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1.
M. Tertuliano D.M. Olson G.C. Rains & W.J. Lewis 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2004,110(2):165-172
Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) learns odors in association with both hosts and food. The food‐associated ‘seeking’ behavior of M. croceipes was investigated under various training protocols utilizing the conditioning odor, 3‐octanone. We investigated the effects of odor training, or its lack, training duration, training frequency, time elapsed after training, wasp hunger state, and training reinforcement, on the food‐seeking responses of M. croceipes females. We found that odor‐trained females show strong food seeking responses, whereas non‐odor‐trained females do not respond to the odor, and that a single 10 s association with the odor whilst feeding on sugar water subsequently conditioned the wasps to exhibiting significant responses to it. Increases in training time to more than 10 s did not improve their responses. Repetition of the food–odor associations increased a wasp's recall, as well as its response over time, compared to a single exposure. Repeated exposure to the learned odor in the absence of a food reward decreased the responses of less hungry individuals. However, the level of response increased significantly following a single reinforcement with the food–odor association. Understanding the factors that influence learning in parasitoids can enhance our ability to predict their foraging behavior, and opens up avenues for the development of effective biological detectors. 相似文献
2.
We conducted laboratory experiments using a wind tunnel to determine the effects of prior experience on the learning and retention of learned responses in the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Although most females that had either antennated host frass or oviposited in a host in the presence of vanilla odor, made oriented flight to the odor from downwind in the wind tunnel at 30 min after experience, only those that had oviposited in a host with the odor responded to the odor at 24 h after experience. Females that had oviposited in the non‐natural host beet armyworm (BAW) larva with or without the odor did not respond to the odor at 30 min after experience. These results indicate that an oviposition in the host in the presence of odors strongly affects associative learning and the persistence of learned response to the odors. When females were allowed to antennate host frass in the presence of vanilla and to subsequently oviposit in a host within an interval of 5 min or less, their learned response to vanilla also persisted for 24 h. Similarly, when females were conditioned to link vanilla with host frass and then allowed to make an ovipositor contact with host hemolymph, their learned response persisted for 24 h. However, antennal contact with hemolymph after such conditioning of vanilla with host frass did not improve the persistence of learned response to the odor. These results indicate that ovipositor contact with host hemolymph during oviposition is partially responsible for an increased retention of learned response. Females responded to vanilla 48% of the time at 30 min after antennating host frass without the odor, but their response to the odor significantly decreased after oviposition in a BAW larva subsequent to the antennation of host frass. This result indicates that oviposition in a BAW larva decreases subsequent response to general odors. Based on the results, we discuss the foraging behavior of M. croceipes dependent on learning and subsequent experiences. 相似文献
3.
Renato C. Bautista Ernest J. Harris Roger I. Vargas 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2001,101(3):247-255
Fopius (= Biosteres) arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies. Small scale releases of F. arisanus were undertaken in coffee, Coffea arabica L., on the island of Kauai, to evaluate its potential for suppression of fruit fly populations. In conjunction with field releases, assays were conducted to determine the quality of pre-released parasitoids. In addition, the suitability of various sugars as potential food supplements in the field was evaluated. Spermathecal dissection showed that >70% of a total 1.7 million females released in 1998 and 1999 were successfully mated. Moreover, a sperm rating of 2.5–2.6 indicated that the spermathecae of inseminated females were 50% full. There were 85-137 matured eggs (mean =101.7±11.5) in the ovaries of mated or virgin females. When honey was replaced with ripe coffee and water, ripe coffee, or water alone, 10 days after emergence, females remained alive for another 5.5, 5.4, and 4.9 days, respectively. There was corresponding deterioration in the ovaries of gravid females. Mean eggs of honey-deprived females declined from >100 to <70 shortly before their death. Suitability test of various sugars showed that females lived longer when fed with honey (26 days), maple syrup (25 days) or molasses (20 days). Moreover, females provided with these sugars produced mean cumulative progeny per female of 77.2±19, 67±7, and 81±14, respectively, during a 2-week egging period. Our findings provided a basis for development of field release strategy for F. arisanus. 相似文献
4.
Nazuki Kasuya Hideyuki Mitsui Tadashi Aotsuka Masahito T. Kimura 《Entomological Science》2013,16(2):227-234
The diversity and host associations of parasitoids attacking mycophagous drosophilids were studied in Tokyo (a warm‐temperate region) and Sapporo (a cool‐temperate region) in Japan. Field collections were carried out using traps baited with mushrooms in May, June, September and October 2009 in Tokyo and in July and August 2010 in Sapporo. The major drosophilid species that emerged from mushroom baits was Drosophila bizonata in Tokyo and D. orientacea in Sapporo. In total, 13 parasitoid species emerged from drosophilids occurring in mushroom baits, and 11 of them were larval parasitoids belonging to Braconidae and Figitidae. Among the 11 larval parasitoids, 10 were collected in Tokyo, while only two were collected in Sapporo. It is not known why their diversity differed so much between these two regions. Four of the 11 larval parasitoids have also been recorded from drosophilid larvae occurring in fruit (banana). The use of these two habitats (mushrooms and fruit) by these four species seems to reflect the occurrence (i.e. resource use) of their suitable hosts. On the other hand, most larval parasitoids from Tokyo attacked D. bizonata, and two larval parasitoids from Sapporo attacked D. orientacea, suggesting that the abundance of potential hosts is one of the important factors affecting their host use. 相似文献
5.
