稻米品质性状对开放式空气二氧化碳浓度增高的响应

利用开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)系统平台。研究大田栽培条件下粳稻武香粳14号稻米品质性状对CO2浓度增高200μmol·mol^-1的响应。结果表明．FACE处理稻谷的出糙率平均比CK高1．4个百分点,整精米率平均比CK低12．3个百分点,较低的供N水平有利于提高FACE条件下的出糙率．较高的供N水平有利于提高FACE条件下的整精米率;FACE处理的稻米垩白略有增加。垩白粒率平均比CK高11．9个百分点,垩白度平均比CK平均高2．8个百分点,较高的供N和供P水平有利于降低FACE条件下垩白大小、垩白粒率和垩白度;FACE处理稻米糊化温度平均比CK平均高0．52℃,胶稠度有提高的趋势,但对稻米直链淀粉含量影响较小,较高的供N和供P水平有利于降低FACE条件下稻米的直链淀粉含量,较低的供N和较高的供P水平有利于降低FACE条件下稻米胶稠度,较低的供N水平有利于降低FACE条件下稻米糊化温度;FACE处理使稻米蛋白质含量比CK平均低0．6个百分点,较低的供N和供P水平有利于降低FACE条件下稻米蛋白质含量。     

Different effects of night versus day high temperature on rice quality and accumulation profiling of rice grain proteins during grain filling

High temperature has adverse effects on rice yield and quality. The different influences of night high temperature (NHT) and day high temperature (DHT) on rice quality and seed protein accumulation profiles during grain filling in indica rice ‘9311’ were studied in this research. The treatment temperatures of the control, NHT, and DHT were 28°C/20°C, 27°C/35°C, and 35°C/27°C, respectively, and all the treatments were maintained for 20 days. The result of rice quality analysis indicated that compared with DHT, NHT exerted less effect on head rice rate and chalkiness, whereas greater effect on grain weight. Moreover, the dynamic accumulation change profiles of 61 protein spots, differentially accumulated and successfully identified under NHT and DHT conditions, were performed by proteomic approach. The results also showed that the different suppressed extent of accumulation amount of cyPPDKB might result in different grain chalkiness between NHT and DHT. Most identified isoforms of proteins, such as PPDK and pullulanase, displayed different accumulation change patterns between NHT and DHT. In addition, compared with DHT, NHT resulted in the unique accumulation patterns of stress and defense proteins. Taken together, the mechanisms of seed protein accumulation profiles induced by NHT and DHT during grain filling should be different in rice, and the potential molecular basis is discussed in this study.     

大气CO2浓度升高对玉米非结构性碳水化合物和籽粒品质的影响

本试验利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)在黄土高原长武农业生态试验站田间模拟大气CO₂浓度升高环境,设置3个处理:CK(田间环境,自然大气CO₂浓度)、OTC(OTC气室,自然大气CO₂浓度)、OTC_e(OTC气室,CO₂浓度700 μmol·mol^-1),探讨春玉米在不同生育期各器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)及籽粒品质(可溶性糖、淀粉和粗蛋白)对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,为揭示旱作区春玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高的适应机理提供科学依据。结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高对玉米NSC含量、积累量的影响因器官和生育期不同而异。与CK和OTC相比,OTC_e促进了生殖生长阶段叶、茎和根NSC的活化再分配,提高了叶片、茎秆和根系NSC转运到籽粒的量(ATM_NSC)、向籽粒的转运率(AR_NSC)以及对籽粒的贡献率(AC_NSC);与CK相比,OTC带来的增温效应抑制了茎和根NSC的活化再分配,促进了叶NSC的活化再分配,显著提高了玉米叶ATM_NSC、AR_NSC、AC_NSC。在两年试验中,大气CO₂浓度升高对玉米籽粒可溶性糖、淀粉和粗蛋白含量无显著影响。     

