锌诱导的蛋白合成增加可抵抗链佐霉素所致的胰岛细胞损伤

本工作在离体细胞水平观察ZnGl_2对链佐霉素(STZ)诱发的胰岛β细胞损伤的保护作用,并分析其可能的作用机制。结果如下:向培养的胰岛细胞中加入生理盐水和STZ(3mmol/L),孵育12h后,活细胞数由实验前的70万个/ml降至43.93±1.16万个/ml;将ZnCl_2(0.25、0.5、1.0mmol/L)和相同剂量的STZ一同加入细胞,可不同程度地缓解STZ对胰岛的破坏作用,在含不同浓度ZnCl_2的培养液中活细胞数分别恢复至47.39±0.88,58.06±2.29,67.72±1.48万个/ml,与STZ破坏组相比,分别具有显著差异,并呈量效关系。在给予ZnCl_2(1.0mmol/L)的同时,向细胞中加入蛋白合成抑制剂亚胺环已酮(100μg/ml),可翻转ZnCl_2的作用,活细胞数由63.17±2.15万个/ml,又重新减至45.77±0.76万个/ml。单独加亚胺环己酮对活细胞数目无明显影响。用~3H-亮氨酸掺入实验观察ZnCl_2对胰岛细胞蛋白合成的影响发现,单独给予ZnCl_2(1.0mmol/L)仅使蛋白合成轻微增加,与盐水对照组无显著差异;在给ZnCl_2的同时加入STZ,则蛋白合成明显增多,保护组与STZ破坏组比较,差异显著。上述结果表明,增加细胞内蛋白合成,以加强细胞自身对外来损伤的修复力,可能是ZnCl_2保护胰岛细胞的机制之一。     

依法克生对大鼠胰岛细胞损伤的保护作用

目的探讨炎症因子对体外培养大鼠胰岛细胞的损伤情况及依法克生可能的保护作用。方法将分离、纯化的SD大鼠胰岛细胞置于体外培养,观察炎症因子IL-1β不同浓度(0.1~10 ng/ml)和不同作用时间(0~48 h)下对胰岛细胞分泌功能影响。胰岛细胞分为对照组、IL-1β组和依法克生组,用单因素方差分析比较各组在低糖和高糖环境下的胰岛素分泌,观察依法克生对胰岛素分泌的影响,对胰岛功能IL-1β损伤的保护作用,并比较三组间胰岛细胞凋亡率。结果高糖浓度下,随IL-1β浓度升高,胰岛素分泌下降(P0.001),随作用时间延长,胰岛素分泌亦减少(P0.001),IL-1β浓度超过5.0 ng/ml、时间超过24 h抑制作用较为明显。依法克生组胰岛素分泌较IL-1β组明显升高(P0.001),与对照组无差异。胰岛细胞凋亡在IL-1β组(49.7±15.5)﹪高于对照组(9.7±2.5)﹪(P0.01),在依法克生组(15.7±5.5)﹪低于IL-1β组(P0.01),提示干预后胰岛细胞凋亡明显减少。结论 IL-1β抑制高糖环境下胰岛素的分泌,并存在剂量和时间依赖关系。依法克生加入体外培养的胰岛细胞中,可有效防止IL-1β诱导胰岛细胞损伤,逆转被抑制的胰岛分泌功能,并减少胰岛细胞凋亡。     

山楂叶总黄酮对游离脂肪酸损伤的胰岛βTC3 细胞的保护作用

目的:观察山楂叶总黄酮对棕榈酸损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞是否具有保护作用,并筛查出山楂叶总黄酮所起作用的有效浓度。方法:以胰岛βTC3细胞为研究对象,使用棕榈酸制作脂毒性模型,采用MTT法观察山楂叶总黄酮是否具有保护作用,并进一步筛查出有效浓度及时间;同时采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP原位切口末端标记(TUNEL)技术检测胰岛βTC3细胞的凋亡情况。结果:MTT结果显示10-100μg/ml的山楂叶总黄酮对棕榈酸损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞均有保护作用,其吸光度值明显比棕榈酸组高(P<0.05),并且50μg/ml的山楂叶总黄酮与棕榈酸共同处理胰岛βTC3细胞24小时具有最好的保护作用;TUNEL检测结果显示山楂叶总黄酮+棕榈酸组胰岛βTC3细胞的凋亡率比棕榈酸组低(P<0.01)。结论:山楂叶总黄酮对脂毒性损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞具有保护作用,并在10-100μg/ml浓度范围内成一定的剂量依赖效应。     

