淡水硅藻的大量培养

淡水硅藻是水生动物的营养丰富的食料。经过一年的筛选培养,我们获得了四种适于大量培养的种类,即:泉生偏缝硅藻（Nitzschia fonticola Grun.）,椿状偏缝硅藻（Nitzschia palea Smith.）,双尖菱板硅藻（Hantzschia amphioxys Grun.）和梅尼小环硅藻（Cyclotella meneghini-ana Kütz.）。我们选择泉生偏缝硅藻进行较为系统的培养试验,对其营养成分进行了分析,并对其所含的15种氨基酸进行了定量。同时配制了两个新的适于硅藻生长繁殖的培养基“水生硅1”和“水生硅2”。泉生偏缝硅藻最适生长温度为20—30℃,光强为2,000—5,000米烛光。观察了泉生偏缝硅藻在中型培养和大量培养中氮、磷、硅的吸收消耗规律,发现在培养条件下,硅是主要限制因子。在中型培养中,连续培养15天,适时补充营养元素,硅藻细胞数可高达23×106个/毫升,产量为2.7克干藻/升。在30升大量培养中获得每两天收获一次,每次收获1/6（相当于硅藻干重7克）的连续生产性培养的结果。根据实验结果推算,若两天半收获一次,每次收获1/6,可获得持续稳定高产。       

崇明东滩硅藻植物初报

报道了2008年3月采自崇明东滩的硅藻植物共110个分类单位,包括105种5变种,隶属于2纲7目52属,其中7种1变种为中国新纪录：星形小环藻Cyclotella plitvicensis Hust.、较小侧链藻Pleurosira minor Metz.,L.-B.＆Garc.-Rodr.、较小短缝藻Eunotia minor（Kütz.）Grun.、狭长曲壳藻Achnanthes elata（Leud.-Fortm.）Gandhi、弯曲羽纹藻Pinnularia flexuosa Kram.、近弯羽纹藻近线性变种Pinnularia subgibba var.sublinearisWalth.＆Massach.、常态舟形藻Navicula normaloides Choln.和透明菱形藻Nitzschia pellucida Grun.。对崇明东滩硅藻的种类分布、生态特征进行了分析。     

菱板藻属（硅藻门）中国新纪录种

报道采自新疆及内蒙古地区的菱板藻属（硅藻门）中国新纪录植物7种,分别为丰富菱板藻（Hantzschia abundans Lange-Bertalot）、喜碱菱板藻（H.alkaliphila Lange-Bertalot）、巴克豪森菱板藻（H.barckhausenii Lange-Bertalot &; Metzeltin）、较长菱板藻（H.longa Lange-Bertalot）、仿密集菱板藻（H.paracompacta Lange-Bertalot）、美丽菱板藻（H.spectabilis(Ehrenberg) Hustedt）和近活跃菱板藻（H.subvivacior Lange-Bertalot）。对其分类学特征进行了详细的描述,并给出了光镜或扫描电镜照片以及生境特征等,为该属种类的世界地理分布提供新资料。     

山西地区高脂微藻的分离筛选

分别从山西省汾河流域、运城盐湖等水体采集水样,使用微挑法、平板涂布法对其中的微藻进行了分离纯化,并对分离得到的29株微藻和购买的3株微藻,进行了高脂藻株的筛选。结果表明：采用干重法对32株微藻的生长量进行测定,其干重介于48.9～422.2 mg/L之间;采用氯仿甲醇法对32株微藻的总脂含量进行测定,其总脂含量介于5.4%DW～30.1%DW之间;采用尼罗红荧光染色法对32株微藻的中性脂相对含量进行测定,其单位体积的荧光值介于4.1～181.5之间。综合评价藻株的总脂产率,最终筛选到山西省NY017盐生杜氏藻（Dunaliella salina）、NY023线形菱形藻（Nitzschia linearis）以及NY025谷皮菱形藻（Nitzschia palea）为高脂藻株,油脂产率分别为3.25、3.03、2.11 mg.L-1.d-1,具有生产生物柴油的潜力。     

