GC-MS analysis,pH and antioxidant effect of Ruzu herbal bitters on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The study investigated the antioxidant effect of Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the pH and the bioactive components of RHB using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Fifty-four adult albino rats were divided into nine groups of six rats each. Group 1 was the normal control. Groups 2–6 were diabetic. Group 2 was untreated positive control, while groups 3–6 were respectively treated with 5 mg/kg b. w of glibenclamide, 0.14, 0.29 and 0.57 ml/kg b. w of RHB for 21 days. Groups 7–9 were not diabetic but treated as in groups 4–6 respectively. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the blood glucose level and significant (p < 0.05) decrease in weight in diabetic untreated group compared to the normal control. The oxidative stress parameters showed significant (p < 0.05) increases in the serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx); while there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in the levels of vitamin C (VIT C), vitamin E (VIT E), C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde (MDA), with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of glutathione (GSH) in the diabetic untreated group compared to the normal control group. However, treatment of the diabetic groups with different doses of RHB resulted in the reversal of the effects to near-normal levels in a dose-dependent manner. The pH of RHB was found to be 3.45. The GC-MS result of RHB revealed the presence of 10 bioactive compounds, out of which four are pharmacologically important antioxidants: 11-Octadecenioc acid -Methyl esther, 2,7-Dioxatricyclodeca-4, 9-diene, Cis-Z-α- Bisabolene epoxide, and Tetradecanoic acid (lauric acid). Thus, the study revealed that Ruzu herbal bitters possesses antidiabetic and antioxidant activities due to the bioactive antioxidant compounds it contains.     

Effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on laccase and peroxidases production by selected Pleurotus species

Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius produced laccase (Lac) both under conditions of submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) with all of the investigated carbon and nitrogen sources. The highest levels of Lac activity were found in P. eryngii, under SF conditions of dry ground mandarine peels and in P. ostreatus, strain No. 493, under SSF conditions of grapevine sawdust.High levels of peroxidases activities were occurred in P. ostreatus, strain No. 494, and P. pulmonarius, under SSF conditions of grapevine sawdust, whereas in SF, these activities were either very low or absent.After purification of extracellular crude enzyme mixture of investigated species and strain which were grown in the medium with the best carbon sources, the Lac activity measurements revealed two peaks in P. eryngii, three peaks in both P. ostreatus strains and three in P. pulmonarius. Results obtained after purification also showed that the levels of phenol red oxidation in absence of external Mn²⁺ were higher than phenol red oxidation levels in presence of external Mn²⁺.In the medium with the best carbon sources (mandarine peels and grapevine sawdust, respectively), both P. eryngii and P. ostreatus, strain No. 493, showed the highest Lac activity with (NH₄)₂SO₄, as a nitrogen source, with a nitrogen concentration of 20 and 30 mM, respectively.In P. ostreatus, strain No. 494, and P. pulmonarius, the best nitrogen sources for peroxidases production were peptone in a concentration of 0.5% and NH₄NO₃ with a nitrogen concentration of 30 mM, respectively.     

Novel Approach to Identify Potential Bioactive Plant Metabolites: Pharmacological and Metabolomics Analyses of Ethanol and Hot Water Extracts of Several Canadian Medicinal Plants of the Cree of Eeyou Istchee

We evaluated and compared the antidiabetic potential and molecular mechanisms of 17 Cree plants’ ethanol extracts (EE) and hot water extracts (HWE) on glucose homeostasis in vitro and used metabolomics to seek links with the content of specific phytochemicals. Several EE of medical plants stimulated muscle glucose uptake and inhibited hepatic G6Pase activity. Some HWE partially or completely lost these antidiabetic activities in comparison to EE. Only R. groenlandicum retained similar potential between EE and HWE in both assays. In C2C12 muscle cells, EE of R. groenlandicum, A. incana and S. purpurea stimulated glucose uptake by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and increasing glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression. In comparison to EE, HWE of R. groenlandicum exhibited similar activities; HWE of A. incana completely lost its effect on all parameters; interestingly, HWE of S. purpurea activated insulin pathway instead of AMPK pathway to increase glucose uptake. In the liver, for a subset of 5 plants, HWE and EE activated AMPK pathway whereas the EE and HWE of S. purpurea and K. angustifolia also activated insulin pathways. Quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, were successfully identified by discriminant analysis as biomarkers of HWE plant extracts that stimulate glucose uptake in vitro. More importantly, the latter compound was not identified by previous bioassay-guided fractionation.     

