乳源性复合益生菌促进db/db糖尿病小鼠白色脂肪棕色化的研究

目的 研究乳源性复合益生菌对db/db糖尿病小鼠白色脂肪棕色化细胞因子解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC1α)、R结构域蛋白16(PRDM16)表达的影响。 方法 将6周龄的SPF级db/db糖尿病雄性小鼠适应性喂养1周,随机分为糖尿病模型组、罗格列酮组及复合益生菌高剂量组和低剂量组,SC57BL/Ks雄性小鼠为正常对照组,每组8只。血糖仪检测不同时段空腹血糖(FBG)水平,ELISA法检测糖化血红蛋(HbA1c)含量,取各组小鼠皮下白色脂肪组织,HE染色观察脂肪组织形态,用Real time PCR检测各组白色脂肪组织中UCP1、PGC1α、PRDM16 mRNA表达水平以及Western Blot检测各组脂肪组织中UCP1的表达。 结果 与模型组相比,复合益生菌组FBG、HbA1c水平明显下降,并且复合益生菌能够明显增加脂肪组织多室脂肪细胞数量,具有棕色化的趋向,并能够显著提高UCP1、PGC1α、PRDM16的mRNA表达和UCP1表达量。 结论 本研究发现乳源性复合益生菌能够促进白色脂肪棕色化从而改善胰岛素抵抗。     

棕色脂肪的产热及其调控机制

棕色脂肪组织是小型哺乳动物重要的兼性产热器官,位于棕色脂肪细胞线粒体内膜的解偶联蛋白是此种产热机制的关键物质.产热刺激激活解偶联蛋白构成的质子通道,在线粒体内膜形成质子短路,从而解除ATP合成偶联对氧化呼吸速率的控制,使产热高速进行.去甲肾上腺素、甲状腺激素、胰岛素、pH值以及食物、环境温度等因素综合调控着棕色脂肪组织的结构与功能状态.     

棕色脂肪组织与心血管疾病的关系

棕色脂肪组织 (BAT)是由棕色脂肪细胞和血管基质成分 (SVF)组成,其中SVF中包括内皮细胞、淋巴细胞、成纤维细胞以及具有多种分化功能的干细胞,在调节心血管健康与疾病上扮演着重要角色,参与心血管疾病的发生与发展。一方面,BAT通过能量代谢以及自分泌或旁分泌方式分泌的细胞因子对机体产生重要影响。BAT可以作用于心血管系统,发挥抗炎、抗心室重构等作用,从而对心血管起到保护作用。另一方面,脂肪组织来源干细胞的发现与应用,也为心血管疾病的治疗提供了有效途径。本文回顾了BAT自发现以来在人体及动物模型上的相关研究进展,论述了其与心血管损伤的相关性。     

外泌体调控白色脂肪棕色化的研究进展

白色脂肪和棕色脂肪是存在于哺乳动物体内的两种脂肪组织。在一定条件下,白色脂肪高表达线粒体解偶联蛋白1,耗能增加,表现出棕色脂肪的功能,称为白色脂肪棕色化。白色脂肪棕色化是正常机体能量消耗、脂肪减少的途径,也是患者恶病质形成的重要因素。外泌体是一类携带大量生物信息分子的细胞外囊泡,介导多种生理病理进程。现系统综述外泌体调控白色脂肪棕色化的研究进展及其在恶病质中的作用,以期为代谢性疾病的诊疗提供新思路。     

调控白色脂肪棕色化的生物活性物质及机制研究进展

肥胖已成为全球性公共卫生问题,肥胖及其引发的代谢疾病严重威胁人类健康.脂肪细胞发育及糖脂代谢与此密切相关,其中,白色脂肪细胞数量和体积的增加直接导致肥胖发生,而棕/米色脂肪的生成及其产热功能的增加有助于抵抗肥胖及相关代谢疾病.近年来已有较多研究从白色脂肪棕色化的角度着手研发保健食品及药物,从而抵抗肥胖.本文将对调控白色...     

