基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的中国二点委夜蛾遗传多态性分析

二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone是2005年首次在河北省发现危害夏玉米苗的新害虫, 2011年7月在河北、 河南、 山东、 山西、 安徽和江苏6省47市夏玉米苗期大面积暴发成灾, 严重威胁玉米生产。为了从种群水平探讨该虫暴发成灾的机制, 我们通过分析线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mtCOⅠ）基因序列来研究不同地区二点委夜蛾种群的进化关系。本研究采集了河北、 河南、 山东和山西等地的19个不同地理种群样本, 用同源序列比对的方法分析样本mtCOⅠ基因片段, 利用DnaSP 5.0软件和Arlequin 3.5软件对不同地理种群间的mtCOⅠ单倍型多样性分析和Tajima’s D中性检测, 建立了单倍型邻接（N-J）系统发育进化树和单倍型网络图。结果表明, 在203头个体的658 bp mtCOⅠ基因片段中, 得到17种单倍型和18个变异位点, 河北省的二点委夜蛾的单倍型多态性最丰富, 而河南、 山东和山西3省采集的二点委夜蛾样品其单倍型均有与河北种群单倍型一致的类型。二点委夜蛾不同地理种群间基因流水平较高, 种群间没有明显的遗传分化, 并且在较近的历史时期未经历明显的种群扩张。     

入侵害虫扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的风险分析

2008年12月16日调查发现,扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley在广州市的扶桑(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)树上多点发生。采用GARP生态位模型分析预测该虫在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性分析方法,对扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、云南、重庆、湖北、安徽、上海、江苏、山东、河南等17省区的大部分区域,新疆、四川、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北、北京、天津、辽宁、内蒙古等11省区的部分地区,都是该虫的适生区。危险性综合评价值为0.886,在中国的危害风险性很大。     

基于微卫星标记的中国枣食芽象甲地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】枣食芽象甲Scythropus yasumatsui是我国北方枣树Zizyphus jujuba上的一种重要的灾害性害虫,在陕西、山西、河北、河南等枣树主产区普遍发生。本研究旨在揭示我国枣食芽象甲不同种群间的遗传分化和基因交流规律。【方法】利用枣食芽象甲转录组测序的SSR序列,使用荧光标记PCR及毛细管电泳分型方法,筛选出8个微卫星位点,对我国5个省份(山西、陕西、宁夏、河北和河南)10个地理种群共308头枣食芽象甲样本进行种群遗传多样性分析。【结果】8个SSR位点均存在无效等位基因且偏离哈迪 温伯格平衡。各位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)为2.113~8.016,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.561~0.908,期望杂合度(He)为0.476~0.865;种群间遗传分化系数(Fst)平均值为0.151;基因流(Nm)平均值为1.594。枣食芽象甲种群间遗传分化系数与地理距离之间显著正相关(r=0.596, P=0.0035),基于Nei’s遗传距离和Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards余弦遗传距离的系统进化树将10个地理种群均聚为3个相同的分支。【结论】结果说明,枣食芽象甲种群遗传多样性较高,不同地理种群间存在高度的遗传分化,且有一定的基因交流;地理隔离是影响枣食芽象甲地理种群遗传分化和基因交流的重要因素。     

Assessment of genetic diversity and chemical composition among seven black locust populations from Northern China

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the important biomass sources used to produce bioenergy and bioethanol. In this study, we examined variations in chemical composition as well as genetic diversity and differentiation among 165 black locust plants from seven populations in five provinces (Beijing, Hebei, Gansu, Shanxi, Shandong) of Northern China using microsatellite markers(SSR). The contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin varied widely among seven populations. Of the microsatellite markers analysed, 14 showed polymorphisms, and 45 alleles were identified. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.2885 (Rops4) to 0.6837 (Rp200), and most of the microsatellite loci had PIC values > 0.5. Expected heterozygosity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and Shannon's information index (I) detected relatively high genetic variation among populations. The percentage of polymorphic loci in three populations was 100%, and the average among all populations were 95.92%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the degree of genetic differentiation among the seven populations was low (G_ST = 0.058; N_m = 4.05), and chemical compositions had no relationship with genetic or geographic distance. This study demonstrates that microsatellite markers efficiently assess of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in black locust populations, and all seven populations exhibit high genetic diversity. The population from Feixian has the potential to be lingo-cellulosic biomass for bioenergy and bioethanol.     