The commercially cultivated edible oyster mushrooms Pleurotus sajor-caju and P. pulmonarius are two separate species, similar in morphology but reproductively isolated

Two closely related commercially cultivated oyster mushroom species, Pleurotus pulmonarius and P. sajor-caju have been differentiated by traditional mating experiments as well as analysis of the variable ITS and IGS sequences of the ribosomal gene cluster. Molecular analysis of the variable ITS and IGS regions has allowed neither reliable differentiation between the morphologically similar species P. pulmonarius and P. sajor-caju nor confirmation of species identity of the P. sajor-caju strains CS-32, H-1, and H-2. Analysis of the sexual (mating) compatibility between haploid tester strains of these two species in monokaryon-monokaryon mating experiments has demonstrated complete reproductive isolation between P. pulmonarius and P. sajor-caju, thereby confirming that these are separate species.     

In vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Quercus coccifera (Oak tree) leaves extracts

Quercus species are group of plants known as oak which represent important genus of Fagaceae family. These species are widely distributed in Mediterranean countries. Many of those species used in traditional medicine to treat and prevent various human disorders such as diabetes. Exhausted extraction for Quercus coccifera leaves were carried out using n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, boiled water and microwaved water. Extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, acute toxicity study, and in vitro and in vivo animal model to evaluate antidiabetic activity of the produced extracts. The highest in vitro activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity was obtained from methanolic extract with an IC₅₀ of 0.17 and 0.38 µg/ml respectively and better than the positive control acarbose. While the rest of the extract was either with moderate or low activity. Similarly, in the in vivo study, methanolic extract with a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day was able to reduce the blood glucose level for the diabetic mice to 146.8 mg/dL with normal bodyweight and biochemical signs when compared to the normal mice group. While the rest of the extracts were either with moderate or low ability to maintain blood glucose level for diabetic mice with few signs of hepatic and renal toxicity and weight loss. All data were statistically significantly different with p-value of less than 0.001 at confidence interval of 95% with high variance homogeneity. In conclusion, methanolic plant leaves extract of Q. coccifera can possibly be used alone to control the elevation of blood glucose level with a renal and hepatic protective property.     

Genetic Diversity of Pleurotus pulmonarius Revealed by RAPD,ISSR, and SRAP Fingerprinting

Pleurotus pulmonarius is one of the most widely cultivated and popular edible fungi in the genus Pleurotus. Three molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 15 Chinese P. pulmonarius cultivars. In total, 21 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 20 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and 20 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primers or primer pairs were selected for generating data based on their clear banding profiles produced. With the use of these RAPD, ISSR, and SRAP primers or primer pairs, a total of 361 RAPD, 283 ISSR, and 131 SRAP fragments were detected, of which 287 (79.5 %) RAPD, 211 (74.6 %) ISSR, and 98 (74.8 %) SRAP fragments were polymorphic. Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) trees of these three methods were structured similarly, grouping the 15 tested strains into four clades. Subsequently, visual DNA fingerprinting and cluster analysis were performed to evaluate the resolving power of the combined RAPD, ISSR, and SRAP markers in the differentiation among these strains. The results of this study demonstrated that each method above could efficiently differentiate P. pulmonarius cultivars and could thus be considered an efficient tool for surveying genetic diversity of P. pulmonarius.     

Protective effects of aloe-emodin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells

Aloe-emodin (AE) is one of the most important active components of Rheum officinale Baill. The present study aimed to investigate that AE could attenuate scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and modulating oxidative stress. Kunming (KM) mice were received intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (2 mg/kg) to induce cognitive impairment. Learning and memory performance were assessed in the Morris water maze (MWM). After behavioral testing, the mice were sacrificed and their hippocampi were removed for biochemical assays (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), AChE and acetylcholine (ACh)). In vitro, we also performed the AChE activity assay and H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells toxicity assay. After 2 h exposure to 200 μM H₂O₂ in PC12 cells, the cytotoxicity were evaluated by cell viability (MTT), nitric oxide (NO)/lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our results confirmed that AE showed significant improvement in cognitive deficit in scopolamine-induced amnesia animal model. Besides, it increased SOD, GPx activities and ACh content, while decreased the level of MDA and AChE activity in AE treated mice. In addition, AE was found to inhibit AChE activity (IC₅₀ = 18.37 μg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, preincubation of PC12 cells with AE could prevent cytotoxicity induced by H₂O₂ and reduce significantly extracellular release of NO, LDH and intracellular accumulation of ROS. The study indicated that AE could have neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) via inhibiting the activity of AChE and modulating oxidative stress.     