可乐宁与生长抑素在预防链佐霉素诱导的小鼠高血糖中的相互增强作用

本实验采用小剂量多次腹腔注射链佐霉素(Streptozotocin,STZ)选择性地破坏胰岛β细胞的方法造成高血糖的小鼠动物模型,观察α_2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂可乐宁(Clonidine)与胃肠激素生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)在预防STZ诱导的高血糖作用中的相互关系。结果如下:(1)接受STZ处理后,小鼠在实验的第6、8、10、15天,血糖均有明显升高;(2)在每次注射STZ前注射可乐宁或SS,均可减轻STZ诱导的高血糖,(8)将可乐宁和SS合并作预防牲注射,对STZ高血糖的抑制作用大大加强,在实验的第15天,联合用药降低高血糖的作用大于两种药单独注射效果的代数和。本工作提示,某些神经因素和体液因素在预防由STZ诱导的高血糖产生中具有相互加强作用,从而为寻找减少激素用量,经济、有效的防治糖尿病方法提供了一定的线索。     

外源性及内源性生长抑素对链佐霉素糖尿病小鼠血清胰岛素的作用

已经证明用链佐霉素(简称 STZ)可诱发小鼠产生低胰岛素糖尿病,本工作用外源性注射生长抑素(简称 SS)和用半胱胺特异性耗竭内源性 SS 的方法,观察 SS 对 STZ 糖尿病小鼠血清胰岛素的影响。在注射 STZ(60mg/kg,ip)前10min 分别皮下注射 1μg/kg,5μg/kg,10μg/kg 的 SS 可预防 STZ 诱发的血清低胰岛素作用,并呈剂量-效应关系。注射半胱胺(300mg/kg,SC)24h 后再连续5d 皮下注射半量半胱胺维持,胰腺组织匀浆中的 SS 含量经放免测定鉴定已基本被耗竭。在实验的第7,9,11,16d 胰腺 SS 含量仍然维持在比对照组为低的水平,给这种小鼠注射 STZ,其血清胰岛素降低程度比仅接受 STZ 小鼠的大,此外,给耗竭胰腺内 SS的小鼠注射不足以引起高血糖的 STZ 也引起了血糖大大升高。以上结果表明,不仅外源性 SS有预防链佐霉素诱发的小鼠低血清胰岛素发生的作用,胰腺组织中的内源性 SS 也可能是一个对胰岛 B 细胞起保护作用的因素。     

雷诺嗪对高糖高脂诱导的NIT-1细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 研究雷诺嗪对高糖高脂诱导的NIT-1胰岛β细胞凋亡的保护作用及Cleaved caspase-3表达的影响,探讨雷诺嗪保护胰岛β细胞的机制.方法 采用CCK-8法测定不同浓度的雷诺嗪对体外培养及高糖高脂诱导的NIT-1胰岛β细胞的增殖能力的影响,同时应用流式细胞术检测NIT-1细胞凋亡,Western blot检测凋亡因子Caspase-3活化片段Cleaved caspase-3蛋白的表达.结果 不同浓度的雷诺嗪对NIT-1胰岛β细胞保护作用呈剂量依赖性:低浓度雷诺嗪对细胞凋亡无明显保护作用,随浓度升高保护作用明显.在培养基中加入高脂高糖及高浓度的雷诺嗪(5μmol/L)共同培养24h,雷诺嗪组细胞凋亡率明显低于高脂高糖单独作用组(P＜0.01),同时相对于高糖高脂组,激活型Caspase3表达明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 雷诺嗪能抑制高糖高脂诱导的NIT-1胰岛β细胞凋亡,其分子机制可能是雷诺嗪对Caspase-3的激活作用.     