基于Maxent和GARP模型的日本双棘长蠹在中国的潜在地理分布分析

【目的】日本双棘长蠹Sinoxylon japonicum是一种重要的林木蛀干害虫。该虫自1981年首次报道于云南昆明以来,先后在中国的10多个省市被发现。近年来该害虫在北京、天津和河北等地对国槐Sophora japonica的危害日趋严重。【方法】在本研究中,作者按时间顺序梳理了日本双棘长蠹在中国的分布记录,根据日本双棘长蠹已有分布记录及其主要寄主植物国槐在我国的种植区域采用了Maxent和GARP两种生态位模型对日本双棘长蠹的潜在地理分布进行分析。【结果】日本双棘长蠹在中国南方地区呈零星分布,而在中国北方地区较为集中。分布记录的报道时间呈现出由南向北和自东向西的局势,推测这种分布格局是由于其寄主植物所导致的：中国北方地区危害严重可能与国槐在中国北方的集中种植有关,寄主树苗在不同地区间的调运是其种群扩散主要原因。基于生态位模拟的结果显示日本双棘长蠹在中国具有较大的适宜生态空间,潜在地理分布范围较广,从北到南其适生区主要有：辽宁西部、北京、天津、宁夏、河北、山西南部、山东、陕西、江苏、安徽、湖北、重庆、浙江、江西、湖南以及四川和贵州西北部。【结论】这些地区间的树苗转运需要做好检验检疫工作,以防止日本双棘长蠹的扩散。     

基于地理信息系统的红火蚁在中国适生区的预测

应用地理信息系统(GIS)对红火蚁在中国的适生区进行了预测.以高于发育起点温度的天数和有效积温作为决定性因子,年均降水量、海拔高度作为限制性因子,应用GIS中的Kriging空间插值功能将红火蚁在我国的适生性分布情况分为高度适生区、适生区、轻度适生区和非适生区.结果表明,广东大部、广西中南部、云南南部的少数地区、海南、台湾、香港和澳门是红火蚁的高度适生区.云南南部、两广北部、河南最南部、安徽西部、浙江大部、湖北中东部、重庆、湖南、江西和福建是红火蚁的适生区.轻度适生区分布于河北中东部、山东中东部、北京、天津、江苏中北部、安徽大部、河南大部、浙江西北部、湖北西北部、陕西南部、四川东部、贵州中西部和云南中部的少数地区.我国的西北、东北和华北的大部分地区为红火蚁的非适生区.     

基于有害干扰的中国省域森林生态安全评价

近年来随着经济社会不断发展,森林生态系统受到各种有害干扰越来越多,在以可持续发展为目标和"建设生态城市,推进城市森林建设,保障城市生态安全"的背景下,研究我国各省森林生态安全状况,成为关乎我国各省城市健康发展的重要课题。在对森林生态安全与森林健康概念辨析的基础上,基于有害干扰角度,运用宏观数据,应用SPSS、Stata、Matlab等软件,采用理论分析与实证分析、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法。通过主成分分析、聚类分析、模糊评价等手段对2011年我国31个省级行政区域的森林生态安全水平进行实证分析和评价。评价结果表明:在2011年研究所涉及的31个省份中,16个省级行政区域的森林生态安全水平较高,森林生态系统受有害干扰较小,整体水平较为乐观,但仍有近一半的省份森林生态系统处于不安全状态。在深入探讨评价结果和影响我国各省森林生态安全主要干扰因子的基础上,为如何维护我国森林生态安全提出了对策建议。     

Grain aphid population structure: no effect of fungal infections in a 2-year field study in Denmark