Independent case-control study in KCNJ11 gene polymorphism with Type 2 diabetes Mellitus

BackgroundType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes in the aging population. This chronic metabolic disorder has discovered many candidate genes, and KCNJ11 was one of the genes associated with insulin secretion pathways mediated by potassium channels. There have been limited studies on the rs5210 polymorphism in T2DM patients, and none of them have been conducted in Saudi Arabia.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate at genotyping levels of rs5210 polymorphism in the KCNJ11 gene in older population with T2DM in the Saudi Population.MethodsBased on the sample size design, this case-control study included 102 T2DM cases and 102 controls. Using the PCR-RFLP assay, 204 patients extracted DNA was genotyped for the rs5210 polymorphism. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis, including t-tests, HWE, genotyping, and multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe t-tests performed on T2DM cases and controls revealed a significant association in age, weight, BMI, FBG, Hb1Ac, SBP, DBP, HDLC, TC, and TG parameters (p < 0.05). HWE analysis found to be in consistent with rs5210 polymorphism. Allelic association was found in the rs5210 polymorphism (OR-1.64 [95 %CI: 1.08–2.49]; p = 0.01); however, no association (p > 0.05) was observed in the multivariate logistic regression assessment performed in this study.ConclusionThese results indicate that the rs5210 polymorphism was primarily associated with allele frequencies, which could be attributable to the small sample size. Large sample size studies will be required to determine whether KCNJ11 gene polymorphisms may be required as a risk marker for T2DM in the Saudi population.     

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms on wheat straw and bagasse substrate amended with distillery effluent

Summary Molasses-based distilleries produce large quantities of dark coloured effluent, which is a major cause of environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of distillery effluent amendment for edible mushroom production. Three species of oyster mushroom, namely Pleurotus florida Eger (EM 1303), Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries) Quelet (EM 1302) and Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fries) Singer (EM 1304) were grown on wheat straw (variety UP 2338) and bagasse amended with post-anaerobic distillery effluent, a high organic load wastewater with high biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Three different levels of effluent treatment were applied to bagasse and wheat straw. Wheat straw was found to be the preferred substrate and showed better results than bagasse in all treatments with respect to yield, biological efficiency (BE) and dry matter loss. P. florida (EM 1303) and P. pulmonarius (EM 1302) gave significantly enhanced yield with increasing levels of effluent, with BE reaching highest at 238.6% for P. florida (EM 1303). Using bagasse as a substrate, P. sajor-caju (EM 1304) and P.␣pulmonarius (EM 1302) exhibited a decreasing trend as compared to control. However, the effect of effluent concentrations did not influence yield and BE significantly in case of bagasse. The dry matter loss of the substrate varied from 9.4% to 53.4% in wheat straw and 17.5% to 45.2% in bagasse respectively.     

Effect of nano extracts of olea europaea leaves,ficus carica and liraglutide in lipidemic liver of type 2 diabetic rat model

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of Ficus carica mixture and Olea europaea leaf nano extracts, and liraglutide, on liver tissue and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic male albino rat model. Forty rats were divided equally into 4 groups were used. Group 1 was the non-diabetic control group. The animals in Groups 2–4 was injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 60 mg/kg b.w. Streptozotocin to induce a diabetic rat model. Group 2 served as a positive control for diabetes. 0.02 mg/kg b.w./day of Liraglutide gave to groups 3 and 4 and 4.8 ng/ml × 10⁵ b.w./day of a mixture of the nano extracts, respectively. Eight weeks after treatment, the animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for glucose analysis and serum low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides analysis, and the livers processed for histopathological examination. The elevated lipid profiles and blood glucose levels in diabetic group (Group 2) were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) following the administration of liraglutide and nano extracts in Groups 3 and 4. Progressive fatty acid changes were found in the liver sections, indicated by the deposition of various sizes of lipid droplets in most liver lobules, along with patchy hepatocyte necrosis. These pathological changes were ameliorated in the liraglutide- and nano-extract-treated rats. Treatment with the nano extracts resulted in significant power assays associated with recovery of hepatic histology and functional alterations, compared to liraglutide treatment.     

