淡水浮游植物功能类群分类法的提出、发展及应用

浮游植物分类方法是揭示浮游植物群落演替规律、开展淡水生态研究的工作基础和重要工具.林氏分类法和分子鉴定法在生态学应用上存在的不足促进了浮游植物功能类群分类法的发展.功能类群分类法是一种以浮游植物个体生态学为依据的生态分类法.本文概述了浮游植物功能类群(functional group,FG)、生态功能类群(morpho-functional group,MFG)和形态功能类群(morphology-based functional group,MBFG)等浮游植物分类方法的理论基础和分类依据,分析比较了这3种分类方法的优势与不足,认为FG是目前应用于水生生态学研究和水环境生物评价中相对适用的浮游植物分类方法.介绍了功能类群分类法在国内外淡水浮游植物生态学研究中的应用现状,简述了以FG为基础提出的Q指数法和Q-R指数法两种水质评价法的评价标准及存在的不足.
     

亚热带水库浮游植物群落的季节变化及其与环境的关系:两种功能群分类法的比较

浮游植物是水库生态系统最重要的生物组成,因其对水体环境的变化敏感而常被用于指示水体生态系统状态.为了解功能群(FG)和形态功能群(MBFG)两种浮游植物功能群分类方法在指示水库环境变化中的适用性和差异性,本研究以青狮潭水库为例,于2016年3月—2017年2月对该水库浮游植物和环境因子进行逐月采样调查.应用两种浮游植物功能群分类方法分析了青狮潭水库浮游植物群落结构、季节演替及其影响因子,并比较了两种功能群分类方法在指示水库环境状态中的应用及差异.结果表明:青狮潭水库共检出浮游植物7门109种,可划分为17个FG功能群和5个MBFG功能群.两种功能群分类法的结果都表明青狮潭水库为中-富营养水体;在一年周期的浮游植物群落季节演替中,FG优势功能类群指示大坝和库中群落分别经过8、9个演替阶段,而MBFG优势功能类群指示大坝和库中群落均经过8个演替阶段.冗余分析表明,在相同环境梯度上,FG功能类群的响应比MBFG功能类群更灵敏,尤其是对pH值和硝态氮浓度的响应.在探究亚热带水库浮游植物群落演替过程及其与环境的关系上,采用FG功能群分类方法更为合适.     

流式细胞术在富营养淡水湖泊微型浮游植物细胞中的应用

应用流式细胞术(FCM)对一个富营养化淡水湖泊表、底层微型浮游植物细胞进行了初步研究。研究结果表明：流式细胞术可快速、多参数区分3种不同类群微型浮游植物。微型浮游植物细胞在表、底层占50μm以下微型颗粒物数量比例分别为21．08％、17．87％,在不同水层,微型浮游植物的优势类群及数量也不同。流式细胞术大大提高了淡水微型浮游生物研究监测水平。     

浅析淡水浮游动物的种类组成及其生态功能作用

浮游动物是浮游生物中的一大生物类群,终生营浮游性生活.淡水浮游动物主要包括原生动物、轮虫、枝角类和桡足类四大类群.这四类浮游动物在水域生态学研究和经济水产中均占有重要地位.它们通过摄食控制浮游植物的数量,来调节水体生态平衡,因此可以通过浮游动物的群落结构变化进行水质监测;同时它们又是许多经济水产动物的饵料,因而其数量变化可以直接影响鱼类养殖.现在,对于浮游动物的研究已不止限于宏观,随着科研技术的进步、分子技术的发展,其研究方法已经实现了宏观与微观的结合,促进了浮游动物生态学研究的进步.     

白蚁的功能分类

"功能分类"根据功能特性对研究对象进行归类,是全球生态学(Global Ecology)的基本内容。本文介绍了白蚁功能分类的方法、内涵、应用情况及其与形态分类的关系。白蚁功能分类包括Abe的生活类型分类、Donovan等的食性分类、Eggleton和Tayasu的生活方式分类、Davies等的综合分类。目前,食性分类获得较多研究者的认可。功能分类与形态分类的关系较为复杂,低等食草木白蚁一般位于系统发生树的基部,其他类群在此基础上分别产生。不同类群食性进化存在由食木到食土的趋势。虽然功能分类在白蚁不同类群与栖境关系研究中已有较多应用,但食性研究新技术方法的应用还需要进一步加强,白蚁不同功能类群与栖境之间的联系及其机理有待进一步探索。     

微型浮游生物生态学研究概述

最近一二十年来,原绿藻和微食物网的重大发现已使人们充分认识到微型浮游生物在水域生态系统的养分循环和能量流动中的重要意义,也为微型浮游生物的研究提出了新的方向。对微型浮游生物的主要类群,即微型浮游植物、异养细菌和微型浮游动物的生态学研究进展作了概述,在此基础上讨论了类群间的生态关系和微食物网的研究动向。最后对微型游生物生态学的继续研究提出了几点看法。     