小檗碱对游离脂肪酸损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞的保护作用

目的:观察小檗碱对棕榈酸损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞是否具有保护作用,并筛查出小檗碱起保护作用的有效浓度及合适的作用时间。方法:以胰岛βTC3细胞为研究对象,用棕榈酸构建脂毒性模型,MTT法筛选小檗碱起保护作用的有效浓度及时间;流式细胞技术检测胰岛βTC3细胞凋亡情况。结果:10.001-1μmol/L小檗碱作用βTC3细胞24、48、72 h,对细胞增殖有不同程度促进作用(与对照组比较P0.05);随着作用时间的延长,低浓度小檗碱对βTC3细胞的保护作用增加,而1μmol/L浓度保护作用下降,10μmol/L及以上浓度出现细胞毒性作用(与对照组相比P0.01),并呈浓度依赖性。2棕榈酸(0.2-1.0 mmol/L)对βTC3细胞的损伤作用具有浓度及时间依赖性(与对照组比较P0.05)。3棕榈酸处理βTC3细胞不同时间后,小檗碱治疗组较模型组的细胞凋亡率显著降低(P0.01)。结论:小檗碱对脂毒性损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞具有保护作用,且脂毒性作用时间越短,小檗碱的保护作用越好,随着脂毒性作用时间的延长,小檗碱的保护作用明显减弱。因此,建议临床上在脂代谢紊乱早期给予小檗碱干预以减轻甚至逆转游离脂肪酸导致的胰岛β细胞凋亡。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠预防与治疗的研究

目的观察糖尿病易感小鼠及患病小鼠的病情与肠道菌群变化情况,探讨二者之间的联系,为预防与治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病提供实验依据。方法昆明系小鼠50只,随机分为5组:空白对照组(CON组)、病例对照组(DM组)、预防组(Y组)、低剂量治疗组(L组)和高剂量治疗组(H组),每组10只,以链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射构建Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型,CON组仅每日予以同等剂量生理盐水,Y组造模前灌胃嗜酸乳杆菌。各组每日灌胃相应浓度药物进行治疗,CON组与DM组以等量生理盐水处理。观察至造模后25 d各组的体重、空腹血糖、C肽水平、血脂谱、胰腺组织学和肠道菌群变化情况。结果 (1)灌胃嗜酸乳杆菌活菌制剂后,小鼠血糖降低,小鼠体重恢复至正常,C肽水平有所回升,肠道益生菌的数量有所恢复。但是某些条件致病菌在整个实验里呈递增状态。(2)STZ诱导Ⅱ型糖尿病后,小鼠TG、LDL升高,而TC与HDL变化不明显。灌胃后25 d,各组小鼠升高的TG、LDL均有不同程度的回落。(3)小鼠胰岛病理结构变化:Y组胰岛细胞形态接近CON组,边界较清楚,细胞排列较整齐,胰岛数及岛内细胞数多于L、H组,细胞分布均匀,核大小基本相等,少部分核固缩。结论嗜酸乳杆菌对STZ所致Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠胰岛结构和功能的损伤具有保护作用;STZ建立Ⅱ型糖尿病模型小鼠肠道菌群发生紊乱,双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的数量减少。肠杆菌、葡萄球菌变化的规律不明显。     

生长抑素可预防链佐霉素诱发的大鼠胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的损伤

本工作通过测定大鼠血清、胰腺灌流液以及肤腺组织中胰岛素含量,观察生长抑素(SS)对链佐霉素(STZ)诱发的实验性糖尿病的作用。结果如下:皮下注射生理盐水后10min,再向腹腔注射链佐霉素(35mg/kg),24h 后大鼠血清胰岛素浓度明显降低。胰腺组织匀浆中的胰岛素含量也明显减少。如若在注射链佐霉素前10min 皮下注射生长抑素,则可有效地防止上述两项指标的改变,(NS STZ)和(SS STZ)两组之间具有显著差异。单独注射生长抑素,24h 后血清胰岛素及胰腺组织中胰岛素含量与正常对照无明显差异。用分离的大鼠胰腺作体外灌流,观察到:NS STZ 组大鼠灌流胰腺对19.7mmol/L 的高浓度葡萄糖刺激无胰岛素释放反应,而 SS STZ 组大鼠的胰腺对高浓度葡萄糖有反应性,刺激后出现胰岛素分泌峰。上述结果表明,SS(30μg/kg)预防性注射可以防止 STZ 引起的胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的障碍。     