1 Sitobion avenae (F.) is a serious pest in Danish cereal crops. To understand the population genetic structure, aphids were sampled in seven different winter wheat (Triticum sativum Lamarck) fields throughout Denmark. The aphids were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers. In total, 2075 aphids were collected and 1203 of these were genotyped. 2 The Danish S. avenae populations displayed very high genotypic diversity, high percentages of unique genotypes and low linkage disequilibria; this is likely to be a result of genetic recombination encompassed by their holocyclic lifestyle. The populations showed very limited differentiation and no sign of isolation by distance. Almost all the genetic variation was ascribed within the populations rather than between populations, probably due to a high migration rate at approximate 10% per generation. 3 Seasonal changes in clonal diversity and distribution of asexual summer generations of S. avenae within the infestation period in a single winter wheat field were followed over two consecutive years by weekly sampling from 60 plots each of 20 × 20 m. Clonal diversity was high in all samples with no dominant clonal lineages and no significant difference in the genotypic diversity between weeks or between years. However, a temporal genetic differentiation effect, throughout the infestation, suggests that selective factors or high temporal migration play an important role in shaping the genetic structure S. avenae. 4 Analyses of fungal infected and uninfected aphids were performed to test whether some clonal linage were more often infected by fungi from the Entomophthorales under field conditions. In total, 54 progeny from aphids with Entomophthorales were genotyped and compared with 422 uninfected aphid genotypes. The Entomophthorales‐infected aphid genotypes did not cluster out together, suggesting that these fungal pathogens did not affect the population differentiation or clonal distribution of S. avenae in a Danish agroecosystem. 5 Our findings indicate that S. avenae populations can be controlled using conservation biological control     

泡桐丛枝植原体16S rDNA和延伸因子基因序列分析

对采自陕西、山西、甘肃、河南、河北、山东各省的泡桐丛枝病材料,利用巢式扩增,均得到16S rDNA基因片段约1.2kb;扩增得到植原体延伸因子(EF-Tu)tuf基因,长度约为850bp.。通过将16S rDNA基因片段和延伸因子(EF-Tu)tuf基因序列与已知植原体16Sr各组成员进行同源性比较,确定我国大陆泡桐主栽区陕西、山西、甘肃、河南、河北、山东各省与已经报道的台湾省泡桐丛枝植原体基本一致,均为同一个种,没有株系的分化,全部归属于植原体16SrI-D组,从而确定了其分类地位。     

Predicting potential distribution of chestnut phylloxerid (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) based on GARP and Maxent ecological niche models

The chestnut phylloxerid, Moritziella castaneivora, has been recently recorded as a forest pest in China. It heavily damaged chestnut trees and has caused serious economic losses in some main chestnut production areas. In order to effectively monitor and manage this pest, it is necessary to investigate its potential geographical distribution worldwide. In this study, we used two ecological niche models, Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Production (GARP) and Maximum Entropy (Maxent), along with the geographical distribution of the host plants, Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), to predict the potential geographical distribution of M. castaneivora. The results suggested that the suitable distribution areas based on GARP were general consistent with those based on Maxent, but GARP predicted distribution areas that extended more in size than did Maxent. The results also indicated that the suitable areas for chestnut phylloxerid infestations were mainly restricted to Northeast China (northern Liaoning), East China (southern Shandong, northern Jiangsu and western Anhui), North China (southern Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin), Central China (eastern Hubei and southern Henan), Japan (Kinki, Shikoku and Tohoku) and most parts of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, some provinces of central and western China were predicted to have low suitability or unsuitable areas (e.g. Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet). A jackknife test in Maxent showed that the average precipitation in July was the most important environmental variable affecting the distribution of this pest species. Consequently, the study suggests several reasonable regulations and management strategies for avoiding the introduction or invasion of this high‐risk chestnut pest to these potentially suitable areas.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of the ark shell Scapharca broughtonii along the coast of China based on microsatellites

As a commercially important species in East Asia, the natural resources of Scapharca broughtonii have been suffering from severe population decline across its main habitats. In China, recovery efforts for S. broughtonii are in progress. To provide scientific bases for fisheries management and conservation program, genetic diversity and population structure of seven wild populations of S. broughtonii from the northern China coast was assessed using seven microsatellite loci in this study. High genetic diversity was present in all the seven populations, as observed in mean allelic richness per locus (11.3–12.5), and average expected heterozygosity (0.835–0.867). No significant difference in allelic richness or expected heterozygosity was observed among the seven populations. Pairwise F_ST estimates and NJ tree topologies based on D_C distances indicated that the seven populations fell into two groups, showing a clear division between the populations from the south and north of the Shandong Peninsula. Genetic differentiation was further analyzed using AMOVA and assignation tests. Genetic barrier analysis using Monmonier algorithm also confirmed that the Shandong Peninsula was the putative barrier separating the northern and southern populations. In addition, marine currents probably play an important role in high gene flow among three populations from the same marine gyre.     