低氧对肥胖小鼠棕色脂肪组织相关基因表达的影响及其机制

目的：分析肥胖小鼠在低氧暴露后棕色脂肪组织的差异表达基因及通路,以探讨低氧影响棕色脂肪组织活化的机制。方法：30只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,其中8只为普通对照组（N,n=8）;其余饲喂高脂饲料8周后,肥胖建模成功小鼠随机分为两组：肥胖对照组（OB,n=8）和肥胖低氧组（H,n=8）。H组进行11.2%氧浓度8 h/d,6天/周共4周的低氧暴露。4周后,测试血糖、血脂,取肩胛处棕色脂肪组织进行mRNA表达谱芯片扫描和生物信息学分析。利用KOBAS2.0软件对所筛选差异表达基因,并对参与关键生物过程和信号通路的差异基因进行实时荧光qPCR验证。结果：干预结束后,H组较OB组体重和血脂血糖水平显著降低;OB组较N组的上调差异基因802个,下调1 175个,差异基因的功能主要集中在糖脂合成代谢及免疫炎症反应过程;H组较OB组上调基因297个,下调228个,主要参与的生物过程有糖脂代谢、脂质转运过程、肌肉组织发育过程及脉管系统发育过程;低氧暴露调节肥胖机体棕色脂肪的通路主要集中在HIF-1、PI3K-Akt、FoxO和ErbB信号通路等过程。结论：11.2%氧气暴露可通过调节一系列棕色脂肪相关基因表达而提高棕色脂肪活性,从而下调肥胖机体体重。     

Immunoelectron microscopical identification of the uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue mitochondria

The distribution of the uncoupling protein (UCP) in brown adipocyte mitochondria of the hibernant Muscardinus avellanarius was obtained by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. In both cryosections and sections of Lowicryl-embedded material UCP was localized in the mitochondrial cristae of brown adipocytes, but not in liver mitochondria. It should now be possible to easily identify the morphology of cells committed to BAT differentiation in the tissue as well as in cell culture.     

Evidence that fasting can induce a selective loss of uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue mitochondria of mice

The effects of fasting and refeeding on the concentration of uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue mitochondria have been investigated in mice. Fasting mice for 48 h led to a large decrease in the total cytochrome oxidase activity of the interscapular brown fat pad. Mitochondrial GDP binding and the specific mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein also fell on fasting. After 24 h refeeding both GDP binding and the mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein were normalized, but there was no alteration in the total tissue cytochrome oxidase activity. Fasting appears to induce a selective loss of uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue mitochondria, which is rapidly reversible on refeeding.     

Effect of running training on uncoupling protein mRNA expression in rat brown adipose tissue

The effect was investigated of endurance training on the expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) mRNA in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats. The exercised rats were trained on a rodent treadmill for 5 days per week and a total of 9 weeks. After the training programme, a marked decrease in BAT mass was found in terms of weight or weight per unit body weight; there was a corresponding decrease in DNA content and a downward trend in RNA and glycogen levels. The UCP mRNA was present at a markedly decreased level in BAT of trained animals. In consideration of the reduced levels of mRNAs for hormone-sensitive lipase and acylCoA synthetase, the brown adipose tissue investigated appeared to be in a relatively atrophied and thermogenically quiescent state.     

Immunological detection of cDNA clones encoding the uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue: Evidence for an antigenic determinant within the C-terminal eleven amino acids

Poly(A)⁺ RNA was isolated from brown adipose tissue of cold acclimated rats and a fraction enriched for uncoupling protein mRNA was used to generate a cDNA library in pBR 322, Immunological screening of 1,500 colonies with an affinity-purified antiserum against the uncoupling protein yielded five positive clones, pUCP_ratl–5. Clone pUCP_rat2 encoded the C-terminal 54 amino acids of rat uncoupling protein and exhibited 90% amino acid homology with the hamster protein. Clones pUCP_rat3–5 encoded only the C-terminal 11 amino acids suggesting that an antigenic determinant lies within this sequence.     

