＣＯ２净同化量减少了０１８３亿ｔ,其经济损益高达２２００亿元。最后从森林与ＣＯ２的关系方面探讨了热带林可持续经营的问题。