Riverine environmental characteristics and seasonal habitat use by adult Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi

The study identified seasonal habitat use by endangered adult Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi and the environmental characteristics of their habitat (water depth, amount of riparian forest and sinuosity). Fifteen adult H. perryi with acoustic tags were tracked by towing an acoustic receiver with a canoe in the Bekanbeushi River system in eastern Hokkaido Island, Japan, during each month from late April to late November 2008. Individuals mainly used midstream (shallower than downstream) habitats in all seasons. These locations were generally characterized by relatively dense riparian forests and high sinuosity, indicating the presence of pools. In spring, individuals used habitats with less riparian forest cover compared to mean value of the river channel. From spring to autumn, adult H. perryi selected limnologically complex habitats with meandering channels. From summer to autumn, individuals selected habitats with more riparian forest cover. The inverse relationship between H. perryi detection and riparian forest area in spring was a result of seasonal defoliation in deciduous riparian forests.     

Post-fire, seasonal and annual dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal community in a Quercus ilex L. forest over a 3-year period

Two study plots, burned and control, were established in autumn 1998 in a Quercus ilex forest located in northern Spain, part of which had been affected by a low intensity fire in 1994. Soil samples for ectomycorrhizae (ECM) were taken over a 3-year period in each study plot in spring, summer, autumn and winter. ECM morphotypes were identified and the relative abundance of each morphotype in each soil sample calculated, along with species richness, Shannon diversity index and percentage of mycorrhization in each soil sample. The relative abundance of certain ECM morphotypes differed between burned and control plots, and the percentage of mycorrhizal tips was significantly lower in the burned than in the control plot. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the diversity, species richness or species composition of the ECM community in the burned and control plots. The dominant ECM morphotypes in both stands were Cenococcum geophilum and several thelephoroid fungi. Sphaerosporella brunnea and Pisolithus tinctorius thrived especially in the burned plot, whereas three ectomycorrhizal morphotypes assigned to the genus Hebeloma were especially abundant in the control plot. There was no significant variation in the relative abundance of the ECM morphotypes between seasons, but ECM community species richness was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. The percentage of mycorrhizal tips reached a maximum in winter, with its minimum in autumn. Collection of samples over the 3-year period also enabled us to detect a significant increase in percentage of ECM colonisation in the burned stand over time.     

Seasonality of leaf litter and leaf area index data for various tree species in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest,Japan, 2005–2014

This paper reports seasonal data regarding leaf litter for 14 deciduous broad-leaved species and one evergreen coniferous species as well as leaf area index (LAI) data for the 14 deciduous broad-leaved species in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan. The seasonal leaf biomass of various tree species is important for accurately evaluating ecosystem functions such as photosynthesis and evapotranspiration under climate change. However, there is a lack of freely available, long-term data. We collected litterfall every 1 to 4 weeks from September or October to November or December each year from 2005 to 2014 in Takayama, Japan (36°08′46″N, 137°25′23″E, 1420 m a.s.l.). After sorting the litter into leaves (according to species categories), stems + branches, and “other”, we dried and weighed the litter groups. We also collected seasonal leaf data (number of leaves and leaf length and width) for each broad-leaved species, which we recorded every 1 to 4 weeks from April or May to October or November using multiple target shoots. To estimate the LAI in autumn for each deciduous broad-leaved species, we used a semi-empirical model of the vertical integration of leaf dry mass per unit leaf area. To estimate the LAI in spring and summer, we used the relationship between the LAI in autumn and the seasonal leaf data. Our data provide input, calibration, and validation parameters for determining LAI based on satellite remote-sensing observations or radiative transfer models and for use in ecosystem models.     