中国瓶尔小草科植物孢子形态的研究

利用扫描电镜对中国产瓶尔小草科2属7种的孢子进行了研究,其中包括瓶尔小草属6种,即裸茎瓶尔小草（OphioglossumnudicauleL．f）、尖头瓶尔小草（O．pedunculosumDesv．）、钝头瓶尔小草（O．petiolatumHook）、狭叶瓶尔小草（O．thermaleKom．）、心脏叶瓶尔小草（O．reticulatumL．）和瓶尔小草（O．vulgatumL．）,蛇蕨属1种,即蛇蕨（又名带状瓶尔小草OphiodermapendulaPresl）,对每个种的孢子形态特征进行描述。根据孢子形态特征,我们认为将中国的瓶尔小草科植物分为瓶尔小草属和蛇蕨属两个属是合适的。通过观察,进一步认定孢子外壁的纹饰特征极具分类参考价值,并可以作为种的界限的依据。     

等片藻属几个种的分类学问题研究

本文使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对等片藻属Diatoma的6个种：冬季等片藻 D·hiemale(Roth)Heib．、巨大等片藻D．maximum(Grun．)Fricke、中型等片藻D．mesodon(Ehr)Kuetz．、念珠状等片藻D．moniliforme Kuetz．、纤细等片藻D. tenue Ag.、等片藻D,vulgare Bory及其下的4个变种作了研究,并讨论了它们的分类学问题。     

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘土壤生物结皮中地衣物种组成和分布

对新疆准噶尔盆地沙漠南缘土壤生物结皮中地衣种类及分布特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,该地区参与土壤生物结皮的有藓生双缘衣（Diploschistes muscorum（Schreb．）Norm．]、拟橙衣（Fulgensia bracteata（Hoffm．）Raws．]、丽石黄衣[Xanthoria elegans（Link）Th．Fr]、准噶尔橙衣（Caloplaca songoricumA．Abbas）和磷网衣[Psora decipiens（Ehrh．）Hoffm．]等13种地衣,分别属于5目10科。对其分布特征进行了分析,发现地衣的分布与苔藓有相关性;地衣的分布受到环境温度、太阳辐射强度和降水量等因素的影响。聚类分析结果表明,24个样方可分为3组,分别分布于沙丘底部、顶部和中部,其中分布于沙丘底部的样方地衣种类的多样性最高。     

新疆梅衣属地衣生态地理特征分析

根据多年的实地调查资料和相关研究资料,对新疆梅衣属（Parmelia Ach．）地衣的种类及分布区、区系特征和垂直分布特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,分布在新疆的梅衣属地衣共有6种,分别为破裂梅衣（Parmelia erumpens Kurok．）、稀生梅衣（P．meiophora Nyl．）、脐梅衣[P．omphalodes（L．）Ach．]、石梅衣[P．saxatilis（L．）Ach．]、槽梅衣（P．sulcata Tayl．）和亚广开梅衣（P．fertilis Muell．）,主要分布在新疆的天山和阿勒泰山。根据对环境的适应特征和选择性,将新疆梅衣属地衣的地理分布区类型划分为：1）环低北极及北方种,包括石梅衣和脐梅衣2种;2）环北方种,包括槽梅衣和稀生梅衣2种;3）温带亚洲种,包括亚广开梅衣和稀生梅衣2种。研究结果还显示,分布在阿勒泰山和天山的梅衣属种类的垂直分布有明显差异。     

广东蚋科一新种（双翅目：蚋科）

本文描述了广东省揭阳地区蚋属（Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ）吉纳亚属（Ｇｎｕｓ）一新种：揭阳吉蚋Ｓ．（Ｇ．）ｊｉｅｙａｎｇｅｎｓｅｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,作者对新种的形态特征进行了描述,并与近似种作了比较。     

河北塞罕坝地区鸟类区系调查

１９９２－１９９５年对河北塞罕坝地区鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类１１８种,隶属１４目３３科。古北界鸟类１０３种（８７．２９％）、东洋界鸟类１种（０．８５％）。广布种１４种（１１．８６％）,鸟类组成具有明显的古北界特征。其中夏候鸟６７种（５６．７７％）、旅鸟２６种（２２．０３％）,留鸟１９种（１６．１０％）,冬候鸟６种（５．０８％）。森林鸟类７６种（６４．４１％）、沼泽水域鸟类５０种（４２．３７％）、     

Geothermal diatoms: a comparative study of floras in hot spring systems of Iceland,New Zealand,and Kenya