Ameliorative effects of Anchomanes difformis aqueous extract against oxidative stress in the testes and epididymis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats

Hyperglycemia is a central trait of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is linked to an increase in free radical generation and oxidative stress in the testes, resulting in testicular tissue damage and male infertility. Synthetic medicines are commonly used to manage diabetes; however, they are costly and associated with adverse effects. As a result, the search for a safer and affordable alternative from medicinal plants that contain antioxidants has become imperative to scavenge free radicals caused by hyperglycaemia, thereby alleviating male reproductive dysfunction. Therefore, the present aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of Anchomanes difformis aqueous extract against oxidative stress in the testes and epididymis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. A total of 64 male Wistar rats (eight weeks old) weighing 180 ± 10 mg/kg were divided into seven groups at random. Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a 10% fructose injection intraperitoneally using 40 mg/kg body weight rats. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, and ferric reducing antioxidant (FRAP) as well as 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values were used to establish the testicular oxidative status. It was found that A. difformis extract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered MDA levels in diabetic rats. Both CAT and SOD activity were significantly (p < 0.05) lower following induction of DM and increased (p < 0.05) after treating with A. difformis. The findings of this study show that A. difformis extract could be a promising source of lead compounds for the development of a therapeutic agent to treat male infertility caused by DM complications.     

Rapid detection for sporeless trait from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus pulmonarius</Emphasis> culture extracts by using real-time PCR

The release and spread of a large number of basidiospores from the developing fruiting body cause serious problems in the cultivation of edible mushrooms, including Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. The P. pulmonarius sporeless mutant, TMIC-30058, has a high potential for breeding sporeless cultivars to reduce these adverse effects. Our previous study (Okuda et al. in Breeding Science 59:315–319, 2009) showed two sequence-tagged site (STS) markers for the sporeless trait from this mutant. Here, using these STS markers we present rapid detection of sporeless trait from P. pulmonarius culture extracts by real-time PCR. This method enables us to cut down time and labor for screening of the sporeless trait, suggesting its availability for efficient breeding of sporeless cultivars.     

In vitro alpha-amylase inhibition and in vivo antioxidant potential of Momordica dioica seeds in streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats

Momordica dioica Roxb. Commonly known as “Kakora” in Telugu, is used in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of M. dioica seeds (MEMD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of the MEMD was done by spectrophotometric method. Diabetes was induced by STZ (45 mg/kg; i.p), MEMD (100 & 200 mg/kg; b.wt) and standard drug metformin (50 mg/kg; b.wt) were administered to the diabetic rats. Blood glucose was estimated on the 11th day and the level of MDA, SOD and CAT was estimated in the liver tissue homogenate after the 15 days of experimental period. MEMD showed significant inhibition of alpha amylase activity and the IC₅₀ was found to be 48 μg/ml. Oral administration of MEMD significantly reduced blood glucose level (P < 0.05), diminished the MDA level and refurbished depleted antioxidant enzymes and Insulin level to normalcy. These findings revealed that M. dioica seeds possess antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti lipid peroxidative activity and thus mitigate STZ-induced oxidative damage.     

Addition of allochthonous fungi to a historically contaminated soil affects both remediation efficiency and bacterial diversity

Botryosphaeria rhodina DABAC P82 and Pleurotus pulmonarius CBS 664.97 were tested for their ability to grow and to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons in an aged contaminated soil. To evaluate the impact of indigenous microflora on the overall process, incubations were performed on both fumigated and nonfumigated soils. Fungal colonization by B. rhodina was unexpectedly lower in the fumigated than in the nonfumigated soil while the growth of P. pulmonarius showed an opposite response. Degradation performances and detoxification by both fungi in the nonfumigated soil were markedly higher than those observed in the fumigated one. Heterotrophic bacterial counts in nonfumigated soil augmented with either B. rhodina or P. pulmonarius were significantly higher than those of the corresponding incubation control (6.7 ± 0.3 × 10⁸ and 8.35 ± 0.6 × 10⁸, respectively, vs 9.2 ± 0.3 × 10⁷). Bacterial communities of both incubation controls and fungal-augmented soil were compared by numerical analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Besides increasing overall diversity, fungal augmentation led to considerable qualitative differences with respect to the pristine soil.     