亚热带不同次生林地凋落物持水特性及季节变化

为了解亚热带不同演替阶段次生林地的凋落物持水特性规律,选取湖南大山冲森林公园保存完好的三种亚热带典型次生林地,按两月一次采集新近的凋落物并采用水浸泡法测定凋落物持水量、持水率和吸水速率,对比分析不同森林类型凋落物持水性差异及其与凋落物碳氮凋落量的关系。结果表明：（1）三种次生林地凋落物量及组成均表现出特有的变化规律。针叶林和常绿阔叶林凋落物量以夏季5-9月最大,落叶阔叶林凋落物则以春、秋两个季节最大;（2）三种次生林地凋落物的饱和持水量、半饱和时间以及与水亲和力均呈现显著季节性变化特征。针叶林凋落物饱和持水量在5-7月达到最高为（59.68±2.91） g/m²,常绿阔叶林凋落物饱和持水量则在9月达到最高,落叶阔叶林凋落物饱和持水量在11月份达到最高为（190.60±8.81） g/m²;三种次生林凋落物的半饱和时间均以11月份为最低,且落叶阔叶林凋落物半饱和时间比其他两种次生林地更低,全年平均（0.62±0.12） h;凋落物的水亲和力系数,全年均以落叶阔叶林最大为142.72±26.12;（3）落叶阔叶林凋落物饱和持水率全年显著高于其他两种次生林（P<0.01）,且针叶林和落叶阔叶林凋落物饱和持水率均在11月份达到最大值;（4）落叶阔叶林凋落物吸水速率A值显著低于其他两种次生林（P<0.01）,而针叶林凋落物吸水速率系数B值显著高于其他两种次生林（P<0.01）;（5）凋落物饱和持水量与凋落物水亲和力和饱和持水率存在显著正相关关系,与凋落物凋落碳氮总量同样存在显著正相关关系;凋落物饱和持水率与凋落物半饱和时间、吸水速率系数A和B值存在显著负相关,与凋落物碳含量和C/N比极显著负相关,与凋落物氮含量极显著正相关（P<0.01）。综上,不同次生林类型凋落物持水性存在显著差异,凋落物持水性与凋落物碳氮量存在显著联系,该研究为深入探讨森林生态环境效应提供了支撑,丰富了森林凋落物持水特性的研究理论。     

不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰化感作用的变化与入侵力关系的研究

 在紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地,草本层中的本地植物的多度和盖度与紫茎泽兰的多度和盖度具有显著的负相关关系,落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的紫茎泽兰相对多度和盖度为常绿阔叶林生境的3～5倍;而本地草本植物在组成种类、相对多度和盖度在落叶阔叶林和公路边生境比常绿阔叶林生境减少了30 %、50 % 和70 %。用生物检测的方法研究常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、公路边——３个不同生境下的紫茎泽兰根和茎的水浸提液的化感作用表明：不同生境的紫茎泽兰茎和根的化感作用存在差异,即公路边>落叶阔叶林下>常绿阔叶林下,关联分析显示出不同生境条件下的化感作用力与本地植物的相对多度存在显著的相关关系,证明不同生境的化感作用的差异是紫茎泽兰的入侵效果的原因之一;在白菜(Brassica rapa)幼苗生物量生长抑制试验中,各样地的茎提取液处理的白菜幼苗生物量之间的差异大于各样地的根提取液处理之间的差异,说明对于不同样地的紫茎泽兰的入侵力,地上部分的化感作用比地下部分具有更大的贡献力。落叶阔叶林下和公路边的紫茎泽兰生长旺盛、现存单位面积生物量远远高于常绿阔叶林下,这将促使落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的单位面积上的紫茎泽兰种群的化感作用大于常绿阔叶林下的紫茎泽兰种群,使落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的本地植物群落比常绿阔叶林下的本地植物群落面临较大的竞争压力,加速落叶阔叶林下和公路边生境的本地植物群落的衰退。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> exchange in a temperate Japanese cypress forest compared with that in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest

To examine the characteristics of carbon exchange in coniferous forests, we analysed the seasonal and diurnal patterns of CO₂ exchange, as measured using the eddy covariance method, in a Japanese cypress forest in the Kiryu Experimental Watershed (KEW) in central Japan. The net CO₂ exchange data during periods of low-friction velocity conditions and during periods of missing data were interpolated. The daily CO₂ uptake was observed throughout the year, with maximum values occurring in early summer. Periods of low carbon uptake were seen in late summer owing to high respiratory CO₂ efflux. The diurnal and seasonal patterns of daytime CO₂ exchange at KEW were compared with those in a cool-temperate deciduous forest of the Tomakomai Experimental Forest (TOEF) in Japan. The environmental differences between evergreen and deciduous forests affected the seasonal patterns of carbon uptake. Although there were great differences in the mean monthly air temperatures between the sites, the mean monthly daytime carbon uptake was almost equal at both sites during the peak growing period. The carbon-uptake values at the same PAR level were greater before noon than after noon, especially at TOEF, suggesting the stomatal regulation of carbon uptake.     

