重组N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶包涵体的稀释复性

N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶（N-Acetylornithine deacetylase,NAO）是一种重要的用于手性拆分的酶,具有广泛的底物选择性,常用于多种活性氨基酸的酶法拆分。采用稀释复性法研究了重组NAO包涵体的复性条件,如蛋白浓度、复性液中尿素浓度、pH、GSH浓度及c（GSH）/c（GSSG）比例,同时对稀释操作方式进行了考察,得到了较为适宜的复性条件。结果表明,尿素能有效抑制复性过程中蛋白质的聚集,随着蛋白质浓度的增加,复性效果变差。当复性缓冲液中尿素浓度为2 mol/L,GSH浓度为5 mmol/L,c（GSH）/c（GSSG）为2.5,pH为8.5,在4℃下进行分批稀释复性操作,复性后重组NAO的活性为1.077 U/mL,比酶活达到14.943 U/mg,与可溶性表达的NAO比较,复性率达到21.48%。     

抗肿瘤血管抗体AA98功能片段VH/κ的脲浓度梯度柱复性

利用稀释法、凝胶过滤、脲浓度梯度凝胶过滤3种方法研究了抗肿瘤血管抗体功能片段VH/κ的体外复性.通过考察复性液中还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比例、精氨酸浓度、pH值、洗脱速度、变性液中蛋白质浓度、凝胶过滤脲梯度长度等因素,发展了脲梯度凝胶过滤柱复性VH/κ的方法.结果表明,与传统的稀释法和柱复性法相比,脲梯度法复性获得的VH/κ的活性回收率和相对亲和力均有显著提高.     

抗肿瘤血管抗体AA98功能片段VH/κ的脲浓度梯度柱复性

利用稀释法、凝胶过滤、脲浓度梯度凝胶过滤3种方法研究了抗肿瘤血管抗体功能片段V_H/κ的体外复性.通过考察复性液中还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比例、精氨酸浓度、pH值、洗脱速度、变性液中蛋白质浓度、凝胶过滤脲梯度长度等因素,发展了脲梯度凝胶过滤柱复性V_H/κ的方法.结果表明,与传统的稀释法和柱复性法相比,脲梯度法复性获得的V_H/κ的活性回收率和相对亲和力均有显著提高.     

用疏水色谱法复性并同时纯化重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子

目的：建立一种简单、快速复性并同时纯化大肠杆菌表达的重组人粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（rhGM-CSF）的方法。方法：研究rhGM-CSF在疏水色谱（HIC）上的复性和纯化机理,并对固定相和流动相进行选择和优化,包括固定相配基、流动相中盐的种类、流动相pH值、流动相中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）的比例,以及流动相中尿素的浓度。结果：优化后的固定相为PEG600,流动相中的盐为（NH4）2SO4,流动相pH值为7．0,流动相中添加2．0mol／L尿素、1．8mmol／LGSH和0-3mmol／LGSSG。在优化条件下,HIC可使rhGM-CSF在分离纯化的同时得到复性,比活达1．58×10^7U／mg,纯度为95．7％,质量回收率为56．8％。结论：建立的疏水色谱复性和纯化工艺可简化操作步骤,缩短生产周期。     

重组人TGF-β3的表达纯化及复性研究

利用大肠杆菌表达重组人转化生长因子β3(humantransformgrowthfactor,hTGFβ3),目的蛋白以包涵体形式表达。用8mol/L尿素溶解的包涵体蛋白,经CMSepharoselFastFlow柱和SphacrylS100分子筛可获得纯度达90%以上的rhTGF-β3单体。将单体蛋白加到复性缓冲液(1mol/LNaCl,0.5mol/LLArg,0.5mmol/LGSSG,30mmol/LCHAPS,20%(v/v)DMSO)进行复性后,再经DEAESepharoselFastFlow柱和SphacrylS100分子筛可分离得到纯度达94%的二聚体rhTGFβ3,纯化后的产量为720mg/L,纯化总回收率为47%。MTT法测活表明,该重组蛋白具刺激成纤维细胞Balb/c3T3生长的作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌SOS反应阻遏蛋白LexA的复性及活性研究