The distribution of Athetis lepigone and prediction of its potential distribution based on GARP and MaxEnt

Athetis lepigone (Möschler) is a new agronomic pest which has caused serious damages to summer maize in China. In order to effectively monitor it, it is necessary to carry‐out a worldwide investigation on its potential geographical distribution. In this study, we give two ecological niche models, Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Production and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), to predict the potential geographical distribution of A. lepigone. The results indicate that the suitable areas for A. lepigone are mainly in China (Beijing, Tianjin, central and southern Hebei, northern Jiangsu, Shandong, most of Henan, northern Anhui, central and southern Shanxi, central and southern Shaanxi, small parts of north‐west in Hubei, eastern Gansu, parts of Ningxia, western of Xinjiang and Dandong, and Liaoning) and other Asian countries (South Korea, North Korea and Japan). Parts of Europe (south‐western Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, parts of Austria, western Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, northern Italy, Denmark, western Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, southern Finland and Sweden) are also highly suitable for A. lepigone. In addition, in the states of the USA including Michigan, New York, Chicago, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois and Indiana are also favourable for its occurrence although till now no reports about of this species has been recorded. A jackknife test in MaxEnt showed that the mean temperature of the driest quarter was the most important environmental variable affecting the distribution of this pest.     

生物多样性综合评价方法研究

2002年召开的《生物多样性公约》第六次缔约方大会确定了“到2010年在全球范围内大幅度降低生物多样性丧失的速度”的目标, 并要求各国制定生物多样性评价指标, 开展生物多样性评估。本文作者根据科学性、代表性和实用性的原则, 提出了生物多样性综合评价的5个指标, 即物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、植被垂直层谱的完整性、物种特有性、外来物种入侵度, 确立了生物多样性综合评价方法; 并以全国31省(市、区)为单元, 开展了全国生物多样性综合评价, 将各省(市、区)生物多样性分为四个等级。云南、四川、广西的生物多样性属“优”, 贵州、湖北、广东、湖南、重庆、福建、西藏、江西、浙江、海南、甘肃、新疆、陕西的生物多样性属“良”, 河南、安徽、山东、山西、河北、北京的生物多样性属“一般”, 吉林、内蒙古、上海、辽宁、宁夏、青海、江苏、黑龙江、天津的生物多样性为“较差”。     

Genetic and Pathogenic Variation Among Tobacco Black Shank Strains of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae from the Main Tobacco Growing in China

Pathogenic and genetic variability among seven populations of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae from individual tobacco fields (Yunnan, Shandong, Henan, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Fujian and Sichuan provinces) were investigated using pathogenicity and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses; 63 strains were isolated from different fields of seven tobacco growing regions, using tobacco cv. Hongda as a baiting host. Pathogenic variability was evaluated in greenhouse studies using five tobacco cultivars that have different levels of resistance to tobacco black shank; 75 and 73% of the strains were pathogenic on M3 and M4, 29 and 33% on M1 and M2, and 94% were pathogenic on M5, respectively. Disease severity incited by different strains varied significantly on individual tobacco cultivars. The percentage of strains pathogenic on different cultivars varied among locations. Genotypic variation among 63 strains was evaluated by RAPD analysis. Ten primers detected 89 polymorphic bands. Cluster and principal coordinates analysed cluster groups. the minor group contained 26 strains, and major group contained 37 strains. Estimates of genetic diversity based on RAPD analysis ranged from 0.24 to 0.34 within populations to 0.36 among all strains from all populations. Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae populations were genotypically and phenotypically variable, but no distinct genotypic differences were identified among populations from the seven locations.     

气候变化背景下华北地区冬小麦生育期的变化特征

以21世纪初近10年的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)生育期调研数据和气象站点数据为基础, 利用“多元逐步回归分析+残差插值”方法, 绘制了2000年后华北地区冬小麦生育期等值线图, 通过研究两个时期(1971-1980年和21世纪初近10年)华北地区气候资源及冬小麦生育期的变化, 探讨了气候变化对华北地区冬小麦生育期的影响。结果表明: (1)华北地区北部年均气温及≥10 ℃积温增加显著, 但降水减少, 暖干趋势明显, 中部和南部年平均气温和≥10 ℃积温也呈现增加趋势, 但降水增多, 日照下降, 出现暖湿趋势; (2)除南部江苏、安徽两省冬小麦播种期无明显变化外, 华北地区冬小麦播种期普遍推迟, 一般在7-10天; 冬小麦返青期变化较为复杂, 西部地区的冬小麦返青期推迟2-10天, 而东南部的山东、安徽及江苏地区冬小麦返青期明显提前, 一般在5-7天; 华北地区冬小麦的拔节期提前, 北部地区幅度较大, 为5-10天; 冬小麦抽穗期推迟明显, 以华北中部和北部最为明显, 为10-15天; 除华北南部胶东半岛外, 华北大部分地区冬小麦成熟期推迟, 一般在5-10天; (3)气候要素的波动是引起华北地区冬小麦生育期变化的主要原因: 日照时数与冬小麦返青期和拔节期呈显著相关, 日照时数减少, 冬小麦返青期和拔节期提前, 而受年平均气温升高的影响, 冬小麦抽穗期有所推迟, 积温的增加对冬小麦成熟期有推迟作用, 同时降水对冬小麦生长的拔节和抽穗有促进作用。     