Pattern of changes in species diversity,structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia

We examined effects of seasonality of climate and dominant life form (evergreen/deciduous, broad-leaf/coniferous) together with energy condition on species diversity, forest structure, forest dynamics, and productivity of forest ecosystems by comparing the patterns of changes in these ecosystem attributes along altitudinal gradients in tropical regions without seasonality and along a latitudinal gradient from tropical to temperate regions in humid East Asia. We used warmth index (temperature sum during growing season, WI) as an index of energy condition common to both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. There were apparent differences in patterns of changes in the ecosystem attributes in relation to WI among four forest formations that were classified according to dominant life form and climatic zone (tropical/temperate). Many of the ecosystem attributes—Fishers alpha of species-diversity indices, maximum tree height and stem density, productivity [increment rate of aboveground biomass (AGB)], and population and biomass turnover rates—changed sharply with WI in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, but did not change linearly or changed only loosely with WI in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests. Values of these ecosystem attributes in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests were higher (stem density was lower) than those in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests under colder conditions (WI below 100°C). Present results indicate that seasonality of climate and resultant change in dominant life form work to buffer the effects of energy reduction on ecosystem attributes along latitudinal gradients.     

The Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity of Understory Light Availability in a Temperate Forest of North China

The spatial-temporal variation of understory light availability has important influences on species diversity and community assembly. However, the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of understory light availability have not been fully elucidated, especially in temperate deciduous, broad-leaved forests. In this study, the understory light availability was monitored monthly (May–October) in a temperate deciduous, broad-leaved forest in Henan Province, China. Differences in the light availability among different months and habitat types were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis method, respectively. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was used to explore the direct and/or indirect effects of stand structure, dominant species and topographic factors on the light environment. Results showed that there were differences in light environments among the four habitat types and during the studied six months. The PLS-PM results showed that the stand structure and the dominant species were negatively correlated with the light environment, and the path coefficient values were −0.089 (P = 0.042) and −0.130 (P = 0.004), respectively. Our result indicated that the understory light availability exhibit a distinct spatial and temporal heterogeneity in temperate deciduous, broad-leaved forest of north China. The characteristics of woody plant community, especially the abundance of one of the dominant plant species, were the important factors affecting the understory light availability.     

浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林凋落叶养分含量的时空分布特征

植物凋落叶养分含量的时空分布格局在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥着关键作用,尤其是对森林土壤养分情况有重要的影响,而在群落结构复杂的亚热带森林中基于群落整体水平的凋落叶养分含量特征研究相对匮乏。在位于浙江天童国家森林公园中的20 hm²动态监测样地进行,收集凋落叶并测定其碳、氮、磷含量,结合不同生活型物种的凋落高峰,春季和初夏为常绿树种凋落高峰;秋季为落叶树种凋落高峰,以及地形特征对凋落叶养分含量的时空分布特征进行探究。结果表明：在时间尺度上,凋落叶养分含量表现为不同凋落高峰之间的差异,碳含量表现为秋季高峰 < 春季高峰 < 初夏季高峰,氮、磷含量为秋季高峰大于春季和初夏季高峰;在空间尺度上,凋落叶养分含量则表现为沟谷地形和山脊地形之间的差异性,在秋季凋落高峰时碳含量在沟谷地形显著低于山脊地形,氮、磷含量在山脊地形显著低于其他地形。研究结果表明群落物种组成及其生活型差异是造成森林群落水平凋落叶养分含量时空差异的主要原因。     