高浓度CO2对稻穗不同位置籽粒结实和米质性状的影响

不断升高的大气CO₂浓度影响水稻颖花发育、灌浆结实和品质形成,但这种影响是否与籽粒在稻穗上的着生部位有关尚不清楚.利用稻田FACE (Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment)平台,以优质丰产粳稻‘武运粳23’为材料,CO₂处理设背景CO₂浓度(Ambient)和高CO₂浓度(增200 μmol·mol^-1, FACE)两个水平,研究开放大田条件下高浓度CO₂对水稻颖花密度、籽粒结实能力、稻米外观和食味品质的影响及其与稻穗不同着生位置的关系.结果表明:FACE处理使武运粳23籽粒产量平均增加18.3%,从产量构成因素看,穗数和饱粒重分别增加21.4%、9.4%,每穗颖花数、饱粒率平均减少9.0%、2.2%.FACE水稻饱粒率下降主要与稻穗不同部位空粒率大幅增加有关.FACE水稻每穗颖花数减少主要与稻穗上部、中部二次枝梗现存颖花大幅减少有关,而其他位置颖花数均无显著变化;稻穗不同位置饱粒重和饱粒率对FACE的响应无显著差异.FACE处理使绿粒率下降,但糙米长度和宽度均增加,稻穗不同部位趋势一致.FACE使垩白粒率(增幅59%)、垩白度(增幅55%)均极显著增加,增幅表现为稻穗一次枝梗>二次枝梗、上部>中部>下部.FACE使稻穗不同位置稻米直链淀粉含量略增,使最高粘度、热浆粘度、崩解值、最终粘度和消减值略降,但多未达显著水平.FACE使稻米糊化温度显著下降,弱势粒的降幅大于强势粒.综上,高浓度CO₂环境下武运粳23产量增加主要与穗数增多和籽粒增重有关,而稻穗明显变小;高浓度CO₂使稻米绿粒率减少,垩白增多,而对蒸煮食味品质影响较少;颖花着生位置对高浓度CO₂环境下水稻颖花发育、结实和品质的影响因不同测定指标而异.     

灌浆期高温对水稻光合特性、内源激素和稻米品质的影响

以2个籼稻品种:温度钝感型品种K30和温度敏感型品种R21为材料,利用人工气候室控温,在水稻灌浆期设置高温(日均温度34.9℃)和适温(日均温度28.0℃)处理,测定不同灌浆时期(5,10,15,20,25d和30d)光合特性、内源激素含量及稻米品质的变化。结果表明,高温增强了K30的光合能力,K30高温处理净光合速率(Pn)在整个灌浆期都明显高于对照;R21在灌浆前期(5、10d和15d)高温处理与适温处理Pn差异不明显,在灌浆后期(20、25d和30d)高温处理Pn下降。高温增加了K30叶片和籽粒脱落酸(ABA)含量;而R21高温处理和适温处理叶片与籽粒ABA含量的对比不明显。高温处理对两个水稻品种叶片和籽粒赤霉素(GA3)与生长素(IAA)含量也有不同程度影响。高温胁迫降低稻米品质,但K30比R21表现出更强的温度钝感特性。     

Up-regulation of sucrose phosphate synthase in rice grown under elevated CO2 and temperature

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-30) was grown season-long in outdoor, controlled-environment chambers at 33 Pa CO₂ with day/night/paddy-water temperatures of 28/21/25 °C, and at 66 Pa CO₂ with five different day/night/paddy-water temperature regimes (25/18/21, 28/21/25, 31/24/28, 34/27/31 and 37/30/34 °C). Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities in leaf extracts at 21, 48 and 81 days after planting (DAP) were assayed under saturating and selective (limiting) conditions. Diel SPS activity data indicated that rice SPS was light regulated; with up to 2.2-fold higher rates during the day. Throughout the growth season, leaf SPS activities were up-regulated in the CO₂-enriched plants, averaging 20 and 12% higher than in ambient-CO₂ grown plants in selective and saturating assays, respectively. Similarly, SPS activities increased 2.4% for each 1 °C rise in growth temperature from 25 to 34 °C, but de creased 11.5% at 37 °C. Leaf sucrose content was higher, and mirrored SPS activity better, than starch, although starch was more responsive to CO₂ treatment. Leaf sucrose and starch contents were significantly higher throughout the season in plants at elevated CO₂, but the N content averaged 6.5% lower. Increasing growth temperatures from 25 to 37 °C caused a linear decrease (62%) in leaf starch content, but not in sucrose. Consequently, the starch:sucrose ratio declined with growth temperature. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the up-regulation of leaf SPS may be an acclimation response of rice to optimize the utilization and export of organic-C with the increased rates of inorganic-C fixation in elevated CO₂ or temperature growth regimes.     

