Begomoviruses Associated with Leaf Curl Disease of Tomato in Java,Indonesia*

We report that several begomoviruses are associated with tomato leaf curl disease in Java, Indonesia. Tomato plants with leaf curl symptoms were collected from Bandung (west Java), Purwokerto (central Java), Magelang (central Java) and Malang (east Java) of Indonesia, the major tomato‐growing areas of the country. Viruses were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with universal primers for the genus Begomovirus. PCR‐amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. Based on sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses, the viruses were divided into three groups. With respect to amino acid (aa) identities of the N‐terminal halves of the coat proteins compared in this study, group I was most closely related to Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) (97%), Ageratum yellow vein China virus‐[Hn2] (AYVCNV‐[Hn2]) (96%) and Ageratum yellow vein virus‐[Taiwan] (AYVV‐[Tai]) (95%), and ageratum‐infecting begomovirus from Java (99%). Group II had high sequence identity with a tentative species of tomato leaf curl Java virus (ToLCJAV) (96% aa) for the CP. Group III was most closely related to a proposed species of Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIDV) (90% aa identity) by its partial CP sequence.     

Human Alkhumra hemorrhagic Fever: Emergence,history and epidemiological and clinical profiles

Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a severe, often fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans. It is caused by Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV), a newly described flavivirus first isolated in 1995 in Alkhumra district, south of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. It is transmitted from infected livestock animals to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by tick bites. In the recent past, the incidence of AHF has increased, with a total of 604 confirmed cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia between 1995 and 2020. Yet, no specific treatment or control strategies have been developed and implemented against this infection. Hence, the likelihood of increased prevalence or the occurrence of outbreaks is high, particularly in the absence of appropriate prevention and control strategies. This narrative review presents an overview of the current knowledge and future concerns about AHF globally.     

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus Invade South-east Coast of China

An epidemic outbreak of severe yellow leaf curl disease was reported in field grown tomato within Zhejiang Province of China in the autumn–winter cropping season of 2006. A molecular diagnostic survey was carried out based on comparisons of partial and complete viral DNA sequences. Comparison of partial DNA‐A sequences amplified with degenerate primers specific for begomoviruses confirmed the presence of two types of begomoviruses. The complete DNA sequences of five isolates, corresponding to the two types, were determined. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis revealed that they correspond to two previously identified begomoviruses, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus. The satellite DNAβ molecule was not detected in these samples by either PCR or Southern blot hybridization analysis. There has been no previous report of geminivirus disease incidence in Zhejiang Province, indicating that the introduction of these two tomato infecting geminiviruses into the agro‐ecological zone of South‐eastern China is a fairly recent event. The implications for disease control are discussed.     

The frequencies of Kidd blood group antigens and phenotypes among Saudi blood donors in Southwestern Saudi Arabia

BackgroundThe patients who require transfusion are prevalent in the Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is essential to know the frequency of blood group antigens in such a population. The Kidd blood group system (JK) has two antithetical antigens, Jk^a and Jk^b. Antibodies to these antigens may result in delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. The present study investigated the frequencies of Jk^a and Jk^b and the phenotypes among Saudi blood donors living in the Jazan Province.MethodsOne hundred and forty-three samples from anonymous Saudi volunteer blood donors in the Jazan Province were serotype to detect Jk^a and Jk^b using gel card technology and determine the phenotypes of the JK blood group system.ResultsThe prevalence of Jk^a and Jk^b antigens were 90.64% (n = 126) and 69.40% (n = 93), respectively. The JK phenotypes were 34.96% Jk(a + b ? ) (n = 51), 12.59% Jk(a ? b + ) (n = 18), 52.45% Jk(a + b + ) (n = 75), and 0% Jk(a ? b ? ). The frequencies of the JK phenotypes in the Jazan population were significantly different from those in the Asian population (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWe reported the frequencies of the Jk^a and Jk^b antigens and the distribution of the JK phenotypes in a group of Saudi blood donors in the Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. The phenotype Jk(a + b + ) was the most common among the study population. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the significance of identifying the frequency of JK antigens and phenotypes in the provinces of Saudi Arabia.     