中国4种典型森林中常见乔木叶片的非结构性碳水化合物研究

植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrates,NSC)不仅为植物的代谢过程提供重要能量,还能一定程度上反映植物对外界环境的适应策略。以温带针阔混交林(长白山)、温带阔叶林(东灵山)、亚热带常绿阔叶林(神农架)和热带雨林(尖峰岭)4种森林类型的树种为研究对象,利用蒽酮比色法测定了163种常见乔木叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC(可溶性糖+淀粉)含量,探讨了不同森林类型植物叶片NSC的差异及其地带性变化规律。结果显示：（1）从森林类型上看,植物叶片NSC含量从北到南递减,即温带针阔混交林(170.79 mg/g)>温带阔叶林(100.27 mg/g)>亚热带常绿阔叶林(91.24 mg/g)>热带雨林(80.13 mg/g)。（2）从生活型上看,无论是落叶树还是阔叶树,其叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均表现为：温带针阔混交林>温带阔叶林>亚热带常绿阔叶林>热带雨林;北方森林叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均表现为落叶树种>常绿树种,或阔叶树种>针叶树种。（3）森林植物叶片NSC含量、可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值与年均温和年均降水量均呈显著负相关。研究表明,森林植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量以及可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值均具有明显的从北到南递减的地带性规律;其NSC含量以及可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值与温度和水分均呈显著负相关的变化规律可能是植物对外界环境适应的重要机制之一。该研究结果不仅为阐明中国主要森林树种碳代谢和生长适应对策提供了数据基础,而且为理解区域尺度森林植被对未来气候变化的响应机理提供新的视角。     

Climatic discrimination of Mediterranean broad-leaved sclerophyllous and deciduous forests in central Spain

Abstract. Climatic differences between three types of deciduous (Quercus pyrenaica) and three types of sclerophyllous (Quercus rotundifolia) Mediterranean forests in the Spanish Sistema Central were analyzed by means of Canonical Discriminant Analysis and Jancey's Discriminant Analysis, applied in successive steps to data from 252 meteorological stations. Climatic data included temperature and precipitation records as well as bioclimatic indices. Discriminant analysis was applied to broad-leaved sclerophyllous and deciduous forest communities sampled at each meteorological station using phytosociological methods. Annual and seasonal (summer, spring) water availability are the most important factor controlling the distribution of the two physiognomic forest types; southwestern associations of Quercus pyrenaica and Q. rotundifolia differ from their colder homologues by annual and monthly temperatures; western associations were separated from eastern ones in terms of annual and seasonal precipitation gradients. Discriminant analysis was a good technique to explore climatic gradients not shown by other general ordination or classification methods.     

Dynamics of fruit-body production and mycorrhiza formation of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in warm temperate forests in Japan

To investigate the quantitative correlation between dynamics of ectomycorrhiza (ECM) formation and fruit-body production of the ammonia fungi, we treated forest soils in two ECM forests, a Castanopsis cuspidata forest and a Quercus serrata forest, in warm temperate Japan with urea to induce fruiting of ammonia fungi. We identified the ectomycorrhizae of two known species of ammonia fungi, Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum, using morphological typing and PCR-RFLP. ECM initiation, increase, and subsequent decrease preceded the start, increase, and decrease of fruit-body production for each species. We also found many kinds of ECM fungi that did not develop fruit bodies after urea treatment during the observation period, which suggests that it is necessary to expand the definition of ammonia fungi from one that refers solely to the species reproducing on the ground to one which includes those in somatic forms in the soil.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林叶片热值比较研究

植物干重热值(GCV)是衡量植物生命活动及组成成分的重要指标之一,反映了植物光合作用中固定太阳辐射的能力。利用氧弹量热仪测定了亚热带和暖温带两个典型森林生态系统常见的276种常见植物叶片的干重热值,探讨了亚热带和暖温带植物热值分布特征,以及不同生活型、乔木类型间植物热值的变化规律。实验结果发现:亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林叶片热值的平均值分别为17.83 k J/g(n=191)和17.21k J/g(n=85),整体表现为亚热带植物暖温带植物。不同地带性植被的植物叶片热值在不同生活型间表现出相似的规律,其中亚热带常绿阔叶林表现为:乔木(19.09 k J/g)灌木(17.87 k J/g)草本(16.65 k J/g);暖温带落叶阔叶林表现为:乔木(18.41 k J/g)灌木(17.94 k J/g)草本(16.53 k J/g);不同乔木类型间均呈现常绿乔木落叶乔木、针叶乔木阔叶乔木的趋势。落叶阔叶乔木表现为亚热带暖温带,而常绿针叶乔木则呈现亚热带暖温带的趋势。此外,我们对于两个分布区域内的4种针叶树种叶片热值进行了比较,发现华北落叶松(19.32 k J/g,暖温带)杉木(19.40 k J/g,亚热带)马尾松(19.82 k J/g,亚热带)油松(20.95 k J/g,暖温带)。亚热带常绿阔叶林和暖温带落叶阔叶林植物热值的特征及其变化规律,为森林生态系统的能量流动提供了理论基础。     