基于MSIASM方法的中国省级行政区体外能代谢分析

通过社会代谢多尺度综合分析方法,采用社会不同层次人类活动时间、体外能代谢率与人类活动的社会开支和体外能的社会开支等指标,评价我国30个北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古自治区、辽宁、黑龙江、上海、福建、山东、河南、湖南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、吉林、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、广东、广西壮族自治区、海南、重庆、四川、贵州、云南和青海30个省级行政区的社会代谢状况,识别出限制区域可持续发展的关键因素可持续发展水平,并通过因子分析和相关分析方法,识别限制区域可持续发展的因素。结果表明,该方法社会代谢多尺度综合分析方法适合于中国省级行政区的可持续发展评价;与2003年相比,2007年我国各省级单位的社会生产和消费水平普遍提高。在内蒙古自治区,矿业的迅速发展及其对工业和服务业的剧烈带动作用,造成了体外能代谢改善水平高于全国其他省级行政区。在海南省,整体工业化水平不高,以农业和旅游业为主的产业特点,使其体外能代谢的改善水平低于全国其他省级行政区。在江西和贵州,生产性行业发展过快,而服务业发展的和民生的工程人民生活水平改善发展的滞后,导致生产部门体外能代谢水平提高,而消费部门体外能代谢水平下降。在河北、青海和新疆维吾尔自治区,社会各行业均发展较快,而人民生活水平的改善较慢,使其付薪部门体外能代谢水平提高,而家庭部门体外能代谢水平下降。在安徽和广西壮族自治区,农业生产发展和消费水平提高较快,而工业生产水平和服务业发展有所降低,使其非农生产部门体外能代谢水平下降,而农业和家庭部门的体外能改善水平提高。在山西和上海地区,工业、服务业的发展和人民生活水平改善较叫快,而农业生产发展较慢,导致非农部门和家庭的体外能代谢水平提高,而农业部门的体外能代谢水平有所降低,这为地区可持续发展政策的制定提供了科学依据。与2003年对比,2007年资本和技术聚集是我国大部分地区社会发展的重要影响因素。北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古自治区、辽宁、黑龙江、上海、福建、山东、河南、湖南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏回族自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区仍需加大力度调整地区产业结构;吉林、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、广东、广西壮族自治区、海南、重庆、四川、贵州、云南和青海继续加大资本技术的引进力度,以解决个省级行政区经济发展中的资本技术聚集与区域产业结构的不协调问题。而且,2007年中国省级行政区社会代谢表现异常,大多数省级行政区社会开支并未随社会发展而增加,社会负担表现为自南方向北方转移的倾向;内蒙古、宁夏和新疆3个矿产资源丰富的省级行政区的经济发展使当地环境承压过重。30个省级行政区中只有上海接近中等发达国家水平,北京、天津、河北等16个省级行政区仍需着力调整区域的产业结构,吉林、江苏、浙江等14个省级行政区仍需着力资本技术的引进力度,中国的社会负担出现南方转移到北方的倾向;与其他国家和地区相比,大部分省级行政区仍处于发展中国家水平,对这些国家和地区曾遇到的不可持续发展问题我们应引以为戒。     