目的:对LexA蛋白复性方法进行优化,对复性后的LexA蛋白的生物学活性进行分析。方法:采用含有GSH/GSSG的缓冲液,一步稀释法对变性LexA蛋白进行复性,用镍离子亲合柱及阳离子柱层析法对复性后的LexA蛋白进行纯化,再以Sephadex G-25凝胶柱脱盐,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和RP-HPLC法检测复性效果,Western blot法分析复性前后及经DTT处理后的LexA蛋白的免疫反应性,凝胶滞留电泳试验检测复性LexA蛋白与DNA的特异性结合能力。结果:复性后的LexA蛋白出现单体和多聚体的形式,多聚体是由单条肽链聚合而成。LexA单体和多聚体与兔抗LexA多克隆抗体均有较好的反应性。复性后的LexA蛋白能与SOS盒序列发生特异性结合。     

RGD-葡激酶的凝胶过滤层析法复性及其纯化

构建的溶栓和抗栓双重功能的RGD-葡激酶突变体(RGD-Sak)在大肠杆菌中高表达,目的蛋白质以包涵体形式存在。为获得有活性的蛋白质,需要对包涵体进行变复性。利用凝胶层析方法对包涵体中RGD-Sak进行复性,并与稀释复性法进行比较,发现凝胶柱复性方法具有操作周期短、简便、成本低而高效等优点。复性后蛋白质用Q-Sepharose FF离子交换进一步纯化,纯度达95%,酪蛋白凝胶板活性测定表明两种复性法得到的蛋白质比活性相当。圆二色谱测定显示两种复性法得到的蛋白质的二级结构成份和谱形一致,说明在两种复性过程中完成了RGD-Sak分子的正确折叠。     

RNA编辑蛋白OTP82的表达与纯化

摘要 目的：利用原核系统表达RNA编辑蛋白OTP82,通过蛋白变复性的方法得到全长蛋白,并优化实验条件提高OTP82的收率。方法：利用原核表达系统表达OTP82全长融合蛋白（HSO）,表达后的菌体用高压细胞破碎仪匀浆后收集包涵体并用包涵体洗涤液重复洗涤两遍,然后用含有8 M尿素的变性缓冲液将包涵体搅拌溶解得到蛋白原始液。将蛋白原始液复性后采用镍柱亲和纯化,通过SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测等方法对HSO的变复性结果进行筛选。结果：通过对复性缓冲液中盐浓度、谷胱甘肽的浓度和比例以及小分子添加剂的探索,得到了OTP82融合蛋白适合的变复性条件（pH 8.5 100 mM Tris,400 mM NaCl,200 mM 精氨酸,5 mM GSH,0.5 mM GSSG,6 mM β-环糊精,2 mM EDTA,1 mM PMSF）复性率达到2.73%（获得蛋白0.42 mg/L）。结论：通过变复性的方式能够在体外得到OTP82的粗蛋白,为揭示RNA编辑蛋白作用机制提供基础实验依据,为后续利用PPR蛋白进行工程蛋白设计奠定了基础。     

分子伴侣HdeA与HdeB的作用机制

分子伴侣能够与其他蛋白质的不稳定构象相结合并使其稳定．它的功能之一是能够帮助蛋白质进行正确的折叠与组装．最新研究发现,在肠道致病菌的周质空间中存在着酸性条件下能帮助周质蛋白复性的分子伴侣HdeA和HdeB．HdeA在极端酸性的胃部环境中由二聚体迅速解离成具有伴侣活性的单体,HdeA单体能够和变性的底物蛋白结合防止它们酸诱导聚集,从而保护肠道致病菌安全到达肠道．本文对肠道致病菌的耐酸机制进行了总结,最后对 HdeA和HdeB作用机制的研究近况进行综述,最后对HdeA和HdeB以后的研究方向进行了展望．     

抗胰岛素样生长因子1受体单链抗体复性研究

[目的]建立抗人胰岛素样生长因子1受体单链抗体包涵体复性方法。[方法]首先,在96孔板上进行稀释复性,从72种复性液中筛选最佳条件。每孔复性液2 m L,滴入起始浓度1. 5 mg/m L的包涵体溶解液100μL过夜复性。然后,选择最佳复性液与变性液混合在Superdex 75柱上形成1 cm柱长下降5%的变性液梯度,样品按5%柱体积上样进行柱上复性。[结果]最适稀释复性液为C8(50 mmol/L Tris-Cl,GSH/GSSG=5/0. 5 mmol/L,0. 4 mol/L精氨酸,p H 9.0),对应复性率约为78%;以该复性液为基础通过柱上复性,目标蛋白复性率提高到95%,复性样品抗原结合活性良好。[结论]建立了目标蛋白包涵体柱上复性方法,复性率达到95%,产量达到384 mg/L。     