Diatom floras were examined from geothermal environments in three contrasting tectonic settings. These included subduction-related acid and alkaline springs in New Zealand; alkaline springs along a divergent plate boundary on Iceland; and alkaline springs in the Kenya Rift. These shallow (<1 cm) aquatic environments vary considerably (e.g., temperature: 21.3–99°C; pH: 2.1–9.65; 56.41–643 mg l⁻¹ SiO₂). Diatoms form an important component of geothermal floras at temperatures of <45°C. The floras from New Zealand are distinguished by the common occurrence of Pinnularia. Icelandic springs have a variety of Fragilariaceae. Navicula and Anomoeoneis are most common in the Kenyan springs. Statistical analyses suggest that the diatoms cluster into seven major groups. The most common taxa include: Achnanthidium exiguum v. heterovalvum (Kras.) Czarn., Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Ehrenb.) Pfitz, Brachysira brebissonii f. thermalis Grun., Caloneis bacillum (Grun.) Cl., Craticula cuspidata (Kütz.) Mann, Diadesmis confervacea Kütz., Epithemia argus (Ehrenb.) Kütz., Frustulia rhomboides (Ehrenb.) DeT., Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenb.) Grun., Navicula tenelloides Hust., Nitzschia amphibia Grun., Nitzschia inconspicua Grun., Nitzschia invisitata Hust., Nitzschia frustulum (Kütz.) Grun., Nitzschia sigma (Kütz.) W, Smith., Pinnularia chapmaniana Fog., Pinnularia appendiculata (Ag.) Cl., Pinnularia molaris (Grun.) Cl., Pinnularia acoricola Hust., Rhopalodia gibberula (Ehrenb.) O. Müll., Staurosira construens v. venter (Ehrenb.) Ham., Staurosira elliptica (Schum.) Will. & Round, and Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenb.) Will. & Round. Canonical correspondence analysis shows clear correlations between species, alkalinity, pH, and conductivity, with less strong correlations for silica and temperature. Other factors include substrate type, current velocity, and light conditions. The preservation potential of host deposits varies considerably, being lowest for springs on clastic deltas and highest where travertine or sinter is accumulating. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

PROPAGATION OF HANTZSCHIA SP. GRUNOW DAUGHTER CELLS BY NITZSCHIA ALBA LEWIN AND LEWIN1

Electron microscopic investigations of thin sections of Nitzschiaalba revealed that dividing cells yield both Nitzschia and Hantzschia daughter cells, suggesting that these genera are not taxonoinically distinct.     

OCCURRENCE OF THREE NITZSCHIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) TAXA WITHIN COLONIES OF TUBE-FORMING DIATOMS1

In benthic samples from the unchannelized Missouri River, the diatoms Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grun., N. filiformis (W. Sm.) Schütt and N. pseudofonticola Hust. were observed within the mucilage tubes of four tube-forming diatoms: Cymbella prostrata (Berk.) Cl., C. prostrata var. auerswaldii (Rabh.) Reim., Navicula tripunctata var. schizonemoides (V.H.) Patr., and Nitzschia filiformis. Microscopical observations of live and preserved specimens indicated that “invasion” by Nitzschia occurred primarily in older tubes. Data are presented on the environmental conditions in which the tube-formers and their cohabitants have been found.     

Nitzschia cylindroformis sp. nov., a common and abundant nanoplankton diatom of the eastern subarctic Pacific

A new species of diatoms, intermediate between Nitzschia cylindrus(Grun.) Hasle and Nitzschia pseudonana Hasle is described. Differencesin morphology of the three species are outlined. The new specieshas been recorded only between 37°N and 53°N in thePacific Ocean while N. cylindrus is bipolar and N. pseudonanais cosmopolitan in distribution.     

