长春市2005-2006年流感监测情况分析

报告了长春地区人群流感监测结果:2005年10月~2006年4月流感疫情相对平静,无大流行发生。2005年12月~2006年有一短期发病高峰,此期间共采集医院门诊疑似流感病人标本325份,分离出12株流感病毒均为甲1型,分离率3.69%。以往几年长春市流感流行株以甲3型和乙型为主,很少出现甲1型流行株。通过2005年~2006年的流感监测结果分析,甲1型的出现成为长春市2006年流感流行的主要趋势。     

20世纪以来流感在人群中的流行特征

自1918年西班牙流感爆发以来,流感病毒已经导致了五次人群中的大规模流行,除西班牙流感外,还有1957年由H2N2病毒引发的亚洲流感、1968年由H3N2病毒引发的香港流感、以及1977年的俄罗斯流感和2009年的墨西哥流感。而西班牙流感、俄罗斯流感和墨西哥流感三次流感的大流行均是由H1N1病毒毒株引起。此外,许多局部人群中的小规模流行与感染也被证实是流感病毒直接经人与人之间传播所导致。本文将主要对五次人流感的大规模爆发以及具有代表性的局部流行事件的流行病学特点以及病毒序列特征作一个小结。     

流感病毒灭活疫苗研究进展

流感病毒的不断变异是造成流感经常流行的主要原因．研究表明人流感病毒的来源与禽流感病毒的存在密切相关．最近出现的禽流感病毒跨种属感染人的事件,预示引起下一次爆发的流感病毒流行可能直接来源于禽流感病毒．因人类对新出现的病毒缺乏免疫力,开发有效疫苗仍然是预防流感流行的关键．对流感灭活疫苗包括灭活疫苗有效成分的改良,H5N1、H9N2型人．禽流感疫苗研究和应用反向遗传技术制备流感灭活疫苗等方面的研究进展进行了探讨．     

The emergence of pandemic influenza viruses

Pandemic influenza has posed an increasing threat to public health worldwide in the last decade. In the 20th century, three human pandemic influenza outbreaks occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968, causing significant mortality. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the emergence and development of pandemic viruses, including direct introduction into humans from an avian origin and reassortment between avian and previously circulating human viruses, either directly in humans or via an intermediate mammalian host. However, the evolutionary history of the pandemic viruses has been controversial, largely due to the lack of background genetic information and rigorous phylogenetic analyses. The pandemic that emerged in early April 2009 in North America provides a unique opportunity to investigate its emergence and development both in human and animal aspects. Recent genetic analyses of data accumulated through long-term influenza surveillance provided insights into the emergence of this novel pandemic virus. In this review, we summarise the recent literature that describes the evolutionary pathway of the pandemic viruses. We also discuss the implications of these findings on the early detection and control of future pandemics.     

Kinetic studies on the sialidase of three influenza B and three influenza A virus strains

Sialidase of influenza virus type A has been extensively studied through structural and kinetic approaches. However, sialidase of influenza virus type B has been less investigated. In this work, we have studied the activity and some properties (optimal pH, K_M, V_max, thermal stability) of sialidase in three influenza virus strains of type B (circulating in the period 1983–86) and also the activity and properties of sialidase from three virus strains of type A circulating at the same period of time.The results show that the activity and the V_max was always higher for sialidase of type A viruses relative to those values of type B. Differences were also found for optimal pH and, in some cases, for thermal stability of the sialidase between strains belonging to the influenza viruses type A and B. However, the behaviour for the sialidase in all strains was very similar towards two competitive inhibitors. Thus, it could be suggested that the evolution pattern of the sialidase of both types of influenza viruses determines some modifications which result in a higher efficiency for sialidase of some strains of influenza virus type A, but maintaining in the two types of viruses a similar behaviour towards competitive inhibitors.Dedicated to Professor Maurice Leclerc by one of us (J.A.C.) on the occasion of his retirement.     