重组人成骨蛋白-1的离子交换及分子排阻色谱法纯化及其复性研究

经发酵大量表达重组人成骨蛋白-1(rhOP-1)。SDS-PAGE发现rhOP-1表达量占细菌总蛋白的35%。菌体经裂解、洗涤后,用8mol/L尿素溶解包涵体,离心后提取目的蛋白。经离子交换色谱法对变性状态下的目的蛋白进行纯化,绝大部分杂蛋白被去除,目的蛋白纯度达93%以上。为进一步提高目的蛋白浓度,采用分子排阻色谱法对目的蛋白进行再次纯化,纯度达98%以上。利用降低尿素梯度的方法对纯化的蛋白进行复性,二聚体的含量在50%以上。Westernblot证明了复性后的目的蛋白以单体和有活性的二聚体的形式存在。     

氯吡格雷对大鼠肝药物酶CYP3A4和CYP1A2表达的影响

目的：氯吡格雷主要由CYP3A4催化使其激活,CYPlA2也参与氯吡格雷活化。关于氯吡格雷对肝微粒体酶的影响国内外文献报道不多,因此本实验通过检测肝细胞色素氧化酶CYP3A4和CYPlA2的表达,探讨氯吡格雷对大鼠肝药物酶的影响。方法：生理盐水为对照组,氯吡格雷设高、中、低三个剂量组（27,13．5,6．75mg／kg／d）,雄性健康大鼠连续灌胃给药7天,脱臼处死,取肝组织,通过westernblot法检测大鼠肝脏CYP3A4和CYPlA2蛋白表达情况。结果：1）、氯吡格雷抑制大鼠CYP3A4蛋白表达,氯吡格雷高中低剂量组分别比生理盐水组大鼠CYP3A4蛋白表达量降低（P〈0．05）;氯吡格雷低中高剂量组间进行比较,大鼠CYP3A4蛋白表达量呈梯度减少（P〈0．05）;2）、氯吡格雷抑制大鼠CYPlA2蛋白表达,氯吡格雷高中低剂量组分别比生理盐水组大鼠CYPlA2蛋白表达量降低（P〈0．05）,氯吡格雷低中高剂量组间进行比较,大鼠CYPlA2蛋白表达量呈梯度减少（P〈0．05）。结论：氯吡格雷使肝细胞色素氧化酶CYP3A4和CYPlA2的表达量减少,因此氯吡格雷高、中、低3个剂量组均不同程度的抑制大鼠肝脏CYP3A4和CYPlA2的表达,提示当氯吡格雷与某些主要经CYP3A4和CYPlA2代谢的药物合用时,发生代谢性相关作用的可能性大。     

不同包膜控释尿素对农田土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探索包膜控释尿素土壤氨挥发损失规律特征和提高肥料氮素利用率,采用小麦玉米轮作田间试验,通过与普通尿素进行对比,运用土壤氨挥发原位测定方法——通气法系统研究了硫包膜和树脂包膜控释尿素的施用对小麦玉米轮作农田土壤氨挥发的影响.研究结果表明:在两种施氮量水平下(210 kg/hm2和300 kg/hm2),与普通尿素相比,硫包膜和树脂包膜控释尿素在小麦基肥期、小麦追肥期和玉米施肥期的施用均减少了土壤氨挥发的累积损失量,分别达35.1％-54.3％、59.6％-75.2％、65.6％-98.1％;有效降低了土壤氨挥发通量峰值且延迟其出现时间3-8 d,并能延缓土壤氨挥发主要阶段的时间分别为4-12 d、5-12 d.在小麦玉米轮作周年中,控释尿素土壤氨挥发累积损失量为28.39-43.35 kg/hm2,土壤氨挥发损失率为4.48％-5.63％,控释尿素时段土壤氨挥发通量比普通尿素降低了51.0％-70.8％;且树脂包膜控释尿素的施用降低小麦玉米轮作农田土壤氨挥发的效果优于硫包膜控释尿素.     

控释氮肥对洞庭湖区双季稻田表面水氮素动态及其径流损失的影响

用渗漏池模拟洞庭湖区2种主要稻田土壤(河沙泥和紫潮泥),研究了施用尿素(CF)和控释氮肥(CRNF)对双季稻田表面水pH、电导率(EC)、全氮（TN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）浓度变化规律及TN径流损失的影响.结果表明,双季稻田施用尿素后,表面水TN、NH₄⁺-N浓度分别在第1、3天达到高峰,然后迅速下降;NO₃^--N浓度普遍很低;早稻表面水pH在施用尿素后15 d内(晚稻3 d)逐渐升高;EC与NH₄⁺动态变化一致.与尿素相比,施用CRNF能显著降低双季稻田表面水pH、EC、TN和NH₄⁺-N浓度,70% N控释氮肥的控制效果最显著;但后期NO₃^--N浓度略有升高.径流监测结果表明,洞庭湖区种植双季稻期间施用尿素的TN径流损失为7.70 kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的2.57%;施肥后20 d内发生的径流事件对双季稻田TN径流损失的贡献极为显著;与施用尿素相比,施用控释氮肥显著降低了施肥后10 d内发生的第1次径流液中的TN浓度,施用CRNF和70%N CRNF的氮素径流损失分别降低24.5%和27.2%.     