淡水水域浮游植物调查的方法

在高中生物课本第七章的“生物与环境”中,概述了生态学的基本知识,特别是对于生物圈中各种类型的生态系统作了简要介绍。为了加强中学教师对这方面的实际知识和生态研究的重要性的认识,并能带领学生适当开展一些生态系统的调查,以便提高教学质量,把课讲得生动活泼,现简要介绍一些关于淡水生态系统中的初级生产者之一——浮游植物的调查方法。浮游植物及其研究内容在淡水水体中生存着各类生物,其中主要有浮游植物、浮游动物、菌类、底栖动物、鱼类和     

惠州西湖生态修复对浮游植物功能类群的影响

】该文于2010 年5 月—2011 年3 月对惠州西湖生态修复区和未修复区的浮游植物功能类群进行了调查。结果表明：修复区和未修复区浮游植物功能类群共计 21 个,其中修复区R1和R2分别有20 个和21 个,未修复区UR有18 个。在修复区,以适应生长在清水态、较低营养盐水平的浮游植物优势功能类群为主,而在未修复区以适应生长在浑水态、较高营养盐水平的功能类群为主;冗余分析(RDA)结果表明适应生长在清水态、较低营养盐水平的浮游植物优势功能类群与沉水植物呈正相关关系,而与总氮、总磷呈负相关关系;相反,适应生长在浑水态、较高营养盐水平的浮游植物优势功能类群与沉水植物呈负相关关系,而与总氮、总磷呈正相关关系。因此营养盐的降低和沉水植物的出现是影响浮游植物功能类群发生改变的主要环境因子。     

关于森林界面生态学的思考

将森林界面生态学作为生态学前沿学科,指出它的研究对象是森林界面,并较全面地论述了森林界面的结构与功能、界面的空间格局与分类、界面生理生态过程的动力学机制等问题．初步提出了森林界面生态学的理论体系、研究内容与研究方法,阐述了该学科在应用生态学研究中的意义与地位．     

植食性浮游桡足类摄食生态学研究进展

由于浮游动物在调节海洋生物生产中的关键作用,对其摄食生态学的研究一直是海洋生态学研究的重点。总结了近年关于浮游动物主要类群－桡足类对浮游植物摄食的研究进展及其在海洋生态系统动力学研究中的重要意义。主要包括：影响植食怀桡足类摄食强度的主要因素,饵料对于桡足类种群变动的影响;现场测定桡足类摄食率的方法以及海洋生态系统动力学研究中需要关注的问题。     

沉水植物功能性状研究的思考

植物的功能性状是指植物体具有的与生长、存活和繁殖紧密相关的一系列核心植物属性,这些性状通常有非常重要的生态学意义。目前,基于植物功能性状的研究已经快速扩展到生态学研究的众多领域。沉水植物是一类与水环境关系密切的生态类群,对浅水湖泊生态系统的结构和功能有重要的意义。之前对功能性状研究主要集中在陆生木本植物,尚无对沉水植物（沉水草本）功能性状的综述。本研究根据沉水草本与陆生植物功能性状的差异,基于陆生植物功能性状研究中的几个重要问题对现有沉水草本植物功能性状的研究进行归纳和梳理。最后对未来沉水植物功能性状的研究方向进行了展望,提出在当前全球气候变化背景下,功能性状研究也可用于指导淡水生态系统的修复。     

蚂蚁群落与栖境关系研究进展及新趋势

生物群落与栖境的关系是生态学研究的核心之一,蚂蚁群落由于在陆地生态系统中的生物量、分布以及具备的生态功能的重要性,是研究这种关系的理想对象。在查阅大量文献的基础上,简述了蚂蚁物种多样性与栖境关系研究现状。介绍了蚂蚁功能群划分以及在不同尺度上与栖境关系的应用研究,评述了功能群应用的限制。阐明了功能特征的定义以及基于形态特征和营养级方面的蚂蚁群落功能特征与栖境的研究,并对功能特征的研究趋势进行了展望。     

The performance and distribution of species along soil salinity gradients of mangrove swamps in southeastern Nigeria

Based on periodic soil salinity measurements direct gradient analysis procedures were used to relate the performance and distribution of mangrove swamp species to salinity gradients. Variations in soil salinity were due to distance from the coast, tidal incursions and freshwater inputs. All overstorey species showed statistically significant negative correlations with salinity while most groundlayer species were positively correlated with the same factor. Based on ecological group classification, no species was found to occur on the highest values of soil salinity. There were overlapping range of occurrences and ecological optima for most species along the gradients.     