禽流感与猪流感病毒：跨越物种传播的新认识

今年在墨西哥暴发的流感疫情来源于一种新的流感病毒：甲型H1N1病毒．这种病毒包括人源,禽源和猪源等甲型流感病毒基因片段,为混合毒株．比较了禽、猪和人的流感病毒在其天然宿主中的致病机理,主要目的是评估猪和禽的流感病毒成为人兽共患病的可能性,同时还评估猪在禽流感病毒传入人的过程中可能起到的作用．禽流感和猪流感作为人畜共患疾病,在流感病毒从动物到人的传播过程中起到关键的作用．猪作为流感病毒的中间宿主,具有混合器作用,人、猪、禽流感病毒可在其体内进行基因重排产生新病毒,并可能跨越种间屏障感染人类．但是流感病毒本身的跨越种间障碍传播不足以引起人流感的大暴发,动物流感病毒必须经过显著的遗传变异后才能使其在人群中长期存在．     

2009至2015年度辽宁省锦州市流感样病例和病原学特征分析

了解辽宁省锦州市2009至2015年度流感流行特征及优势毒株的分布情况,为流感的预警和防治提供依据。统计锦州市2009至2015年度流感样病例(ILI)监测数据及病原学结果,分析ILI百分比(ILI%)、病毒分离率及各亚型的变化规律。共监测ILI 51 277例,ILI%为2.28%,主要集中于0～15岁年龄段,占56.72%;采集8 254份ILI咽拭子标本,其中阳性467份,病毒分离率为5.66%,其中新甲型H1N1型192份、季节性H3型186份、B型Yamagata系37份、B 型Victoria系52份。2009年和2013年以新甲型H1N1(55.73%,83.33%)为主,2011年以BY (74.42%)为主,其他年份以季节性H3型为流感优势毒株,BV在人群中流行趋势减弱,新甲型H1N1、BY在人群中偶有检出。2010至2015年各月份ILI%均显著低于2009年,提示2009年后流感病毒活动相对稳定;ILI%与病毒分离率呈正相关(r_s＝0.347;P＝0.039),ILI%的变化能够较好地反映当地流感病毒的活动情况。新甲型H1N1型、季节性H3型、B型混合存在,季节性H1型消失。     

2006～2007年流行流感病毒减毒疫苗株的构建

选择冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2)流感病毒株作为骨架病毒,对其6个内部基因片段进行了全基因合成,同时人工引入5个氨基酸突变(PB1-391E,581G,661T,PB2-265S,NP-34G).HA和NA来源于2006-2007当年流行株A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1).8个基因片段通过与改造后的转录载体pAD3000连接,构建8个基因的拯救载体,经测序获得序列准确的拯救质粒:pMDV-A-PB2、pMDV-A-PB1、pMDV-A-PA、pMDV-A-NP、pMDV-A-M、pMDV-A-NS、pMDV-A-HA、pMDV-A-NA.6质粒与当年流行株的表面基因HA和NA进行"6 2"组合的病毒拯救,8个重组质粒共转染COS-1细胞,成功拯救出了具有血凝性的冷适应减毒的重组A型人流感病毒.鸡胚尿囊液中重组病毒的血凝效价为l:279-1:210.构建的A/AA/6/60 6个内部基因的病毒骨架拯救系统,为深入研究冷适应减毒人流感病毒的基因功能和新型疫苗研发奠定了基础.     

禽流感治疗药物研究进展

禽流感是由正黏液病毒科甲型流感病毒引起的对人类健康和社会发展构成极大威胁的烈性传染病,高致病性禽流感暴发突然,具有极高的发病率和死亡率。目前具有确切疗效的抗禽流感治疗药物品种很少,公认的药物只有奥塞米韦,此外流感病毒的抗药性也是一个重要的问题,近年来出现的甲型H1N1病毒更给人类敲响了警钟,因此研究更多的治疗药物和治疗手段对于禽流感的防控十分必要。从禽流感治疗化学药物和生物药物几个方面对禽流感治疗研究进展进行了综述。     

Different progress of MDCK cell death after infection by two different influenza virus isolates

The effect of influenza strains A (H₃N₂) and B, isolated during the seasons of 1994 and 1995 in the Czech Republic, on MDCK cells was studied. Various concentrations of virus and conditions of nutrition were used during the cell culture. The virus replication and consequently fragmentation of genomic DNA together with cytotoxicity were investigated in the absence and presence of 10 per cent calf serum. Virus replication, regardless of type A or B, caused earlier DNA fragmentation in comparison to non-infected cells in tissue culture. The results showed that the influenza B strain had a greater cytotoxic effect on MDCK cells than influenza A. A higher infection dose of influenza A virus accelerated the onset of apoptosis; conversely, a higher infection dose of influenza B virus delayed the onset of apoptosis. The absence of serum enhanced the progress of influenza-induced apoptosis in conditions in vitro. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lessons learned from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic

The 1918 influenza pandemic was one of the most virulent strains of influenza in history. Phylogenic evidence of the novel H1N1 strain of influenza discovered in Mexico last spring (2009) links it to the 1918 influenza strain. With information gained from analyzing viral genetics, public health records and advances in medical science we can confront the 2009 H1N1 influenza on a global scale. The paper analyses the causes and characteristics of a pandemic, and major issues in controlling the spread of the disease. Wide public vaccination and open communication between government and health sciences professionals will be an essential and vital component in managing the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and any future pandemics.     