Genetic diversity of begomoviruses infecting tomato plant in Saudi Arabia

Tomato is known as a highly valuable crop and grown worldwide for various uses. The cultivation and tomato production severely affected globally by several diseases caused by various pathogens. Begomoviruses causes yellow mosaic and leaf curl disease of tomato in the tropical, subtropical, temperate, and semi-arid regions. In Saudi Arabia, the tomato production adversely affected by disease caused by begomoviruses known as TYLCV and ToLCSDV. In this study, the pathogen was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction using virus-specific primers and transmitted by whiteflies to healthy tomato seedlings. In a field survey, the tomato plants were exhibiting symptoms like viral infection. The infected leaf was randomly collected from various fields of tomato growing areas like Jeddah, Makkah, Tabuk, and Hail. The full-length viral genome was amplified by Rolling Circle Amplification technology (RCA) while betasatellites were amplified by PCR using universal betasatellites primers. The full-length viral genome (∼2.7 kb) and betasatellites (∼1.4 kb) were cloned and sequenced bi-directionally. The generated sequences were assembled and analyzed to find out the genetic variability by using bioinformatics tools and the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships with selected begomoviruses were analyzed. The sequences showed the highest identity with an isolate of ToLCSDV and TYLCV. The nucleotide similarity and phylogenetic relationship showed the closest cluster with ToLCSDV and TYLCV. The data generated in this study elucidate that the causal organism is a variant of either TYLCV or ToLCSDV. The provided information from this study will be highly valuable for researchers and vegetable growers not only in Saudi Arabia but also in Arabian Peninsula.     

Preference of sweeteners among Saudi diabetes patients from a tertiary health care centre in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

BackgroundChoice of sweetening options can influence glyceamic control among patients with diabetes. This study aims to investigate the preference of added sweeteners for Saudi patients with diabetes, factors associated with the choice of sweeteners and the attitude of the patients towards the use of artificial sweeteners.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted at King Saud University Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and targeting Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data was collected via personal interviews accessing medical records of interviewed patients. Patients were asked about consumption of sweeteners and types of consumed soft drinks on daily basis. Bi-variate analysis of the associations between choice of sweeteners and patients characteristics was performed and followed by binary logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders such as age, gender, and education level.ResultsA total of 302 Saudi diabetic patients were recruited in this investigation. Among this sample, frequency of patients reporting weekly consumption of white sugar was the highest (57%), followed by honey (26%) and artificial sweeteners (12% for powder form and 10.5% for tablets). Consumption of white sugar was significantly more frequent among patients with higher level of Body Mass Index (BMI) (P value < 0.05). The frequency of using honey was higher among females while consumption of either sugared or low calorie soft drinks was significantly higher among male patients (P values < 0.05). Upon asking the patients about their attitude towards artificial sweeteners, only 25% of the sample agreed that their use can aid in reduction of caloric intake while 35% of the sample agreed that artificial sweeteners can be harmful to the body.ConclusionsAmong this sample of type 2 diabetes patients, the frequency of white sugar and honey use as a sweetening option is high. These findings generate the need for further research to investigate the effectiveness of health education and nutritional advice among diabetes patients attending similar clinical settings in Saudi Arabia.     

Variations in length of stay of inpatients with COVID-19: A nationwide test of the new model of care under vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia

ObjectiveThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as it has other nations. However, length of stay (LOS), as a healthcare quality indicator, has not been examined across the healthcare regions in the KSA. Therefore, this study aimed to examine factors associated with LOS to better understand the Saudi Health System's performance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the newly suggested five Saudi regional business units (BUs).MethodsA retrospective study was conducted using Ministry of Health (MOH) data on hospital LOS during the period from March to mid-July 2020. Participants were adult inpatients (18 years or older) with confirmed COVID-19 (n = 1743 patients). The 13 regions of the KSA were united into the defined five regional BUs during the reorganization of the health system. Covariates included demographics such as age and sex, comorbidities, and complications of COVID-19. A multiple linear regression with stepwise forward selection was used to model LOS for other explanatory variables associated with LOS, including demographic, comorbidities, and complications.ResultsThe mean LOS was 11.85 days which differed significantly across the BUs, ranging from 9.3 days to 13.3 days (p value < 0.001). BUs differed significantly in LOS for transferred patients but not for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) or those who died in-hospital. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the LOS for inpatients admitted in the Eastern and Southern BUs was significantly shorter than for those in the Central BU. (p value < 0.001). Admission to the ICU was associated with lengthier stays (p value < 0.0001). Factors significantly associated with shorter stays (compared to the reference), were being Saudi, death during admission, and patients referred to another hospital (p value < 0.05).ConclusionThe LOS for patients with COVID-19 differed across the proposed regional healthcare BUs, suggesting regional differences in quality of care under the reorganization of the national health system. Since patient and disease characteristics did not explain these findings, differences in staffing and other resources need to be examined to develop interventions.     

Genetic variability of Cotton leaf curl betasatellite in Northern India

Cotton is an important crop and its production is affected by various disease pathogens. Monopartite begomovirus associated betasatellites cause Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) in Northern India. In order to access the occurrence and genetic variability of Cotton leaf curl betasatellites, an extensive field survey was conducted in states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. We selected the betasatellite sequence for analysis as they are reported as important for disease severity and sequence variability. Based on the field observations, the disease incidence ranged from 30% to 80% during the survey. Full genome and DNA β were amplified from various samples while no amplicon was obtained in some samples. The nucleotide sequence homology ranged from 90.0% to 98.7% with Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV), 55.2–55.5% with Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus, 55.8% with Okra leaf curl virus and 51.70% with Tomato leaf curl virus isolates. The lowest similarity (47.8%) was found in CLCuV-Sudan isolate. Phylogenetic analysis showed that analyzed isolates formed a close cluster with various CLCuV isolates reported earlier. The analysis results show sequence variation in Cotton leaf curl betasatellite which could be the result of recombination. The results obtained by genome amplification and sequence variability indicate that some new variants are circulating and causing leaf curl disease in Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana.Abbreviations: CLCuD, Cotton leaf curl disease; CLCuV, Cotton leaf curl virus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SCR, satellite conserved region     

The impact of SELP gene Thr715Pro polymorphism on sP-selectin level and association with cardiovascular disease in Saudi diabetic patients: A cross-sectional case-control study

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased soluble sP-selectin and 715Thr > Pro polymorphism were studied in CVD and T2DM, but association between them hasn’t been explored in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to assess sP-selectin levels in T2DM and T2DM-associated CVD patients in comparison to healthy control cohort. Also, we sought to investigate relationship between Thr715Pro polymorphism and sP-selectin levels and disease state.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional case-control study. sP-selectin level (measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and prevalence of Thr715Pro polymorphism (assessed by Sanger sequencing) were investigated in 136 Saudi participants. The study comprised 3 groups: group1 included 41 T2DM patients; group 2 (48 T2DM patients with CVD), and group 3 (47 healthy controls).ResultssP-selectin levels were significantly higher in diabetics and diabetics + CVD groups as compared to the corresponding control. In addition, results showed that the prevalence of 715Thr > Pro polymorphism is 11.75 % in the study population amongst the three study groups (9.55 % Thr/Pro, and 2.2 % Pro/Pro). No statistical difference was found between sP-selectin levels in subject carrying the wildtype genotype of this polymorphism and these who carry the mutant gene. There could be an association between this polymorphism and T2DM, whilst the polymorphism may protect diabetic patients from having CVD. However, odds ratio is not statistically significant in both cases.ConclusionOur study supports the previous researches’ results that Thr715Pro is neither influencing the sP-selectin level nor the risk of CVD in T2DM patients.     