青春双歧杆菌对1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨青春双歧杆菌对1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用.方法 给予1型糖尿病小鼠口服青春双歧杆菌,观察实验组和对照组体重的变化及糖尿病发病率.ELISA法测定血清、脾细胞上清IL-4和IFN-γ浓度,电镜观察胰岛超微结构变化.结果 15周龄时实验组体重(23.41±1.64)g, 而对照组为(22.31±1.32)g(P<0.05);实验组发病率低于对照组(P＜0.05);实验组血清、脾细胞上清IL-4浓度明显高于对照组,而IFN-γ低于对照组(P<0.05);对照组残存胰岛的β细胞数目稀少,有核膜和内浆网扩张、核糖体脱颗粒和分泌颗粒空泡样变等超微结构异常,而实验组胰岛β细胞数显著多于对照组(P<0.05),且无上述超微异常.结论 青春双歧杆菌通过上调IL-4水平,降低IFN-γ水平,促使免疫平衡向Th2方向偏移,且有保护胰岛β细胞超微结构的作用,在一定程度上可预防和延缓NOD鼠糖尿病的发生.     

Direct protective action of epidermal growth factor on isolated gastric mucosal surface epithelial cells.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) protects gastric mucosa against acute injury produced by a variety of damaging agents, but the mechanism of its protective action is not clear. Since the surface epithelial cells (SEC) are important component of gastric mucosal defence, we studied whether EGF may directly protect isolated gastric SEC against ethanol injury in vitro, in condition independent of systemic factors and whether endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in EGF's protective action. The isolated SEC from rat gastric mucosa were preincubated in medium only, or medium containing 0.0001-10.0 micrograms/ml of h-rEGF for 15 minutes, and incubated with 8% ethanol for 1 hour. In another study the above experiment was repeated but cells were pretreated with 10(-4) or 10(-5) M indomethacin before EGF treatment. The cell viability was assessed by fast green exclusion test. Incubation of SEC with 8% ethanol significantly reduced SEC cell viability to 50 +/- 2%: EGF 0.1 or 1.0 microgram/ml significantly reduced ethanol induced damage (cell viability 59 +/- 3 and 62 +/- 3% respectively). Pretreatment with 10(-4) M indomethacin (the dose which does not affect SEC viability but inhibit PGE2 and PGI2 generation), significantly reduced protective action of EGF against 8% ethanol injury. EGF 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/ml alone without ethanol increased PGE2 and 6 keto PGF1 alpha generation by SEC. These studies demonstrated: 1) EGF is able to protect gastric surface epithelial cells directly without mediation by systemic factors. 2) EGF induced protection of SEC may in part be mediated by prostaglandins.     

The effect of calcium on somatostatin inhibition of insulin release and cyclic AMP production in mouse pancreatic islets.

The effect of somatostatin on glucose-induced insulin secretion and cyclic AMP accumulation in isolated islets from obese, hyperglycemic ob/ob mice was studied in a microperifusion system. The normal biphasic pattern of insulin release as well as the inhibitory pattern of insulin release produced by somatostatin (0.5--1 microgram/ml) was matched by similar changes in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. When islets were stimulated by glucose (3 mg/ml) plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.1 mM), somatostatin (0.5 microgram/ml) failed to inhibit insulin secretion or cyclic AMP formation in the second phase whereas in the first phase both parameters were significantly reduced by somatostatin (0.5 microgram/ml). In batch-type incubations it was shown that addition of excess calcium (to 6 mM) reversed this inhibition. In the second phase calcium potentiated the (glucose + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine)-stimulated insulin secretion without affecting the cyclic AMP production. This potentiation was inhibited by somatostatin (0.1 microgram/ml). Somatostatin (1 microgram/ml) inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in islet homogenates. No effect of somatostatin on islet glucose utilization could be demonstrated. The results indicate a dual action of somatostatin in the inhibition of insulin release, one involving the islet adenylate cyclase and one affecting the islet uptake of calcium.     