Sergey A Belokobylskij Muhammad Iqbal † Andrew D Austin 《Australian Journal of Entomology》2003,42(3):260-265
Abstract The subfamily Dirrhopinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is recorded for the first time from the Australian region on the basis of Dirrhope minor Belokobylskij collected at light from several sites in northern Queensland. The species is redescribed and a discussion of relationships, distribution and biology of the subfamily is presented. 相似文献
6.
Felix L. Wäckers Claire Bonifay W. Joe Lewis 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2002,103(2):135-138
Work on insect learning has made ample use of conditioned behaviors in single learning tasks. Parasitic wasps are particularly suited to study more complex learning processes, as they alternate between host searching and foraging for sugar sources. We here describe a set of behaviors that unambiguously represents sugar feeding in the Hymenopteran parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Furthermore, we demonstrate that this parasitoid can be conditioned to exhibit these behaviors in response to odor stimuli previously associated with feeding. In conjunction with a previously described ovipositor probing response in this species, our findings constitute the first instance in which multiple conditioned behaviors representing feeding and reproduction have been identified for one insect species. This provides a valuable tool for the study of multiple task learning. 相似文献
7.
简述了小腹茧蜂亚科陡胸茧蜂属的研究历史、现状和形态特征,描述了该属2新种:贵州陡胸茧蜂Snellenius guizhouensis sp.nov.和宽颊陡胸茧蜂Snellenius latigenus sp.nov,并与其近似种做了比较.两新种均采自贵州省,模式标本存放于贵州师范大学地理与生物科学学院. 相似文献
8.
The effect of ultra violet (UV)-absorbing plastic sheets on the host location ability of three commercially available parasitoids
Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) – was tested in the laboratory and in field trials. The parasitoids’ preference between
natural light and UV-filtered light was tested under laboratory conditions in a Y-shaped pipe system. The vast majority of
all three species were strongly attracted to non-UV-filtered light. In field trials parasitoid’s ability to locate a host-infested
plant from a distance (approximately 10 m.) was tested. Host location by A. colemani and D. isaea, expressed by parasitization rates, was not affected by greenhouse covering plastic type (regular versus UV-absorbing plastic).
E. mundus, on the other hand, was unable to locate the host-infested plant when the latter was placed in the center of the UV-absorbing
plastic covered greenhouses. When the host-infested plants were located in the corners of the greenhouses and the wasps were
released at the center, the parasitization rates were lower under the UV-absorbing plastic than under the regular plastic
covered greenhouses. The significance of UV light to E. mundus host location process and the practical implications it has on the parasitoid’s application in the field are discussed. 相似文献
9.
A new species of the braconid genus Notosigalphus is described from Flinders Island, Tasmania ( N. sophae Iqbal and Austin sp. n). This is the third species recorded of this rare Australian endemic genus, and the first member of the subfamily Sigalphinae to be recorded elsewhere than on the mainland. A key to separate species of Notosigalphus is presented, as is a discussion of relationships, distribution and biology of the subfamily in Australia. 相似文献
10.
Abstract Physaraia sinensis sp. nov. from Fujian and Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated, and it is distinguished from P. sumatrana (Enderlein). Type specimens are deposited in Hunan Agricultural University, China and Natural History Museum, London separately. 相似文献
11.
中华具刺甲盖茧蜂Physaraiasinensissp．nov,新种与苏门答腊具刺甲盖茧蜂Physaraiasumatrana（Enderlein）相似,正模♀,周至宏于1981年10月31日采自广西罗城龙岸,正模存放在湖南农业大学昆虫标本室,副模存放在英国自然历史博物馆。 相似文献
12.
Previous estimates of a generic level phylogeny for the ubiquitous parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera) have been problematic due to short internal branches deep in the phylogeny. These short branches might be attributed to a rapid radiation among the taxa, the use of genes that are unsuitable for the levels of divergence being examined, or insufficient quantity of data. We added over 1200 nucleotides from four nuclear genes to a dataset derived from three genes to produce a dataset of over 3000 nucleotides per taxon. While the number of well-supported short branches in the phylogeny increased, we still did not obtain strong bootstrap support for every node. Parametric and nonparametric bootstrap simulations projected that an enormous, and likely unobtainable, amount of data would be required to get bootstrap support greater than 50% for every node. However, a marked increase in the number of well-supported nodes was seen when we conducted a Bayesian analysis of a combined dataset generated from morphological characters added to the seven gene dataset. Our results suggest that, in some cases, combining morphological and genetic characters may be the most practical way to increase support for short branches deep in a phylogeny. 相似文献
13.