First Report of a Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV) Associated with Tomato Leaf Curl Disease in India

Leaf curl disease symptoms were observed in tomato crop grown in a tomato field at Matera district of Bahraich, India, in March 2013 with an 85% disease incidence. The infected plants exhibited leaf curl symptoms accompanied with puckering, vein swelling and stunting of the whole plant. PCR carried out with begomovirus coat protein gene and DNA beta‐specific primer sets resulted in positive amplification of ~775 bp and 1.35 kbp, respectively, with all symptom‐bearing plant samples. BLASTn and phylogenetic analyses of CP gene sequences showed highest and close relationship with Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV) isolates, while the phylogenetic study of betasatellite sequence showed distinct relationships with other begomovirus associated betasatellites reported from India and abroad. This is a first report of a CYVMV associated with tomato leaf curl disease in India.     

Virus–vector Relationships,Host Range,Detection and Sequence Comparison of Chilli leaf curl virus Associated with an Epidemic of Leaf Curl Disease of Chilli in Jodhpur,India

An epidemic of chilli leaf curl disease was recorded in 2004 in Jodhpur, a major chilli‐growing area in Rajasthan, India. Several isolates were efficiently transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), all of which induced severe leaf curl symptoms in chilli. A single whitefly was capable of transmitting the virus, and eight or more whiteflies per plant resulted in 100% transmission. The minimum acquisition access period (AAP) and inoculation access period (IAP) were 180 and 60 min, respectively. The virus persisted in whiteflies for up to 5 days postacquisition. Of 25 species tested, the virus infected only five (Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana). The virus was identified as Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV), which shared the closest sequence identity (96.1%) with an isolate of ChiLCV from potato in Pakistan and showed sequence diversity up to 12.3% among the ChiLCV isolates reported from India and Pakistan. A betasatellite was identified, which resembled most closely (97.3%) that of Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite previously reported from chilli and tomato leaf curl in India. The betasatellite was very different from that reported from chilli leaf curl in Pakistan, indicating that different betasatellites are associated with chilli leaf curl in India and Pakistan. We describe here for the first time the virus–vector relationships and host range of ChiLCV.     

Leaf curl disease of tomato in Haldwani (Uttarakhand), India region is caused by a begomovirus with satellite molecule DNA β

The leaf curl disease of tomato was observed in the Haldwani region of Uttarakhand, India during 2004–2007 with an average disease incidence of 49.8 and 73.7% during the month of October and February, respectively. The virus isolate from the infected tomato plants was transmissible to healthy tomato plants by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), and the inoculated plants showed typical leaf curl symptoms with a latent period of 16–18 days. The total DNA was extracted from the infected plants and subjected to polymerase chain reaction to amplify the genomic components. The coat protein (CP) gene of ～750 nt was amplified using a set of CP gene specific primer and sequenced (EU847240). Sequence analysis of 701 nt from the N′ terminal region revealed that it had a sequence identity of more than 90% with other isolates/strains of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. A satellite molecule, DNA β of ～1.4 kb was also amplified using universal DNA β-specific primers, cloned and sequenced (EU847239). The isolated DNA β was 1370 nt in length and had a nucleotide sequence identity of 91–93% with DNA β associated with cowpea severe leaf curl and tomato leaf curl disease (TomLCD) reported from India and Pakistan, respectively, and followed by 79% with DNA β associated with TomLCDs reported from Rajasthan. This result showed that the satellite DNA β was associated with TomLCD in Haldwani.     

First Report of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus-Israel Species Infecting Tomato, Pepper and Bean in Tunisia

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) has been observed in Tunisia for more than 20 years. Until year 2004, only the Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus‐Sicily (TYLCSV‐[Sic]) was detected in tomato, pepper and bean crops. In the Sahel region, some tomato samples showing severe TYLCVD symptoms were collected from greenhouses in 2004 and 2005. Typing of these isolates revealed for the first time the presence of the TYLCV Israel in Tunisia. This result was confirmed by using several sets of specific primers and by sequencing. This species has also been detected on pepper and bean collected from fields in the same region. The sequencing of a tomato and a bean isolate showed that they both share more than 97% of sequence identity with the TYLCV from Dominican Republic ( AF024715 ). The TYLCV has been found in single and mixed infection with the TYLCSV‐[Sic].     