禽流感病毒与人流感的关系

禽流感病毒 (AIV)是甲 (A)型流感病毒 ,常引起禽类全身性感染或主要限于呼吸器官传染病 ,带来巨大的经济损失并严重威胁人类健康。对AIV的基因组、所编码的蛋白质及其功能、AIV毒力变异的分子基础、禽流感疫苗以及AIV与人流感的关系等进行概述。     

冷适应减毒B型流感病毒疫苗候选株的制备及鉴定

以冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的B/Ann Arbor/1/66流感病毒株作为重配病毒骨架,对其6个内部基因片段进行了全基因合成,同时人工引入9个氨基酸突变．构建了8个基因的拯救载体,经测序获得序列准确的拯救质粒,命名为：pAB121-PB1, pAB122-PB2, pAB123-PA, pAB124-HA, pAB125-NP, pAB126-NA, pAB127-M和pAB128-NS．在成功拯救冷适应A型流感病毒的基础上,利用反向遗传学技术成功获救了具有感染性的重配B型流感病毒株,命名为rMDV-B．该重配病毒株以B/Ann Arbor/1/66为病毒骨架,其中HA和NA来源于2006～2007年当年流行株B/Malaysia/2506/2004．rMDV-B在鸡胚尿囊液和MDCK细胞中的HA效价可达1∶64～1∶512．实验结果暗示：从单一供体病毒株可以产生有效的减毒活B型流感病毒疫苗候选株,能够为将来人用流感疫苗的设计提供可借鉴的模型．     

Isolation and genetic characterization of avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China

As pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses, they have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we reported avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/1/07) was closely to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses, which was for the first time reported in China; and the two H1N2 viruses (A/swine/Shanghai/1/07 and A/swine/Guangxi/13/06) were novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses containing genes from the classical swine (HA, NP, M and NS), human (NA and PB1) and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages, which indicted that the reassortment among human, avian, and swine influenza viruses had taken place in pigs in China and resulted in the generation of new viruses. The isolation of avian-like H1N1 influenza virus originated from the European swine H1N1 viruses, especially the emergence of two novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses provides further evidence that pigs serve as intermediate hosts or “mixing vessels”, and swine influenza virus surveillance in China should be given a high priority.     

The antigenic evolution of influenza: drift or thrift?

It is commonly assumed that antibody responses against the influenza virus are polarized in the following manner: strong antibody responses are directed at highly variable antigenic epitopes, which consequently undergo ‘antigenic drift’, while weak antibody responses develop against conserved epitopes. As the highly variable epitopes are in a constant state of flux, current antibody-based vaccine strategies are focused on the conserved epitopes in the expectation that they will provide some level of clinical protection after appropriate boosting. Here, we use a theoretical model to suggest the existence of epitopes of low variability, which elicit a high degree of both clinical and transmission-blocking immunity. We show that several epidemiological features of influenza and its serological and molecular profiles are consistent with this model of ‘antigenic thrift’, and that identifying the protective epitopes of low variability predicted by this model could offer a more viable alternative to regularly update the influenza vaccine than exploiting responses to weakly immunogenic conserved regions.     

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy: A comparison between influenza and non-influenza cases

The aim of this study was to clarify the difference between influenza and non-influenza cases in clinical symptoms, laboratory and neuroimaging findings, and outcome in children with ANE. We retrospectively studied 22 children with ANE. Eleven of them had virological proof of influenza infection and the other 11 were judged as non-influenza infection. There was no significant difference between influenza and non-influenza cases in sex, antipyretics use and neurological symptoms. Although laboratory data were not different between the two groups, brainstem lesions were relatively more frequent in influenza cases than in non-influenza cases. Outcome was not different between the two groups. The results of our study suggest that the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing encephalopathy will not be dependent on infectious agents.     

流感病毒在Vero细胞上的增殖

目的研究流感病毒在非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero细胞)上高效增殖的最适条件。方法将Vero细胞在50cm2细胞瓶或3000mL旋转瓶中培养成单层,以不同感染复数接种流感病毒,在不同的培养条件下孵育,取上清测病毒血凝滴度。结果当加入胰酶终浓度为40μg·mL-1时,低感染复数接种流感病毒,可获得高效价病毒液,在3000mL旋转培养瓶中流感病毒的易感性较在50cm2静置培养瓶中略高。结论建立了流感病毒在Vero细胞上高效增殖的初步方法。