Decolorization of industrial dyes by a Brazilian strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius producing laccase as the sole phenol-oxidizing enzyme

The ability of a Brazilian strain ofPleurotus pulmonarius to decolorize structurally different synthetic dyes (including azo, triphenylmethane, heterocyclic and polymeric dyes) was investigated in solid and submerged cultures. Both were able to decolorize completely or partially 8 of 10 dyes (Amido Black, Congo Red, Trypan Blue, Methyl Green, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Methyl Violet, Ethyl Violet, Brilliant Cresyl Blue). No decolorization of Methylene Blue and Poly R 478 was observed. Of the four phenol-oxidizing enzymes tested in culture filtrates (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, aryl alcohol oxidase, laccase),P. pulmonarius produced only laccase. Both laccase activity and dye decolorization were related to glucose and ammonium starvation or to induction by ferulic acid. The decolorizationin vivo was tested using three dyes — Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Trypan Blue and Methyl Green. All of them were completely decolorized by crude extracellular extracts. Decolorization and laccase activity were equally affected by pH and temperature. Laccase can thus be considered to be the major enzyme involved in the ability ofP. pulmonarius to decolorize industrial dyes.     

Contribution of genetic variant identified in HHEX gene in the overweight Saudi patients confirmed with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundThe rs7932837 polymorphism in the Hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HHEX) gene was discovered through genome-wide association studies and is a promising candidate for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is one of the risk factors for obesity and other complications. T2DM has been identified as a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease characterized by insulin resistance and secretion.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the rs7932837 polymorphism in the HHEX gene in overweight patients diagnosed with T2DM in the Saudi Population.MethodsIn this case-control study, one hundred T2DM cases and 100 controls were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Genotyping was performed with polymerase chair reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and statistical analysis was performed between T2DM cases and controls for clinical characteristics, genotype and allele frequencies and multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn this study, T2DM cases were compared with healthy control subjects. Clinical characteristic analysis revealed the statistical analysis between age, weight, BMI, FBG, HDL-c, TC, TG and family history (p < 0.05). HWE analysis was in the accordance (p < 0.05). The rs7932837 polymorphism in the recessive model showed the positive association (AA + AG vs AA: 2.22 [1.25–3.96] & p = 0.006) and none of the genotypes or alleles were in the statistical association. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed positive association with age, BMI and FBG (p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study concludes as rs7932837 polymorphism in the HHEX gene showed positive association with recessive model and future studies recommend to carry out with large number of sample size with additional polymorphisms in HHEX gene.     

A study on the immunological vitality of an inflammatory biomarker explored with rs5743708 polymorphism in TLR2 gene among Saudi women confirmed with polycystic ovarian syndrome

IntroductionPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an ovarian health condition as well as a long-term endocrine dysfunction that affects reproductive-aged women. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene was linked to PCOS and chronic inflammation, and the prevalence of obesity was rising in Saudi women. Previous studies on rs5743708 polymorphism were documented in the obesity as well as in PCOS women.AimIn this study, we investigated the molecular role of rs5743708 polymorphism in TLR2 gene among Saudi women diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 220 Saudi women in this hospital-based case-control study; 110 were PCOS women and remaining 110 were non-PCOS (control women). Biochemical analysis was performed on serum samples, and molecular analysis was performed on EDTA blood. Genotyping for rs5743708 polymorphism was performed with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.ResultsIn both groups, clinical data was calculated using t-test, which revealed both positive (p < 0.05) and negative (p > 0.05) associations. HWE analysis supported the rs5743708 polymorphism (p < 0.05). In the rs5743708 polymorphism, none of the genotypes, genetic models, or allele frequencies were found to be associated with PCOS and non-PCOS women. However, both ANOVA and regression analyses revealed a positive relationship in PCOS with weight and BMI (p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe rs5743708 polymorphism was not associated to PCOS in Saudi women. One of the predictions could be that 42.7% of PCOS and 73.6% of non-PCOS women were obese, and the rs5743708 polymorphism has been linked to both obesity and PCOS in the previous studies. This study suggests screening for additional polymorphisms with a large sample size.     

Anti-depressive-like effect of monoterpene trans-anethole via monoaminergic pathways

Trans-anethole (ANE) is a monoterpene present in many aromatic plants, especially Pimpinella anisum (PA). In this regard, we previously reported the anti-depressant potential of PA. Here, we examined the anti-depressant activity of ANE and its possible mechanism in mice. In experiment 1, the animals received ANE (12.5–50 mg.kg ^-1) 60 min prior to forced swimming and open-field tests. In experiment 2, the animals received several receptor antagonists to assess the possible mechanism of ANE. The administration of ANE (25 and 50 mg.kg ^-1; p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) exhibited an anti-depressive-like effect in FST without any significant effect on animal locomotion(p > 0.05). Moreover, haloperidol(p < 0.001), SCH23390(p < 0.001), sulpiride(p < 0.001), ketanserin(p < 0.001), p-chlorophenylalanine(p < 0.001), WAY100135(p < 0.001), reserpine, (p < 0.001) prazosin(p < 0.001), and yohimbine(p < 0.001) inhibited the anti-depressive-like effect of ANE. Furthermore, co-treatment of a subeffective dose of ANE with imipramine or fluoxetine induced synergistic anti-depressant-like effects(p < 0.001). Our data mainly showed that the anti-depressive-like effect of ANE, which can be attributed to the contribution of the monoaminergic system.     