Incidences and progression of tomato chlorosis virus disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease in tomato under different greenhouse covers in southeast Spain

Epidemics of whitefly‐transmitted Tomato chlorosis virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus have been present in the south east of Spain since the 1990s. A survey was performed in 40 greenhouses and nethouses during 2003 to establish the relationship between the disease incidence and the quality of greenhouse or nethouse coverings, providing a physical protection of crops against whiteflies. For tomato chlorosis virus disease (ToCD), the incidence correlated with the type of greenhouse cover and was most reduced under higher quality covers. Control of tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) was achieved only for crops grown in the highest quality greenhouses. TYLCD incidence in tolerant tomatoes remained below 100% within the 5 months of sampling, despite the disease progress rate at the initial stage of the cultivation being higher than that of ToCD, which did reach 100% incidence in many greenhouses. Linear regression analysis showed that the development of ToCD and TYLCD in most of the greenhouses was best described by the monomolecular model and the Gompertz model, respectively. Tomato infectious chlorosis virus was not detected in parallel surveys carried out during this study, although it has been described previously in the area studied.     

Association between periodontitis and vitamin D status: A case-control study

Vitamin D deficiency and periodontitis are commonly prevalent among Saudi adults. However, the association between periodontitis and vitamin D status has not been well documented. This study aims to examine the association between periodontitis and vitamin D status among adults in the Albaha region of Saudi Arabia. A case-control study of 123 Saudi adults was conducted; 60 had severe or moderate periodontitis, and 63 were periodontally healthy. Data was collected by an online self-reported sociodemographic questionnaire. All participants then underwent a full periodontal examination. Blood samples were also provided to assess participants’ vitamin D statuses through serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). A total of 60 cases and 63 controls matched for BMI (30.2 ± 4.86 kg/m²), age (40.01 ± 7.73 years), and sex (46.3% and 53.7% male and female, respectively) participated in the study. Mean levels of 25(OH)D were significantly lower in periodontitis participants than in controls (25.03 ± 8.55 ng/ml, 29.19 ± 12.82 ng/ml, p = 0.037, respectively). Lower odds of periodontitis were detected per unit of 25(OH)D level (OR 0.964, 95% CI; 0.931–0.999, p = 0.043). In conclusion, periodontitis is significantly associated with deficient and insufficient levels of vitamin D among Saudi adults in the Albaha region. Future longitudinal research with a larger sample size may be suggested to confirm these results.     

番茄曲叶病及其血清学和PCR测定

我国曾报道的番茄病毒病有多种,其中最常见的是黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)引起的花叶病。柯冲等(1964)在大陆首次报道烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)传播的番茄病毒病——番茄黄顶病,此病在50～60年代曾在广州市郊流行,造成大面积减产。Green等(1984)报道台湾发生番茄黄曲叶病,此病与日本的番茄黄矮病(Tomato yellow dwarf)相似,并且与烟草曲叶病毒(TLCV)有血清学关系。印度、委内瑞拉等国也曾报道发生由烟粉虱传播的番茄曲叶病和番茄黄曲叶病。1991和1992年秋,在广西南宁市郊发现一种症状表现为植株矮缩,叶片向上向内卷曲,叶背面产生耳状或杯状增生物,对光看有时可见叶脉呈墨绿色,不结果或少结果的番茄病害。1992年秋广西农业科学院的番茄试验地发病率高达6.8％,对当地秋番茄生产构成了威胁。作者对病害症状、传播、血清学反应及PCR分析等方面与烟草曲叶病毒进行了比较研究,证实了该病的病原与烟草曲叶病毒有很高的同源性。现将研究结果简报如下。     

Association of a Distinct Begomovirus and a Betasatellite with Leaf Curl Symptoms in Pedilanthus tithymaloides