Effect of urea at lower concentration on the structure of papain--formation of a stable molten globule and its characterization

Effect of lower concentrations of urea on papain was monitored by optical spectroscopy, calorimetry and partial specific volume measurements. At lower concentrations of urea, papain exhibits a different structure and showed an increase in the intensity of circular dichroic (CD) spectra as compared to the native molecule. At lower concentrations (0.2-1.5 M) of urea, binding of 8-anilino-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) to the papain molecule was higher; at 0.5 M, there was about 50% increase in ANS binding. Both calorimetric and spectroscopic studies indicated an increased thermal stability of the molecule at lower concentrations. At 0.5 M urea concentration, the apparent thermal denaturation temperature increased from a control value of 83 +/- 1 degrees C to 86 +/- 1 degrees C. At isopotential conditions, the partial specific volume of papain was found to be higher in presence of lower concentrations of urea, than the native protein or unfolded molecule. The preferential interaction parameter (deltag3/deltag2)(T,mu1,mu3) showed a negative value in the presence of lower concentrations of urea (0.2-2 M), which was maximum at 1 M urea with a value of -0.019 g/g. Above 3 M urea, the preferential interaction parameter was positive.     

不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素对土壤氮素和酶活性及玉米产量的影响

通过2017—2018两年田间试验,研究了不同土层深度配施缓释(PCU)/普通尿素(PU)对0～30 cm土层土壤无机氮含量、酶活性和玉米产量的影响。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素一次施肥(PU₁,5～10 cm土层)、普通尿素传统两次施肥(PU₂,5～10 cm土层,60%种肥+40%追肥)、普通尿素一次分层施肥(PU₃,5～10 cm土层20%N+15～20 cm土层30%N+25～30 cm土层50%N)、不同土层深度缓释/普通尿素配施[PCU₁～PCU₄,均为5～10 cm土层20%N(普通尿素)+15～20 cm土层30%N(配施)+25～30 cm土层50%N(配施),其中PCU₁～PCU₄的15～20和25～30 cm土层PCU:PU分别为3:7、3:7,5:5、5:5, 3:7、5:5, 5:5、3:7]共8个处理。结果表明: 与CK相比,PU₁能够满足玉米生育前期对0～10 cm土层氮素的需求,PU₂和PU₃能够满足玉米发育前期对10～30 cm土层氮素的需求,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素能够满足玉米整个生育时期对氮素的需求。与PU₁～PU₃相比,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素可显著增加灌浆期和成熟期10～20和20～30 cm土层NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、碱解氮含量和脲酶、蛋白酶活性。与PU₃相比,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素处理2017和2018年玉米产量分别提高2.3%～24.6%和1.3%～16.5%,PCU₄产量最高,分别达13899和12439 kg·hm^-2。因此,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素既能满足玉米生育前期对氮素的需求,也能提高生育后期10～30 cm土层土壤无机氮含量和酶活性,促进玉米生长,增加玉米产量,其中PCU₄处理施肥方式最佳。     

The impact of urea on viscosity of hydroxethyl cellulose and observed mobility of deoxyribonucleic acids

The influence of urea on the viscosity of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and the state and separation of double-stranded DNA, was studied by viscometry, fluorometry, and capillary electrophoresis. The results show that double logarithm plots of specific viscosity against the volume fraction of HEC in very dilute polymer solutions are linear, the slopes of which decrease from 0.96 in 0M to 0.29 in 7M urea. The linear regression plots converge at 0.0029 g/mL, the entanglement threshold of HEC. The inclusion of urea in HEC solution thus provides an accurate method of determining its entanglement threshold from such plots. Above the entanglement threshold of HEC, urea has no effect on the specific viscosity of HEC. Results also show that urea has no effect on double-stranded DNA. No change in fluorescence was observed when increasing amounts of urea were added to a fixed concentration of DNA. To examine the influence of urea on the migration of DNA in HEC, the separation of DNA was carried out by polymer-solution capillary electrophoresis in HEC solutions containing 0 or 7M urea using unmodified capillary. Observed mobilities were used in data reduction. It was found that a parallel relationship exists between the observed mobilities and the true mobilities. In buffers containing no urea, the pseudo-free solution mobility appears to be independent of the DNA size. It was also observed to be independent of the electric field below 300 V/cm, but relates exponentially to it in 7M urea. The pseudo-retardation constants obtained by Ferguson-like plots were observed to be positive for smaller DNA molecules below 300 V/cm and increasing linearly with electric field in 0M urea, but nearly constant in 7M urea.     