增温和升高CO2浓度对桑树幼苗的生长和叶片品质的影响

研究了增温(+2 ℃)、升高CO₂浓度(+300 ppm)及同时增温和升高CO₂浓度(+2 ℃和+300 ppm CO₂)处理60 d后1年生桑树幼苗的形态、生物量积累及叶片品质的变化.结果表明: 与对照相比,增温显著增加桑树的基径、叶片数、总叶面积、叶干质量、叶干质量分数和可溶性蛋白含量,分别增加了9.9%、17.4%、23.0%、9.2%、10.1%和23.1%;升高CO₂浓度显著增加了桑树幼苗的茎干质量、根干质量和总干质量,比对照分别增加10.7%、15.9%和9.2%,但对幼苗的形态和叶片品质无显著影响;同时增温和升高CO₂浓度条件下,叶片数、株高、基径、总叶面积、叶干质量、根干质量、总干质量、叶片可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量均显著升高,与对照相比分别增加28.8%、9.1%、19.4%、32.6%、12.4%、17.2%、10.1%、45.8%和11.9%,但粗纤维含量显著降低16.8%.短期增温和升高CO₂浓度对桑树幼苗的生长发育和叶片品质有促进作用.     

大田增温对夏玉米产量和品质的影响

研究了大田条件下增温（3 ℃）对夏玉米产量和品质的影响. 结果表明：增温条件下玉米的籽粒产量显著降低,农大108（ND108）和掖单13号（YD13）分别减产46.6%和45.1%.增温也显著影响了玉米的籽粒品质,与对照相比,ND108和YD13的粗蛋白含量分别提高了11.6%和2.02%;粗脂肪含量分别降低了38.9%和9.6%;淀粉含量分别降低了7.0%和8.4%,且主要降低了支链淀粉的含量;赖氨酸含量则分别降低了58.9%和51.2%.     

Impact of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on Japanese beetle herbivory

To examine how the major elements of global change affect herbivory in agroecosystems, a multifactorial experiment was conducted where soybeans were grown at two levels of carbon dioxide and temperature, including those predicted for 2050, under otherwise normal field conditions. Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) were enclosed on foliage for 24 h, after which the beetle survivorship, total and per capita leaf consumption, and leaf protease inhibitor activity were measured. The direct effect of temperature on beetle consumption and survivorship also was measured under controlled environmental conditions. No differences in total foliage consumption were observed; however, beetles forced to feed at elevated temperature in the field demonstrated greater per capita consumption and reduced survivorship compared to beetles feeding at ambient temperature. Survivorship was also greater for beetles that consumed foliage grown under elevated CO₂, but there were no interactive effects of CO₂ and temperature, and no differences in leaf chemistry were resolved. Leaf consumption by beetles increased strongly with increasing temperature up to ～37° C, above which increased mortality caused a precipitous decrease in consumption. An empirical model based on the temperature dependence of leaf consumption and flight suggests that the 3.5°C increase in temperature predicted for 2050 will increase the optimal feeding window for the Japanese beetle by 290%. Elevated temperature and CO₂ operating independently have the potential to greatly increase foliage damage to soybean by chewing insects, such as Popillia japonica, potentially affecting crop yields.     

温度和CO2浓度升高对荒漠藻结皮光合作用的影响

2007年,对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区1956年(51龄)和1981年(26龄)人工植被区及自然植被区的藻结皮净光合速率(P_n)变化,及其与结皮含水量(>100%、40%～60%和<20%)、大气CO₂浓度(360和700 mg·L^-1)和温度(13 ℃、24 ℃ 和28 ℃)的关系进行研究.结果表明：51龄、26龄人工植被区和自然植被区的藻结皮P_n分别为3.4、4.4和3.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,且51龄人工植被区藻结皮的P_n显著高于26龄人工植被区和自然植被区;藻结皮含水量对其P_n影响显著,且中等含水量(40%～60%)藻结皮的P_n显著高于低含水量(<20%)和高含水量(>100%);CO₂倍增(700 mg·L^-1)后,中等和高含水量藻结皮的P_n增加了1.8～3.3倍,而低含水量时,藻结皮的P_n变化不明显;高含水量和中等含水量处理时,24 ℃和28 ℃条件下藻结皮的P_n较13 ℃时提高27%～66%,而在低含水量时,不同温度的藻结皮P_n值无显著差异.     

Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments

Elevated CO₂ and temperature strongly affect crop production, but understanding of the crop response to combined CO₂ and temperature increases under field conditions is still limited while data are scarce. We grew wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under two levels of CO₂ (ambient and enriched up to 500 μmol mol^?1) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5–2.0 °C) in free‐air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) systems and carried out a detailed growth and yield component analysis during two growing seasons for both crops. An increase in CO₂ resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops. An increase in CO₂ was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice. Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10–12% and 17–35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO₂ and temperature. The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature in wheat and rice. Our data showed complex treatment effects on the interplay between preheading duration, nitrogen uptake, tillering, leaf area index, and radiation‐use efficiency, and thus on yield components and yield. Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops. For rice, however, a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m² and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility) at high temperature is also required to prevent yield reduction under conditions of global change.     

灌浆结实期温度对水稻产量和品质形成的影响

灌浆结实期是水稻产量和品质形成的关键时期,该时期温度对水稻籽粒灌浆具有显著的影响.随着全球气候趋暖以及极端天气频发,温度胁迫下籽粒灌浆和稻米品质的响应特征及其生理生化机制是目前稻作研究的热点之一.本文以灌浆结实期温度为切入点,对水稻产量和品质形成的适宜温度与温度影响时段以及温度胁迫下水稻生理生化特征等方面进行了梳理.灌浆初期(齐穗后20 d)是温度影响水稻产量和品质形成的关键时期,适温(21 ～ 26℃)有利于水稻灌浆和淀粉的充实与沉积,过高或过低温度均不利于提高水稻产量和品质.温度胁迫下,水稻生理生化活性下降,光合功能降低,抗逆性减弱,干物质积累和运转受抑,从而造成产量下降及品质变劣.这些可能为水稻优质高产栽培和灌浆结实期温度研究提供一定的参考.     

不同CO2浓度升高水平对粳稻叶片荧光特性的影响

为研究不同CO₂浓度升高水平对水稻叶片荧光特性的影响,利用开顶式气室组成CO₂浓度自动调控平台开展田间试验,使用便携式植物效率分析仪测定剑叶快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线,分析不同CO₂浓度(CK:背景大气CO₂浓度;T₁:比CK的CO₂浓度高80 μmol·mol^-1;T₂:比CK的CO₂浓度高200 μmol·mol^-1)下水稻主要生育期剑叶快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数的变化特征.结果表明:CO₂浓度升高80 μmol·mol^-1,用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_Eo)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、性能指数(PI_ABS)在扬花期、乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期均显著升高,用于热耗散的量子比率(φ_Do)显著降低,其中φ_Eo显著升高了7.3%～23.3%,F_v/F_m极显著升高了3.1%～7.1%,PI_ABS极显著升高了46.2%～93.0%,φ_Do则显著降低了10.3%～20.5%.CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1,在拔节期,φ_Eo、F_v/F_m、PI_ABS分别极显著降低了68.7%、41.4%和93.4%,φ_Do则极显著升高了78.4%;在扬花期、乳熟期、蜡熟期,T₂使φ_Eo显著升高了11.6%～19.8%,F_v/F_m显著升高了4.8%～6.8%,PI_ABS显著升高了53.0%～72.6%,φ_Do则显著降低了7.7%～19.4%.表明CO₂浓度升高(80、200 μmol·mol^-1)对水稻剑叶光系统Ⅱ的光合电子传递具有促进作用.     

Effect of elevated temperature and water availability on CO2 exchange and nitrogen fixation of nodulated alfalfa plants

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of predicted temperature increases and drought conditions of Mediterranean environments on N₂-fixing alfalfa plants. One-month-old plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 102F78 were grown in growth chambers under different temperature (25/15 or 28/18 °C, day/night) and water availability (control or drought) regimes. Elevated temperature and drought reduced plant dry mass and leaf area, especially when both stresses were combined. The inhibitory effect of elevated temperature on plant growth was a consequence of decreased CO₂ and N₂ fixation rates. A photosynthetic decrease resulted from the inhibition of rubisco activity, probably associated with a lower activation state. An absence of differences in photosynthesis in relation to water availability suggests that drought decreased plant growth due to its negative effect on leaf area. Rising temperature and drought affected the nitrogen content negatively, although effects differed. Elevated temperature inhibited nodule activity drastically, whereas the inhibitory effect resulting from drought centred on nodule dry mass (DM) production. Plants exposed to a combination of elevated temperature and drought were the most negatively affected.     

Growth response of Equisetum fluviatile to elevated CO2 and temperature

In contrast to crop plants and terrestrial herbaceous plants, aquatic plants have raised only modest interest among scientists working on climate change. However, climate change studies on emergent macrophytes can be justified with their crucial role in the ecosystem functioning of aquatic habitats. Here we present the results of a three-year study on the growth response of Equisetum fluviatile, a prominent littoral species of boreal lakes, to elevated CO₂ (doubled to 600–700 ppm) and temperature (increased 2.5–3 °C). Our findings reveal that temperature effects on this species were far more distinct than the effects of CO₂, and no interactions of temperature and CO₂ were observed. Temperature increase had a positive effect on the emergence of shoots and shoot length growth as well as on the maximum length of shoots. Maximum biomass was also positively affected by temperature. The enhancing effects of temperature were carried over to the next growing season. CO₂ enrichment also affected the maximum length of shoots, but the effect was negative. In addition, some response to CO₂ in fertility was observed, but again the effect of temperature was more obvious. Exposure to CO₂ enrichment seemed to have some positive effects on the belowground biomass of E. fluviatile, although this response was not very clear. Thus, we speculate that in the future climate this species will grow faster and the littoral stands will produce more shoot biomass.     

大气CO2浓度升高对水稻秸秆化学组成的影响

水稻秸秆是生物能源生产的潜在材料,大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高改变水稻秸秆的量和质,从而改变其生物能源的生产潜力.本试验水稻秸秆来自中国自由大气CO2富集平台(FACE),选取FACE平台(试验组CO2浓度控制在570μmol·mol^-1左右,比对照组高200μmol·mol-1)3种水稻品种‘武运粳27’、‘Y两优900’和‘日本晴N16’,通过对秸秆化学组成进行分析,探讨CO2浓度升高对水稻秸秆质量的影响.结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了水稻秸秆C含量和C/N;增加了秸秆中非结构碳水化合物含量;CO2浓度升高使武运粳27、Y两优900和N16秸秆中释放的总糖分别增加8.8%、6.7%和9.9%;CO2浓度升高显著提高N16秸秆生物量,但对其他两种水稻秸秆生物量没有显著影响;N16的总糖产量在CO2浓度升高下增加最显著,达到19.2%.表明CO2浓度升高可以改善水稻秸秆质和量,从而提高生物燃料利用潜能.     

Methane and soil CO2 production from current‐season photosynthates in a rice paddy exposed to elevated CO2 concentration and soil temperature

Quantification of rhizodeposition (root exudates and root turnover) represents a major challenge for understanding the links between above‐ground assimilation and below‐ground anoxic decomposition of organic carbon in rice paddy ecosystems. Free‐air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) fumigating depleted ¹³CO₂ in rice paddy resulted in a smaller ¹³C/¹²C ratio in plant‐assimilated carbon, providing a unique measure by which we partitioned the sources of decomposed gases (CO₂ and CH₄) into current‐season photosynthates (new C) and soil organic matter (old C). In addition, we imposed a soil‐warming treatment nested within the CO₂ treatments to assess whether the carbon source was sensitive to warming. Compared with the ambient CO₂ treatment, the FACE treatment decreased the ¹³C/¹²C ratio not only in the rice‐plant carbon but also in the soil CO₂ and CH₄. The estimated new C contribution to dissolved CO₂ was minor (ca. 20%) at the tillering stage, increased with rice growth and was about 50% from the panicle‐formation stage onwards. For CH₄, the contribution of new C was greater than for heterotrophic CO₂ production; ca. 40–60% of season‐total CH₄ production originated from new C with a tendency toward even larger new C contribution with soil warming, presumably because enhanced root decay provided substrates for greater CH₄ production. The results suggest a fast and close coupling between photosynthesis and anoxic decomposition in soil, and further indicate a positive feedback of global warming by enhanced CH₄ emission through greater rhizodeposition.     