The effects of vegetation types and microhabitats on carabid beetle community composition in cool temperate Japan

The effects of vegetation types and environmental factors on carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities were studied. Carabid beetles were collected using pitfall traps (total 2844 trapping days) and seven microenvironmental factors were measured in four vegetation types: grassland, natural evergreen coniferous forest (Pinus densiflora), deciduous broad-leaved natural forest (Quercus crispula, Betula platyphylla, Alnus japonica, or Fagus crenata), and deciduous coniferous plantation (Larix kaempferi) in cool temperate Japan. These four vegetation types provided a novel comparison between natural forests and plantations because the vast majority of related studies have investigated only deciduous broad-leaved natural forests and evergreen coniferous plantations. PERMANOVA indicated that vegetation types affected carabid community composition. Ordination plots showed that community composition differed greatly between grassland and forest vegetation types, but that community composition in the plantation forest overlapped with that of natural forest types. Characteristics differentiating the grassland included a high proportion of winged species and a low mean carabid body weight. Among the examined environmental factors, litter depth, soil water content, and depth of the soil A-horizon had large effects on carabid communities. These results suggest that the effect of afforestation on carabid communities in cool temperate Japan might be insignificant compared with the effects of cover types (deciduous vs. evergreen) and microenvironmental factors.     

山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区蛾类多样性

选择山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区针阔叶混交林、阔叶落叶林、杂木林和灌木林4种植被类型为调查样地来初步了解蛾类群落结构及多样性。共采集蛾类标本4709只,隶属24科184种,其中螟蛾科种类和个体数量最多。在4种植被类型中,灌木林的蛾类种数最多,有20科132种,灌木林中螟蛾科为优势科;阔叶落叶林中最少,14科74种,尺蛾科为优势科;针阔叶混交林和杂木林居中,其中前者优势科不明显,后者以草螟科占优势。对4种植被类型中蛾类物种丰富度、多度、多样性和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,结果表明:蛾类的多度指数在阔叶落叶林中显著低于其余3种植被类型;蛾类的丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数在灌木林中均最高,在针阔叶混交林和杂木林中则相近。蛾类种-多度曲线在针阔叶混交林、杂木林和灌木林中符合对数正态分布模型,而在阔叶落叶林中不符合对数正态分布模型。     

南京灵谷寺森林50年来的动态变化研究

 为进一步揭示北亚热带森林次生演替规律,于2002年5月在定点样带上沿用前人的方法,对南京灵谷寺森林进行了群落调查。通过比较1951、1981、2002年的定点样带资料,对灵谷寺森林的物种组成、多度、频度、重要值、种群结构以及物种多样性的动态变化进行了研究。50多年来,群落中立木株数相对基本稳定,但空间分布异质性逐渐增加,而林下苗木和灌木个体数波动幅度极大,由1951年的4 712株大幅上升至1981年的44 130株,到2002年又回落至7 372株。群落中物种数和建群种构成等都存在明显变化,物种数由1951年的75种下降到1981年的50种,2002年又上升为73种。物种多样性指数也存在波动,但目前尚未发现物种多样性指数有明显的上升或下降趋势。历经50多年的次生演替,早期人工针叶林中的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）逐渐衰退,首先被阳性落叶阔叶树,如黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）等取代,之后又被相对耐荫的栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）等树种所替代,一些常绿树种成功入侵,人工针叶林经针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林,逐渐向地带性植被落叶 常绿阔叶混交林方向演替,其中立地条件较好地段的群落演替速度也较快。     