Increase of pancreatic somatostatin concentration in early phases of streptozotocin diabetes in rats

A small yet significant increase of immunoassayable pancreatic somatostatin concentration (0.107 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.156 +/- 0.017 microgram/g at 24 hr, p less than 0.05) was found in rats, 24 hr as well as 7 days after treatment with a diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg BW). These animals were characterized by marked decreases of insulin in the pancreas without any significant changes in pancreatic glucagon concentration. These results suggest that an abrupt deprivation of insulin from islets results in an elevation of pancreatic somatostatin concentration, and that glucagon in the pancreas plays a minor role in determining pancreatic somatostatin concentration in rats with insulin-deprived diabetes of short duration.     

Cardioprotection by glucose-insulin-potassium: dependence on KATP channel opening and blood glucose concentration before ischemia

We tested the hypothesis that glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK)-induced protection against myocardial infarction depends on ATP-dependent K(+) (K(ATP)) channel activation and is abolished by hyperglycemia before the ischemia. Dogs were subjected to a 60-min coronary artery occlusion and 3-h reperfusion in the absence or presence of GIK (25% dextrose; 50 IU insulin/l; 80 mM/l KCl infused at 1.5 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1)) beginning 75 min before coronary artery occlusion or 5 min before reperfusion. The role of K(ATP) channels was evaluated by pretreatment with glyburide (0.1 mg/kg). The efficacy of GIK was investigated with increases in blood glucose (BG) concentrations to 300 or 600 mg/dl or experimental diabetes (alloxan/streptozotocin). Infarct size (IS) was 29 +/- 2% of the area at risk in control experiments. GIK decreased (P < 0.05) IS when administered beginning 5 min before reperfusion. This protective action was independent of BG (13 +/- 2 and 12 +/- 2% of area at risk; BG = 80 or 600 mg/dl, respectively) but was abolished in dogs receiving glyburide (30 +/- 4%), hyperglycemia before ischemia (27 +/- 4%), or diabetes (25 +/- 3%). IS was unchanged by GIK when administered before ischemia independent of BG (31 +/- 3, 27 +/- 2, and 35 +/- 3%; BG = 80, 300, and 600 mg/dl, respectively). The insulin component of GIK promotes cardioprotection by K(ATP) channel activation. However, glucose decreases K(ATP) channel activity, and this effect predominates when hyperglycemia is present before ischemia.     

Human uterine mast cells. Isolation, purification, characterization, ultrastructure, and pharmacology.

As part of an ongoing investigation of human mast cell heterogeneity, we have isolated, partially purified, and characterized the uterine mast cell and compared it with mast cells isolated from other organs. The average histamine content of myometrium and leiomyofibroma obtained from hysterectomies was 2.1 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SEM) microgram/g of tissue (n = 10), and the histamine content of the two tissues did not differ significantly. A mild collagenase, hyaluronidase, and DNase digestion was used to disperse the uterine mast cells, with an average yield of 9.5% (range, 0 to 21%). The average histamine/uterine mast cell was 2.1 +/- 0.2 pg (n = 3), and 61 +/- 7% (n= 3) of the uterine mast cells survived overnight culture. Early purification efforts with Percoll gradients have yielded up to 80% pure uterine mast cells, with an average of 27 +/- 10% (n = 5). Uterine mast cells released histamine in response to the secretogogues anti-IgE and A23187 but did not respond to substance P or to the basophil secretogogues FMLP, C5a, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. After 1 microgram/ml anti-IgE stimulation, the uterine mast cell appeared to make significant quantities of PGD2 (89 +/- 26 ng/10(6) cells, n = 6) (p less than 0.05), as assayed by RIA. Simultaneously, leukotriene C4 release was 45 +/- 15 ng/10(6) cells, (n = 6) (p less than 0.05), as assayed by RIA. Combined gas-chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis of anti-IgE-stimulated cell supernatants confirmed the production of PGD2. In pharmacologic studies, isobutyl-methylxanthine and isoproterenol blocked anti-IgE-induced histamine release. The uterine mast cell is similar to the lung mast cell in terms of response to secretogogues and release of arachidonic acid metabolites. Ultrastructurally, the uterine mast cell contains scroll granules, crystal granules, combined granules, homogeneously dense granules, and large lipid bodies, many with focal lucencies within them. Particle granules, most frequently present in gut mast cells of mucosal origin, were absent from uterine mast cells. Although certain features are analogous to the ultrastructure of skin or lung mast cells, the combination of structures is distinctive for uterine mast cells.     