茧蜂亚科已知有123个属(Quicke,1987),其中窄腹茧蜂属Angustibracon Quicke是Quicke(1987)根据分布在印度的1个种Bracon leptogaster Cameron重新组合为1个新属而建立,迄今已定名种仅此1种。我们整理广西茧蜂标本时,鉴定出该属1新种。这是本属种类在我国分布的首次报道,现将该属属征和新种形态记述如下。新种模式标本存湖南农学院昆虫标本室。 相似文献
14.
J. K. Tomberlin G. C. Rains & M. R. Sanford 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,128(2):249-257
Classical conditioning, a form of associative learning, was first described in the vertebrate literature by Pavlov, but has since been documented for a wide variety of insects. Our knowledge of associative learning by insects began with Karl vonFrisch explaining communication among honeybees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Since then, the honey bee has provided us with much of what we understand about associative learning in insects and how we relate the theories of learning in vertebrates to insects. Fruit flies, moths, and parasitic wasps are just a few examples of other insects that have been documented with the ability to learn. A novel direction in research on this topic attempts to harness the ability of insects to learn for the development of biological sensors. Parasitic wasps, especially Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), have been conditioned to detect the odors associated with explosives, food toxins, and cadavers. Honeybees and moths have also been associatively conditioned to several volatiles of interest in forensics and national security. In some cases, handheld devices have been developed to harness the insects and observe conditioned behavioral responses to air samples in an attempt to detect target volatiles. Current research on the development of biological sensors with insects is focusing on factors that influence the learning and memory ability of arthropods as well as potential mathematical techniques for improving the interpretation of the behavioral responses to conditioned stimuli. Chemical detection devices using arthropod‐based sensing could be used in situations where trained canines cannot be used (such as toxic environments) or are unavailable, electronic devices are too expensive and/or not of sufficient sensitivity, and when conditioning to target chemicals must be done within minutes of detection. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the development of M. croceipes as a model system for exploring associative learning for the development of biological sensors. 相似文献
15.
16.
本文报道采自浙江西天山目的藤高腹茧蜂属Ｒａｔｔａｎａ ｖａｎ Ａｃｈｔｅｒｂｅｒｇ一新种：中华藤高腹茧蜂Ｒ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。该属为我国新记录,该亚科为我国大陆新记录。模式标本保存在浙江农业大学。 相似文献
17.
侧沟茧蜂属二新种记述(膜翅目,茧蜂科) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
记述了采自福建武夷山、浙江(龙王山、百山祖)、湖北神农架、山东崂山和黑龙江镜泊湖等地的侧沟茧蜂属Microplitis Foerster 2新种。两色侧沟茧蜂Microplitis bicol-oratus sp．nov．(♀)和长径侧沟茧蜂Microplitis longiradiusis sp．nov．(♀)。两色侧沟茧蜂Microplitis bicoloratus与M．obscuripennis Xu and He相似,但以下特征与之区别：1)前后单眼间距与单眼直径等长(后者小于单眼直径);2)中胸盾片具一宽而深的中纵沟,且内具小脊(后者无中纵沟);3)后翅后小脉直(后者明显弯向翅基);4)翅半透明,淡烟褐色,前翅翅痣下方具一暗色斑(后者翅不透明,一致暗烟褐色);5)后足胫节中部具1黄白色环(后者为一致黑色)。采自福建、浙江、湖北和山东。长径侧沟茧蜂Microplitis longiradiusis与M．marshalli Kokujev相似,但以下特征与之区别：1)后单眼间距与单复眼间距等长(后者短于单复眼间距);2)腹部第2～3背板红黄色(后者黑色);3)后足基节红黄色(后者黑色);4)前翅r脉短于2-SR脉(后者与2-SR脉等长);5)前翅1-R1脉特别短,约与翅痣等长(后者明显长于翅痣长)。采自黑龙江。本文附中国侧沟茧蜂属种类检索表。模式标本均保存在浙江大学植保系寄生蜂标本室。 相似文献
18.
Abstract The species of the genus Syntretus Foerster form China are revised in this paper. Five species are recognized with one species, Syntretus longitergitus sp. nov., as new to science. A key to the Chinese species fo this genus is provided. 相似文献
19.
Abstract This paper deals with a new species of the genus Ascogaster Wesmael 1835. The type specimen is deposited in the Laboratory of Beneficial Insects, Fujian Agricultural University, Fuzhou, Fujian. 相似文献
20.
本文记述了采自吉林长白山东岗的革腹茧蜂属1新种,凹角革腹茧蜂Ascogaster exxavatus Chen et Wu。本新种的主要特征是:雌蜂体长2.8mm;体黑色,甲壳基部具黄色横条纹;触角36节,第10-32鞭节长小于宽,其腹面具强烈凹陷(图2);脸具网纹状刻点;唇基前缘圆弧形,无齿突或凹陷。盾纵沟甚浅,不明显;并胸腹节2侧齿突明显隆起,但2中齿突微弱。产卵器鞘甚短,不突出腹末。 本新种与异足革腹茧蜂Ascogaster vartpes Wesmael较相似,但新种触角中后部的鞭节腹面具甚分明的凹陷,且其盾纵沟不明显,故与后者区别。 新种模式标本保存于福建农业大学植物保护系益虫研究室。 相似文献