Studies in the Diatom Genus Hantzschia 3. Infraspecific Variation in H. virgata

Infraspecific variation has been investigated in the marineepipelic diatom Hantzschia virgata using light and electronmicroscopy. Although the variation pattern in this species iscomplex and to some extent discontinuous, allowing the recognitionon phenetic grounds of four or five discrete infraspecific taxaincluding vars. virgata (= H. insolita), gracilis, leptocephala(= capitellata) and wittii (= intermedia), it is concluded thatto split the species would be imprudent. Variation has beenfound not only in characters such as valve outline and size,or stria density, but also in ‘qualitative’ characterssuch as raphe, fibula and girdle structure, characters whichhave often been assumed to be constant within species, generaor taxa of higher rank: previous generalizations about the usefulnessof certain characters in distinguishing taxa of a given rankare seen to have been incautious. Hantzschia virgata (Roper) Grun., diatom taxonomy, infraspecific variation     

DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES OF STREAMS INFLUENCED BY WILDFIRE1

The Greater Yellowstone Area ecosystem experienced major wildfires in 1988, resulting in a substantial number of catchments being burned. We studied diatom assemblage structure at 14 sites over 5 years in catchments ranging from 0 to over 90% burned. Coefficients of variation for selected physical measures provided a good assessment of the degree of disturbance experienced by the various sites and correlated highly with percentage of catchment burned. Principal components analysis quantitatively estimated the degree of temporal change in diatom assemblages at a site. The more extensively burned catchments showed the greatest amount of structural change in diatom taxa among years. Navicula permitis Hust. and Nitzschia inconspicua Grun. were predominant in the heavily disturbed systems, whereas Achnanthes minutissima Kuetz., A. lanceolata (Breb.) Grun., Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kuetz.) Grun. ex Rabh., and Diatoma hiemale var. mesodon (Ehr.) Grun. were common in less disturbed streams. The results demonstrate that recovery trajectories of lotic diatom assemblages following major landscape-scale disturbances are a function of disturbance intensity resulting from differences in catchment characteristics.     

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS OF EPILITHIC AND EPIPHYTIC DIATOMS IN A MISSISSIPPI STREAM1

Epilithic and epiphytic diatoms were collected monthly from 18 June 1979 through 19 May 1980 from both shaded and unshaded sites of Sessums Creek, a shallow, oligotrophic and strongly alkaline stream in northeastern Mississippi. The dominant macroalgae were filamentous green algae belonging to the non-mucilage producing genera Cladophora and Rhizoclonium. Ninety taxa were identified with Navicula minima Grun. and Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grun. accounting for 50% of all valves counted. Other important taxa were Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis (Grun.) Grun., N. cryptocephala var. veneta (Kütz.) Rabh., Achnanthes minutissima Kütz. and Cymbella turgida (Greg.) Cl. With few exceptions, the more dominant taxa were equally abundant in the shaded and unshaded sites and also in the epilithon and epiphyton. Species diversity (H') and the number of taxa in a sample in all four habitats showed an identical pattern, being lowest in winter and highest in fall. No one pair of habitats was more structurally similar than any-other pair when compared by a similarity index (SIMI). Apparently, differences in light intensity and substrate type had little effect on diatom distribution in Sessums Creek and it was concluded that the locality sampled supported a single, nearly homogeneous diatom community.     

OCCURRENCE OF THREE NITZSCHIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) TAXA WITHIN COLONIES OF TUBE-FORMING DIATOMS1

In benthic samples from the unchannelized Missouri River, the diatoms Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grun., N. filiformis (W.Sm.) Schütt and N. pseudofonticola Hust. were observed within the mucilage tubes of four tube-forming diatoms: Cymbella prostrata (Berk.) Cl., C. prostrata var. auerswaldii (Rabh.) Reim., Navicula tripunctata var. schizonemoides (V.H.) Patr., and Nitzschia filiformis. Microscopical observations of live and preserved specimens indicated that “invasion” by Nitzschia occurred primarily in older tubes. Data are presented on the environmental conditions in which the tube-formers and their cohabitants have been found.     

Simultaneous detection of thiamine and its phosphate esters from microalgae by HPLC

We present an easy and sensitive method for measuring thiamine and its phosphate esters in small biological samples of microalgae (Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Nitzschia microcephala Grun). The method consists of extraction of thiamine and its derivatives in acid solution, followed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The detection limit is as low as 15 fmol of thiamine. For comparison to microalgae, the method has been applied to evaluate thiamine levels in the crustacean Artemia salina Leach and is suitable for nutritional studies of the food web of the Baltic salmon, which suffers from thiamine deficiency. This method of HPLC analysis can be readily utilized to follow uptake and interconversion of thiamine and its phosphate esters in many micro- and macroalgae.