Ecological background of diatom functional groups: Comparability of classification systems

Functional classification based on species traits brought a revolution in community ecology, and also boosted phytoplankton and in phytobenton (diatom) research. Several studies stressed the usefulness of phytoplankton functional groups in ecological status assessment, and there is also a strong emphasis to use combined traits in ecological assessments of diatom assemblages. The Combined Eco-Morphological Functional Groups (CEMFGs) help to reveal species-environmental correlations, which can be hidden, controlling traits separately. Nowadays, there are three types of functional guild classifications simultaneously used in the literature: (i) the original classification proposed by Passy (O); (ii) Passy’s classification complemented with a separated planktic guild (P); (iii) the refined guild classification by Rimet and Bouchez, also containing the planktic guild (RB). One of the most important criteria of the combined functional groups is the well-defined ecological frame of these combined groups; thus it is vital to harmonise the classification of the taxa into guild based combined eco-morphological functional groups (CEMFGs). In this study we tested the similarities and dissimilarities of the correlations between environmental factors and CEMFGs created in the (i)-(iii) classifications. Samples were collected in 138 sampling sites on lowland rivers and streams in the Hungarian Lowland Region. Strong correlations were anticipated between the functional groups and environmental factors due to the presence of common and/or abundant planktic taxa. Our results validated the necessity of a separated planktic guild in ecological assessments of diatom assemblages. Further relevant differences between the correlations of CEMFGs-P or CEMFGs-RB and abiotic factors were hypothesised in the case of those functional groups which contained reassigned taxa with high frequency and/or abundance. Our results confirmed this hypothesis. Furthermore, the present study also highlighted the relevance of well-defined trait classification. Abundant and/or frequent taxa, which are able to change their life forms, can modify significantly the relationship between the functional group containing them and environmental factors. In the future, both field and laboratory studies should focus on revealing the circumstances, which cause the mentioned changes in traits of diatoms.     

植物功能型及其生态学意义

植物功能型是近年来在全球变化研究中引入的一个新的生态学术语,综 植物功能型概念的由来、划分植物及其生态学意义,用系统生物学的理论与方法理解植物功能型,并指出了植物功能型在全球变化研究中的意义。     

淡水鱼类功能多样性及其研究方法

目前,群落功能多样性备受生态学界关注,被认为是能解决生态问题的一种重要途径。我国对于群落功能多样性主要集中在植物群落和微生物群落,而在鱼类群落方面的研究几乎是空白。我国鱼类资源正面临着严重威胁,包括水坝建设导致的鱼类通道受阻、水库形成造成鱼类产卵场功能消失、过度捕捞、水质恶化和富营养化加重、外来种入侵等因素,导致渔业资源急剧衰退,水生生态系统功能下降。以淡水鱼类群落为例,对鱼类功能多样性的数据获取及处理分析与评价、测定指标及计算方法与研究难点等进行综述,以期为鱼类资源保护提供新的理论依据和切入点。     

Comparing biological classifications of freshwater phytoplankton: a case study from South China

The use of ecological classification systems is becoming more and more widely used when studying phytoplankton. Grouping phytoplankton species into ecologically coherent groups allow to reduce redundancy and in this way, to handle a minor number of biological variables when investigating the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. Three ecological classifications are mostly used when freshwater phytoplankton is studied: functional groups or coda, morpho-functional groups (MFGs) and morphology-based functional groups (MBFGs). In this study, these three ecological classifications were comparatively used along with two taxonomic classifications based on species and genera to analyse phytoplankton response to environmental variability in three sub-tropical Chinese reservoirs. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed to compare the five mentioned biological classifications. When ecological classifications were used, the percentage of variance explained in the biological groups?Cenvironmental variables was higher than that explained by the taxonomic classifications. Coda and MFGs showed a very high degree of overlapping, but since coda are associated to very detailed environmental templates, this method was more helpful in explaining phytoplankton variability in relation to environmental factors.     

Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance

Predicting the effects of anthropogenic changes in climate, atmospheric composition and land use on vegetation patterns has been a central concern of recent ecological research. This aim has revived the search for classification schemes that can be to group plant species according to their response to specified environmental factors. One way forward is to adopt a hierarchical classification, where different sets of traits are examined depending on growth form. Also, at the level of interpretation, the environmental context and purpose of functional classifications need to be specified explicitly, so that global generalizations can be made by comparing across environments functional classifications derived from similar methodologies.     

Functional diversity of crustacean zooplankton communities: towards a trait-based classification

1. While studies of phytoplankton and terrestrial plant communities have increasingly emphasised the use of functional traits in ecological research, few have yet to apply this approach to zooplankton communities.
2. This study reviews laboratory and observational studies on zooplankton feeding and life history and provides a series of functional trait tables for the North American freshwater zooplankton. Qualitative and quantitative trait tables highlight areas where data were more scarce and point to which types of studies could fill in gaps in our knowledge of zooplankton niches.
3. Data were most complete for the Cladocera across most traits, while feeding information for cyclopoids was most sparse. Qualitative data that distinguished congeneric species were lacking for most groups.
4. A regional community dendrogram for common north-eastern North American zooplankton species was generated and shows that taxonomic differences between species do not capture fully functional differences based on the traits of body length, habitat, trophic group and feeding type.
5. The data collected here, combined with readily measurable species attributes, can be used to generate a multivariate measure of the functional niche of each species found in a community. Armed with this information, functional relationships that are useful for ecological studies of lake ecosystems can be more easily conducted.