Synergic effects of exercise training and octopamine on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator -1a and uncoupling protein 1 mRNA in heart tissue of rat treated with deep frying oil

Octopamine (OCT) have an adverse effect on heart function. One of the positive effects of exercise training is improving cardiac function and cardiomyocytes signaling, which along with herbal supplements can have better effects on the heart tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training and OCT on changes of PGC1α and UCP1 expression in heart tissue of rat treated with deep frying oil (DFO). In this study, 45 male wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 9 in each): I) control (Co), II) DFO, III) DFO + exercise, IV) DFO + OCT, and V) DFO + OCT + exercise. The quantification of apoptotic effects of DFO in heart tissue was assessed by TUNEL assay. Masson's trichrome stain applied to study cardiomyocytic fibers. Moreover, PGC1α and UCP1 genes and proteins expression in all groups were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical method. A significant increase in apoptotic cells was observed in the DFO-treated group (p < 0.05). In Masson's Trichrome stain study, more cardiomyocytic fibers were observed and some lymphocytic cells were present in some fibers. Also, the expression of PGC1α and UCP1 was significantly increase in DFO + exercise group, DFO + OCT group, and DFO + OCT + exercise group compare to DFO group (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, exercise and octopamine can be considered as factors affecting the expression of PGC1α genes and UCP1 as well as drug poisoning.     

In-vivo hyperglycemic,antioxidant, histopathological changes,and simultaneous measurement of kaempferol verified by high-performance thin layer chromatography of Setaria italica in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats

BackgroundSetaria italica (common name- foxtail, kangni) is one of the major food crops which is prominently cultivated in southern regions of India and in certain regions of Uttar Pradesh. Besides the crop’s consumption as a general source of carbohydrate rich cereal, the seeds of the crop are comprised of more fiber. So, it is recommended to add in the dietary supplementation of the diabetic people across the country.ObjectiveIn this paper, it intends to investigate the antidiabetic activity and antioxidant activity of S. italica (foxtail millet) seeds in diabetic rats.MethodsThe six genotypes of foxtail millets (S. italica) namely Kangni-1, Kangni-4, Kangni-5, Kangni-6, Kangni-7 & Kangni-10 respectively were subjected to in vitro investigations via. comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) involving blood glucose study, Kidney & Liver function test, and antioxidant study (Catalase test; Glutathione S-transferase (GST); Superoxide Dismutase (SOD); glutathione (GSH); hiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) & Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and were performed in vivo animal investigations in Wistar rats. The STZ induced diabetic rats were fed with doses of different S. italica seed aqueous extract to evaluate its anti-hyperglycemic activity by oral administration of SISAE. Further, it was compared with Glibenclamide which acts as one of the standard oral hypoglycemic agents.ResultsFrom achieved outcomes, a significant fall of blood glucose level (70%) produced 300 mg SISAE/kg b.w. after 6 h of extract administration. However, no change could be produced by these doses of the SISAE in normal rats’ blood glucose levels. A significant fall in glucose level along with significant glycemic control by lower HbA1c levels was observed in diabetic treated rats after 3 weeks of treatment with 300 mg of SISAE/kg b.w./day when comparing to untreated diabetic rats. Among these five genotypes of S. italica, the differences in the glycemic index were found. a significant fall could be found in blood glucose levels of Wistar rats, when every experimental rat was incorporating with the extract of different genotypes of Setaria italica L. Beauv than the rats treated with Glibenclamide in every 7 days of interval. The level of catalase, SOD, GST, GPx, GSH and TBARS showed variation while the rats were fed with the extract of S. italica in the liver test of rats. In kidney function test, the result shows that there is significant relationship between foxtail extract and kidney function of STZ induced diabetes rats. They show the change in their serum creatinine level, serum urea and serum uric acid.ConclusionThe result obtained from the study shows that the extract of S. italica seeds is capable for the hypolipidemic and antihyperglycemic activities, thereby, they serve as one of the good sources for herbal medicinal items.