中华稻蝗不同地理种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为研究中华稻蝗种群遗传多样性和遗传结构, 文章对我国7省市的7个中华稻蝗种群进行AFLP分析。选取7对引物扩增128个个体, 共产生336条带, 多态性条带292条, 占86.90%。结果表明: 中华稻蝗种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平, 其中海南万宁种群的遗传多样性高于其他各种群。Mantel检验(r=0.27, P=0.89)表明中华稻蝗各种群遗传距离与地理距离间没有显著相关性。种群间具有明显的遗传分化现象。UPGMA(Unweighted pair group method average)聚类分析显示, 7个中华稻蝗种群按地理距离分为3支: 北方北京昌平、山西太原和山东济宁为一支; 南方陕西汉中、湖南长沙和广西来宾为一支; 海南万宁单独为一支。上述结果以及PCA(Principal component analysis)分析均表明由于地理隔离中华稻蝗种群显示出明显的南北分化和岛屿大陆种群遗传分化现象。     

葡萄生长季内需水特征

为了定量评估我国鲜食葡萄主产区降水量对葡萄生长发育过程需水量的满足程度,本研究基于研究区域内(东北地区的吉林和辽宁,华北地区的山西和河北,西北地区的甘肃、宁夏和陕西,西南地区的四川、贵州和云南以及东南地区的江苏、山东、浙江、安徽、福建、河南、湖北、湖南和广西)1981—2016年429个气象站逐日气象数据,分析葡萄不同生育阶段降水量、需水量和水分亏缺量时空分布特征。结果表明: 研究期间,葡萄各生育阶段降水量整体由北向南、由西向东增加;萌芽-开花阶段的降水量最少且呈下降趋势,成熟-落叶阶段也呈下降趋势,开花-着色和着色-成熟阶段呈上升趋势。研究区各生育阶段的葡萄需水量均呈上升趋势,新疆和甘肃省北部的葡萄需水量最高。新疆、甘肃省北部、宁夏、陕西省北部、山西省北部、河北省、辽宁省西部和吉林省西部各生育阶段以及云南省北部、四川省南部萌芽-开花生育阶段的降水量无法满足葡萄需水量,其他地区,特别是我国东南和西南部部分地区水分盈余明显;萌芽-开花和成熟-落叶阶段的葡萄水分亏缺量呈上升趋势,开花-着色和着色-成熟阶段呈下降趋势。     

中国不同地区标明剑线虫种内群体的形态学变异

通过对国内14省(市)1599份土壤样品的分离及鉴定,在北京、山东、山西、河北、河南、四川、浙江、福建、海南、重庆等10个省区的样品中发现63个标明剑线虫群体,占检测到剑线虫属群体总数的19.0%,表明该线虫为中国剑线虫属的优势种群之一,其中海南省为标明剑线虫新记录省。通过对采自海南、山东、四川、浙江四省份的标明剑线虫代表性群体的形态测量值比较,明确了标明剑线虫的雌虫齿针长、尾长、V值等主要形态测量值在种内群体间甚至群体内存在较大的变异范围,并在一定范围内出现重叠,但相互之间没有相关性。否认了将标明剑线虫分为二型(印度型和标明型)的说法。从杭州的一个标明剑线虫群体中发现了所有的四个幼虫龄期标本,并进行了详细的形态学观察和测量,其中有关该线虫的一龄幼虫为国内首次报道.     

Diversification of Schistosoma japonicum in Mainland China revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Background

Schistosoma japonicum still causes severe parasitic disease in mainland China, but mainly in areas along the Yangtze River. However, the genetic diversity in populations of S. japonicum has not been well understood across its geographical distribution, and such data may provide insights into the epidemiology and possible control strategies for schistosomiasis.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this study infected Oncomelania snails were collected from areas in the middle and lower (ML) reaches of the Yangtze River, including Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces, and in the upper reaches of the river, including Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in southwest (SW) China. The adult parasites obtained from experimentally infected mice using isolated cercariae were sequenced individually for several fragments of mitochondrial regions, including Cytb-ND4L-ND4, 16S-12S and ND1. Populations in the ML reaches exhibited a relatively high level of diversity in nucleotides and haplotypes, whereas a low level was observed for populations in the SW, using either each single fragment or the combined sequence of the three fragments. Pairwise analyses of F-statistics (Fst) revealed a significant genetic difference between populations in the ML reaches and those in the SW, with limited gene flow and no shared haplotypes in between. It is rather obvious that genetic diversity in the populations of S. japonicum was significantly correlated with the geographical distance, and the geographical separation/isolation was considered to be the major factor accounting for the observed difference between populations in the ML reaches and those in the SW in China.

Conclusions

S. japonicum in mainland China exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity, with a similar pattern of genetic diversity as observed in the intermediate host snails in the same region in China.