大气CO2浓度和气温升高对麦田节肢动物群落的影响

为了预测气候变化对麦田节肢动物群落多样性的影响, 本研究在麦田开放环境中设置4种处理, 分别是高温(高于当时气温2℃和当前CO₂浓度)、高CO₂浓度(500 μL/L和当时气温)、高温+高CO₂浓度和对照(当前CO₂浓度和气温)等, 采用定期随机抽样方法调查节肢动物群落的多样性, 用经典的多样性指数对整体节肢动物群落以及不同食性节肢动物群落多样性进行分析。共采到节肢动物3纲10目42科52种。仅“高温”和“高温+高CO₂”处理显著增大节肢动物群落的均匀度, 其余处理均无显著影响。“高温+高CO₂”处理的影响随小麦生长发育期不同而略有差异, 在苗期可增大Shannon-Wiener多样性指数, 而在后期使该指数减小; “高温+高CO₂”与“高温”处理的群落多样性较为相似。对不同食性节肢动物群落的分析表明, 与对照相比, 植食性昆虫群落在“高CO₂”下丰富度显著增大; 寄生性昆虫群落的多度在“高温”下显著增大; 腐食性等节肢动物群落的多度在“高CO₂+高温”和“高温”处理下有所增大、均匀度在“高温”下略降低, 但均未达统计上的显著水平; 捕食性节肢动物群落不受影响。本研究说明, CO₂浓度和气温升高不同程度地影响麦田节肢动物群落的物种多样性, 两类因素同时升高与各自单独升高的影响不完全一致。     

Proteomic response of rice seedling leaves to elevated CO2 levels

Previous investigations of plant responses to higher CO 2 levels were mostly based on physiological measurements and biochemical assays. In this study, a proteomic approach was employed to investigate plant response to higher CO 2 levels using rice as a model. Ten-day-old seedlings were progressively exposed to 760 ppm, 1140 ppm, and 1520 ppm CO 2 concentrations for 24 h each. The net photosynthesis rate ( P n), stomatal conductance ( G s), transpiration rate ( E), and intercellular to ambient CO 2 concentration ratio ( C i/ C a) were measured. P n, G s, and E showed a maximum increase at 1140 ppm CO 2, but further exposure to 1520 ppm for 24 h resulted in down regulation of these. Proteins extracted from leaves were subjected to 2-DE analysis, and 57 spots showing differential expression patterns, as detected by profile analysis, were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Most of the proteins belonged to photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and energy pathways. Several molecular chaperones and ascorbate peroxidase were also found to respond to higher CO 2 levels. Concomitant with the down regulation of P n and G s, the levels of enzymes of the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle were decreased. Correlations between the protein profiles and the photosynthetic measurements at the three CO 2 levels were explored.     

Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on water transport inponderosa pine

Many studies report that water flux through trees declines in response to elevated CO₂, but this response may be modified by exposure to increased temperatures. To determine whether elevated CO₂ and temperature interact to affect hydraulic conductivity, we grew ponderosa pine seedlings for 24 wk in growth chambers with one of four atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (350, 550, 750, and 1100 ppm) and either a low (15°C nights, 25°C days) or high (20°C nights, 30°C days) temperature treatment. Vapor pressure deficits were also higher in the elevated temperature treatment. Seedling biomass increased with CO₂ concentration but was not affected by temperature. Root : shoot ratio was unaffected by CO₂ and temperature. Leaf : sapwood area ratio (A_L/A_S) declined in response to elevated temperature but was not influenced by CO₂. Larger tracheid diameters at elevated temperature caused an increase in xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (K_S). The increase in K_S and decrease in A_L/A_S led to higher leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (K_L) at elevated temperature. Stomatal conductance (g_S) was correlated with K_L across all treatments. Neither K_S, K_L, nor g_S were affected by elevated CO₂ concentrations. High K_L in response to elevated temperature may support increased transpiration or reduce the incidence of xylem cavitation in ponderosa pine in future, warmer climates.