亲缘关系与啮齿类动物的社会行为

在漫长的进化过程中 ,动物除了在形态结构、生理生化以及遗传等方面适应周围环境之外 ,也产生了与环境相适应的行为 ,其中种内个体社会联系的行为称为社会行为。由于自然选择提高了个体的生存价值和广义适合度 (ｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｖｅｆｉｔｎｅｓｓ) ,所以如果个体间亲缘程度不同 ,在自然选择的作用下必然会产生不同的结果。亲缘关系与社会行为的研究源于行为生态学 ,其中以Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ[32 ] 提出的亲缘选择和广义适合度理论为代表 ,将亲缘关系和自然选择联系起来 ,扩展了达尔文自然选择理论的范围 ,较好地解释了利他行为 (ａｌｔｒｕｓ…     

The Evolution of Reptilian Social Behavior

Reptiles display a diversity of behavior that is reflectiveof their evolutionary heritage from fish and amphibians andtheir ancestral contribution to the diversity found in birdsand mammals. Much of the behavior observed in reptiles seemsspecific to the ecological setting within which they live. Asa result, a diversity of behavior is found in each of the groupsof modern reptiles. Recent studies on the social behavior oflizards have proved them capable of a variety of behavioralpostures, sequences, and sociality that exceeds that found insome mammals and birds. While many species of lizards are territorial,others are hierarchial and some have harems. For all those territorialspecies studied, crowding results in increased social interaction,increased aggression, and a switch to hierarchial behavior. While smell and sound may be important stimuli for social behaviorin some reptiles, posture, actions, and especially color appearto be most important in diurnal lizards. Temperature and energystudies suggest that the large extinct dinosaurs probably foughtconsiderably less than commonly portrayed in movies and stories,but were also probably much more brightly colored than commonlyshown in reconstructions.     

Group Colocation Behavior in Technological Social Networks

We analyze two large datasets from technological networks with location and social data: user location records from an online location-based social networking service, and anonymized telecommunications data from a European cellphone operator, in order to investigate the differences between individual and group behavior with respect to physical location. We discover agreements between the two datasets: firstly, that individuals are more likely to meet with one friend at a place they have not visited before, but tend to meet at familiar locations when with a larger group. We also find that groups of individuals are more likely to meet at places that their other friends have visited, and that the type of a place strongly affects the propensity for groups to meet there. These differences between group and solo mobility has potential technological applications, for example, in venue recommendation in location-based social networks.     

Applying Quantitative Genetic Methods to Primate Social Behavior

Increasingly, behavioral ecologists have applied quantitative genetic methods to investigate the evolution of behaviors in wild animal populations. The promise of quantitative genetics in unmanaged populations opens the door for simultaneous analysis of inheritance, phenotypic plasticity, and patterns of selection on behavioral phenotypes all within the same study. In this article, we describe how quantitative genetic techniques provide studies of the evolution of behavior with information that is unique and valuable. We outline technical obstacles for applying quantitative genetic techniques that are of particular relevance to studies of behavior in primates, especially those living in noncaptive populations, e.g., the need for pedigree information, non-Gaussian phenotypes, and demonstrate how many of these barriers are now surmountable. We illustrate this by applying recent quantitative genetic methods to spatial proximity data, a simple and widely collected primate social behavior, from adult rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Our analysis shows that proximity measures are consistent across repeated measurements on individuals (repeatable) and that kin have similar mean measurements (heritable). Quantitative genetics may hold lessons of considerable importance for studies of primate behavior, even those without a specific genetic focus.     

Dynamics of Social Behavior in Fruit Fly Larvae

We quantified the extent and dynamics of social interactions among fruit fly larvae over time. Both a wild-type laboratory population and a recently-caught strain of larvae spontaneously formed social foraging groups. Levels of aggregation initially increased during larval development and then declined with the wandering stage before pupation. We show that larvae aggregated more on hard than soft food, and more at sites where we had previously broken the surface of the food. Groups of larvae initiated burrowing sooner than solitary individuals, indicating that one potential benefit of larval aggregations is an improved ability to dig and burrow into the food substrate. We also show that two closely related species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, differ in their tendency to aggregate, which may reflect different evolutionary histories. Our protocol for quantifying social behavior in larvae uncovered robust social aggregations in this simple model, which is highly amenable to neurogenetic analyses, and can serve for future research into the mechanisms and evolution of social behavior.     

Exploring the Social Dynamics of Proenvironmental Behavior Change

This article explores the intrinsic role of context in shaping the course and outcomes of interventions aimed at changing environmentally significant behavior in home and workplace settings. Drawing on sociological theories of symbolic interactionism, we evaluate the social dynamics and mechanisms of two similar, team-based behavior change interventions at work (Environment Champions) and at home (EcoTeams). The analysis shows that the interventions open up different levels of opportunity for reviewing and renegotiating new environmentally friendly behaviors against the reactions and expectations of the immediate peer group, existing workplace or domestic roles, and the situation-specific definitions of what counts as appropriate behavior in the home and the workplace. We argue that policy studies should pay greater attention to the processes of behavior change, or the contextually sensitive relationship between interventions and outcomes, as a step toward refining or streamlining interventions aimed at changing environmentally significant behavior.     

前额叶皮层在社交行为中的作用

社交行为对于个体身心健康和社会发展都极其重要。社交行为障碍已成为多种精神类疾病的典型临床表征,对个体的发展有严重不良影响。前额叶皮层作为调节社交行为的关键脑区之一,参与了社交、情绪、决策等高级功能,其内部神经元、神经胶质细胞的活动变化及相互作用对调节社交行为有着重要影响,而且前额叶皮层与其他脑区之间的协作也会影响不同的社会行为。本文回顾了前额叶皮层中神经元、神经胶质细胞以及脑区投射与社交行为关系的最新研究,系统综述了前额叶皮层在社交行为调节中的作用,以期为社交障碍的神经机制和有效诊疗提供参考。     

Epigenetic Regulator CoREST Controls Social Behavior in Ants

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