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Redbird flower) is an ornamental shrub that occasionally exhibits leaf curl and enation symptoms in Pakistan. Symptoms were shown to be associated with a monopartite begomovirus and a betasatellite. The complete nucleotide sequence of the begomovirus was found to be 2764 nucleotides in length and have the highest nucleotide sequence identity to a begomovirus previously isolated from tomato (90.3% nucleotide sequence identity), followed by Radish leaf curl virus (86.3%). The complete betasatellite sequence was determined to be 1358 nucleotides in length and has the highest sequence identity (97%) with Tobacco leaf curl betasatellite . The analysis shows the begomovirus associated with leaf curl disease of Pedilanthus to be a distinct and previously unreported begomovirus for which the name Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PedLCV) is proposed. This virus is one of an increasing number of monopartite begomoviruses shown to be associated with a betasatellite.     

Smash ridge tillage strongly influence soil functionality,physiology and rice yield

The practice of smash-ridging on dry land crop cultivation has shown much promise. However, the mechanism how does soil functionality and root traits can affect rice yield under smash ridge tillage with reduced nitrogen fertilization have not yet been explored. To fill this knowledge gap, we used three tillage methods—smash-ridging 40 cm (S40), smash-ridging 20 cm (S20), and traditional turn-over plowing 20 cm (T)—and two rice varieties (hybrid rice and conventional rice) and measured soil quality, root traits, rice yield and their correlation analysis at different growth stages. Soil physical and chemical properties were significantly improved by smash-ridging, including improvements in root morphological and physiological traits during three growth stages compared with T. S40 had the highest leaf area index (LAI), plant height (PH), and biomass accumulation (BA). Increment in biomass and panicle number (PN) resulted in higher grain yield (GY) of 6.9–9.4% compared with T. Correlation analysis revealed that root total absorption area (RTAA), root active absorption area (RAA), and root area ratio (RAR) were strongly correlated with soil quality. Root injury flow (RIF) and root biomass accumulation (RBA) were strongly correlated with LAI and above-ground plant biomass accumulation (AGBA). Conclusively, S40 is a promising option for improving soil quality, root traits, and consequently GY.     

Evaluation of the health status outcome among inpatients treated for Amphetamine Addiction

Amphetamine is one of the most abuser drugs in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to evaluate health status outcome at baseline and after detoxification in amphetamine users through the evaluation of the body mass index, renal function tests, cardiac biomarkers, gonadal hormonal levels, and oxidative stress markers. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 participants. Sixty participants were hospitalized patients for treatment of addiction and 30 participants were healthy volunteers. This study was performed at a psychiatric and rehabilitation center, in Qassim region, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants were divided into: group I = control; group II = amphetamine users and group III = amphetamine plus cannabis users. Socio-demographic data was collected. The urinary amphetamine level, Severity Dependence Scale (SDS), body mass index (BMI), vital signs; serum levels of troponin T (TnT), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), luteinizing Hormone (LH), testosterone Hormone (TSTS), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were measured on admission and after detoxification. The results showed that the BMI was significantly decreased while, vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate were significantly increased in all abusers and returned to normal values after the detoxification period. The cardiac biomarker troponin T was significantly increased and reversed after detoxification. The immune system was evaluated through assessing serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. The immune system remained immunocompromised in drug users, and IgM and IgG levels did not reach the level of control group after treatment. Luteinizing and testosterone hormones were evaluated. Both hormones were increased on admission and improved after the detoxification period. Renal function showed no significant differences between drug users and the control group. In the evaluation of the antioxidant system, there was a significant increase in serum MDA, SOD, GPx, and CAT levels compared to healthy controls. After the detoxification phase, these oxidative stress biomarkers still remained elevated. The current results have shown the addiction of amphetamine and cannabis exert detrimental effects on different body organs and the exert major consequences on the health status of drug users. The present study showed that, there was no improvement in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, although an improvement was observed in the other parameters after the detoxification phase.