Tea catechins enhance the mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 in rat brown adipose tissue

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the antiobesity effects of tea catechins (TCs) are associated with the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fat (HF; 35% fat) diet for 5 weeks, then divided into four groups and fed an HF, HF with 0.5% TC (HFTC), normal-fat (NF; 5% fat) or NF with 0.5% TC (NFTC) diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, perirenal and epididymal white adipose tissues (WATs) and interscapular BAT were isolated. The NFTC group had significantly lower perirenal WAT weights than the NF group (NF: 12.7±0.53 g; NFTC: 10.2±0.43 g; P<.01), but the HF and HFTC groups did not differ significantly. TC intake had no effects on epididymal WAT weights. The NFTC and HFTC groups had significantly lower BAT weights than the NF and HF groups, respectively. The NFTC group had significantly higher UCP1 mRNA levels in BAT than the NF group (NF: 0.35±0.02; NFTC: 0.60±0.11; P<.05), but the HF and HFTC groups did not differ significantly. Thus, TC intake in the context of the NF diet reduced perirenal WAT weight and up-regulated UCP1 mRNA expression in BAT. These results suggest that the suppressive effect of TC on body fat accumulation is associated with UCP1 expression in BAT.     

Cidea controls lipid droplet fusion and lipid storage in brown and white adipose tissue

Excess lipid storage in adipose tissue results in the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders including diabetes,fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases.The lipid droplet(LD)is an important subcellular organelle responsible for lipid storage.We previously observed that Fsp27,a member of the CIDE family proteins,is localized to LD-contact sites and promotes atypical LD fusion and growth.Cidea,a close homolog of Fsp27,is expressed at high levels in brown adipose tissue.However,the exact role of Cidea in promoting LD fusion and lipid storage in adipose tissue remains unknown.Here,we expressed Cidea in Fsp27-knockdown adipocytes and observed that Cidea has similar activity to Fsp27 in promoting lipid storage and LD fusion and growth.Next,we generated Cidea and Fsp27 double-deficient mice and observed that these animals had drastically reduced adipose tissue mass and a strong lean phenotype.In addition,Cidea/Fsp27 double-deficient mice had improved insulin sensitivity and were intolerant to cold.Furthermore,we observed that the brown and white adipose tissues of Cidea/Fsp27double-deficient mice had significantly reduced lipid storage and contained smaller LDs compared to those of Cidea or Fsp27single deficient mice.Overall,these data reveal an important role of Cidea in controlling lipid droplet fusion,lipid storage in brown and white adipose tissue,and the development of obesity.     

Acute and chronic cold exposure differentially affects the browning of porcine white adipose tissue

Piglets are characteristically cold intolerant and thus susceptible to high mortality. However, browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) can induce non-shivering thermogenesis as a potential strategy to facilitate the animal’s response to cold. Whether cold exposure can induce browning of subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) in piglets in a similar manner as it can in humans remains largely unknown. In this study, piglets were exposed to acute cold (4°C, 10 h) or chronic cold exposure (8°C, 15 days), and the genes and proteins of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and independent thermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, lipogenic and lipolytic processes were analysed. Interestingly, acute cold exposure induced browning of porcine sWAT, smaller adipocytes and the upregulated expression of UCP1, PGC1α, PGC1β, C/EBPβ, Cidea, UCP3, CKMT1 and PM20D1. Conversely, chronic cold exposure impaired the browning process, reduced mitochondrial numbers and the expression of browning markers, including UCP1, PGC1α and PRDM16. The present study demonstrated that acute cold exposure (but not chronic cold exposure) induces porcine sWAT browning. Thus, browning of porcine sWAT could be a novel strategy to balance the body temperature of piglets, and thus could be protective against cold exposure.     

Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into phospholipids of rat liver and white and brown adipose tissues: A time-course study during fish-oil feeding

The aim of this study was to determine the time-course incorporation of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids of tissues highly involved in lipid and energy metabolism: the liver and the white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues. Rats were fed a diet supplemented with 19% fish oil for up to 4 weeks. Minor changes in the relative proportions of tissue phospholipids were observed in the three tissues. Fish-oil feeding induced rapid and large replacements of n-6 fatty acids by n-3 fatty acids. In liver, the 22:6n-3 level increased progressively and reached a plateau after 3 (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) or 7 days (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol). In contrast, the 20:5n-3 level transiently peaked in all liver phospholipids at days 1–3 before reaching a plateau after day 7. In WAT as in BAT the level of n-3 fatty acids increased progressively and reached in all phospholipids a plateau after day 7. As a general trend, in each phospholipid class the 22:6n-3/20:5n-3 ratio was higher in liver than in the two adipose tissues. This study shows that each dietary n-3 fatty acid is incorporated very rapidly into liver, WAT, and BAT phospholipids but according to time courses and at levels that depend simultaneously on the tissue and phospholipid class considered.