黔中喀斯特山地不同森林类型的地表径流及影响因素

采用固定样地定位监测方法,于2001-2005年研究了黔中喀斯特山地不同森林类型对地表径流的影响。结果表明,不同林分类型的年地表径流量均值为11.108mm、林分类型间变幅为1.765-22.934mm、年际间变幅为10.553-11.699mm,退耕还林幼林(22.934mm)>针叶林(17.236mm)>针阔混交林(10.770mm)>阔叶林(8.876mm)。不同森林类型年地表径流量的季节变化为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,同降雨量的季节变化趋势相一致。与同生物气候带、不同生物气候带森林相近类型的径流量规律相似,反映出黔中喀斯特山地森林与其它森林地表径流量规律的相似性。其中喀斯特山地森林中灌木林地表径流量与其它地带性和非地带性森林中灌木林地表径流量变化的相异性又反映出黔中喀斯特山地森林地表径流的特殊性,这种特殊性主要是成土母岩造成的。地表径流系数的季节变化趋势中,退耕还林幼林为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,针叶林和针阔混交林为夏季>春季>冬季>秋季,灌木林和阔叶林为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,这种差异与不同林分类型组成树种的生活型有关。旬地表径流量与反映温度和水分的气象指标间的单相关性达显著水平,多元回归方程模拟表明衡量温度的相关指标对地表径流量的贡献率高于降水,这反映了温度对近地气团的控制作用,进而影响区域降水和林地径流量。森林不同层片特征对地表径流量的影响具有互补性和抑制性,受森林群落组成、结构和发育的共同影响。年地表径流量受小生境和林地表层土壤特性的综合影响,地表径流量随坡度的增大而增加、随海拔的升高而降低,与毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度的负相关性达显著水平,多元回归方程模拟发现容重的贡献率达-96.54%。     

丽江老君山国家公园木腐真菌区系组成与分布特征

木腐真菌是自然界中以木材为主要生长基质的一类大型真菌,通过分解倒死木的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素实现森林生态系统的物质循环,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究木腐真菌的生态分布及其与环境因子的关系对分析其在森林生态系统中的生态功能有重要作用。本文在野外调查的基础上对云南省丽江老君山国家公园的木腐真菌物种组成和生态习性进行了分析,共采集标本196份,经鉴定为68种,隶属于8目21科40属,优势科为多孔菌科、拟层孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为异担子菌属,其区系组成以北温带成分为最多(38.2%),其次是世界广布成分,表现出明显的北温带特征。从生态习性来看,63种为腐生菌,其中51种造成白色腐朽,12种造成褐色腐朽;5种为外生菌根菌。木腐真菌的物种组成在不同林分中存在明显差异,落叶阔叶林中种类最多,共34种;其次为针阔混交林,有26种;暗针叶林有22种。脆波斯特孔菌与粗毛韧革菌在3种林分类型中均有分布且多度较高,是该地区的优势种。     

北京西山静福寺地区鸟类多度分布格局

物种多度格局分析对理解群落结构具有重要意义。采用分割线段模型对北京西山静福寺地区鸟类群落物种数量关系进行拟合研究,并运用秩相关性分析对模型进行相关系数检验,结果表明:(1)该地区鸟类群落多度格局模型与分割线段模型显著相关,利用分割线段模型可以良好的拟合该地区鸟类群落多度格局;(2)鸟类多度分布格局具有时间和空间的双重属性;(3)月尺度上,1月与其他月份差异显著,森林群落间差异不显著;(4)季尺度上,冬季与春、秋两季差异显著,落叶阔叶林与针阔混交林差异显著,针叶林与落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林差异都不显著;(5)年尺度上,年变化差异不显著。     

四川都江堰亚热带针阔混交林中主要晚生型外生菌根真菌类群的空间分布

晚生型外生菌根真菌通常出现在森林演替的后期,是成熟林中的优势外生菌根真菌类群.对四川都江堰一片亚热带针阔混交林中的菌根真菌地上群落进行调查,并应用二元逻辑回归分析对晚生型外生菌根真菌的主要类群,即鹅膏菌科、牛肝菌科和红菇科,与周围(5 m×5 m样方)树种组成的关系进行研究.还应用次级变量分析方法对主要外生菌根真菌类群的空间格局进行了分析.结果表明,非外生菌根树种及某些外生菌根树种对特定类群菌根真菌子实体的出现有抑制作用,而不同类群外生菌根真菌在克隆生长上的差异并不是子实体空间分布的决定因素.我们认为,当研究自然林中外生菌根子实体的空间分布时,除了宿主植物的分布,也应考虑非宿主植物的分布以及菌根真菌相互作用的影响.