Association between blood plasma urea nitrogen levels and reproductive fluid urea nitrogen and ammonia concentrations in early lactation dairy cows

Two experiments were conducted to study the relationship of blood plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations with NH3, urea nitrogen, K, Mg, P, Ca, and Na concentrations in fluid of preovulatory follicles (experiment 1) and the relationships of PUN concentration and stage of estrus cycle with ammonia and urea nitrogen concentrations in uterine fluids (experiment 2) in early lactation dairy cows. Mean PUN levels were used to distribute cows into two groups: cows with PUN>or=20 mg/dl (HPUN), and cows with PUN<20 mg/dl (LPUN). In experiment 1, blood and follicular fluids from preovulatory follicles of 38 early lactation dairy cows were collected on the day of estrus (day 0) 4h after feed was offered. Follicular fluid NH3 was higher (P<0.01) in HPUN cows (339.0 micromol/L+/-72.2) compared to LPUN cows (93.9 micromol/L+/-13.1). Follicular fluid urea N was higher (P<0.001) in HPUN cows (22.4 mg/dl+/-0.4) compared to LPUN cows (17.0 mg/dl+/-0.3). PUN and follicular fluid urea N were correlated (r2=0.86) within cows. In experiment 2, blood and uterine fluids were collected from 30 cows on day 0 and on day 7. Uterine fluid NH3 was higher (P=0.05) in HPUN cows (1562 micromol/L+/-202) than in LPUN cows (1082 micromol/L+/-202) on day 7, but not on day 0. Uterine fluid urea N was higher (P<0.001) in HPUN cows than in LPUN cows on day 0 (26.9 mg/dl+/-1.3 and 20.4 mg/dl+/-0.7) and day 7 (26.5 mg/dl+/-1.1 and 21.4 mg/dl+/-1.1). There was a correlation (r2=0.17) between PUN and uterine fluid urea N within cows. The results of this study indicate that high PUN concentrations were associated with elevated NH3 and urea N concentrations in the preovulatory follicular fluids on the day of estrus and in the uterine fluid during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in early lactation dairy cows. Elevated NH3 or urea N concentrations in the reproductive fluids may contribute to reproductive inefficiency in dairy cows with elevated plasma urea nitrogen due to embryo toxicity.     

8mol/L脲中rhIL-3含量的测定

为解决8mol／L脉中rhIL－3的定量问题,以卵清蛋白作内标,进行常规SDS－PAGE后,作激光灰度扫描,并计算rhIL－3和卵清蛋白的峰面积,发现两种蛋白峰面积的比值与rhIL－3浓度在0．2－1．0mg／ml间呈良好线性关系。查标准曲线可以计算出8mol／L脲中rhIL－3的含量。重复性测定表明该法具有较好的重现性。     

The heme iron coordination of unfolded ferric and ferrous cytochrome c in neutral and acidic urea solutions. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies

The heme iron coordination of unfolded ferric and ferrous cytochrome c in the presence of 7-9 M urea at different pH values has been probed by several spectroscopic techniques including magnetic and natural circular dichroism (CD), electrochemistry, UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption and resonance Raman (RR). In 7-9 M urea at neutral pH, ferric cytochrome c is found to be predominantly a low spin bis-His-ligated heme center. In acidic 9 M urea solutions the UV-vis and near-infrared (NIR) magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) measurements have for the first time revealed the formation of a high spin His/H(2)O complex. The pK(a) for the neutral to acidic conversion is 5.2. In 9 M urea, ferrous cytochrome c is shown to retain its native ligation structure at pH 7. Formation of a five-coordinate high spin complex in equilibrium with the native form of ferrous cytochrome c takes place below the pK(a) 4.8. The formal redox potential of the His/H(2)O complex of cytochrome c in 9 M urea at pH 3 was estimated to be -0.13 V, ca. 100 mV more positive than E degrees ' estimated for the bis-His complex of cytochrome c in urea solution at pH 7.