Somatostatin and gastrin release into the gastric lumen in rats

Somatostatin and gastrin release into the gastric lumen was investigated in anaesthetized, vagally intact rats. The stomach was perfused at a flow rate of 0.5 mL.min-1. During perfusion with 0.1 M HCl or buffers of varying pH the somatostatin ans gastrin concentrations in the perfusate were less than 10 pg.mL -1 and approximately 30 pg.mL-1, respectively. Peptone caused a gastrin concentrations in the perfusate were less than 10 pg.mL-1 and approximately 30 pg.mL-1, respectively. Peptone caused a slight pH-independent increase in somatostatin release; gastrin release was unchanged despite an increase in serum gastrin from a basal of 15 +/- 4 to 155 +/- 34 pg.mL-1 during peptone stimulation. intravenous infusion of carbachol (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) strongly stimulated luminal somatostatin and gastrin release (from 5 +/- 1 to 192 +/- 52 pg.mL-1 and from 27 +/- 5 to 198 +/- 41 pg.mL-1, respectively) during perfusion with 0.1 M HCl. Phosphate buffer perfusion at pH 7.5 abolished the cholinergic-mediated somatostatin release but the gastrin response was unaffected. It is suggested that changes of luminal hormone concentrations in the rat stomach do not reflect the secretory activity of the endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa.     

The effect of cyproheptadine on plasma growth hormone (GH) and on somatostatin response to GH-releasing hormone in man

Cyproheptadine (CPH)--a putative serotonin antagonist--is known to inhibit growth hormone (GH) response to various pharmacological stimuli, as well as during sleep. To elucidate the possible site at which this drug takes effect, we examined plasma GH and somatostatin response to i.v. GHRH1-44 (1 microgram/kg body wt.) before and after CPH treatment in 10 healthy volunteers. The oral administration of CPH (8-12 mg daily for 5 days; total dose 56 mg) significantly curbed GH response to GHRH as expressed in peak plasma GH values (32.0 +/- 6.1 micrograms/l vs. 12.6 +/- 3.2 micrograms/l; P less than 0.01) and in integrated GH response area (2368 +/- 517 micrograms x l-1 x 2 h vs. 744 +/- 172 micrograms x l-1 x 2 h; P less than 0.01). Plasma somatostatin levels did not change in response to GHRH.     

Stimulated human neutrophils damage cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum function by generation of oxidants

An important aspect of myocardial injury is the role of neutrophils in post-ischemic damage to the heart. Stimulated neutrophils initiate a series of reactions that produce toxic oxidizing agents. Superoxide rapidly dismutases to H2O2 and neutrophils contain myeloperoxidase which catalyzes the oxidation of Cl- by H2O2 to yield hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The highly reactive HOCl combines non-enzymatically with nitrogenous compounds to generate long-lived, non-radical oxidants, monochloramine and taurine N-monochloramine. We investigated the role of oxygen radicals and long-lived oxidants on cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum function, which plays a major role in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ and thereby in the generation of force. Incubation of sarcoplasmic reticulum with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated neutrophils (4 x 10(6) cells/ml) significantly decreased calcium uptake rate (0.85 +/- 0.11 to 0.11 +/- 0.06 mumol/min per mg) and Ca2+-ATPase activity (1.67 +/- 0.08 to 0.46 +/- 0.10 mumol/min per mg). Inclusion of myeloperoxidase inhibitors (cyanide, sodium azide and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole), catalase, superoxide dismutase plus catalase, and alpha-tocopherol significantly protected (P less than 0.01) calcium uptake rates and Ca2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Superoxide dismutase (10 microgram/ml) alone or deferoxamine (1 mM) had no protective effect in this system. The maximum inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum function was observed with (3-4) x 10(6) cells/ml in 4-6 min. HOCl and NH2Cl inhibited calcium uptake rate and Ca2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum in a dose-dependent manner (2-20 microM), whereas H2O2 damaged sarcoplasmic reticulum at concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 mM. HOCl (20 microM) inhibited 80-90% of Ca2+-uptake rate and Ca2+-ATPase activity and L-methionine (0.1-1 mM) provided complete protection. We conclude that stimulated neutrophils damage cardiac sarcoplasmic function by generation of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidants.     

The human recombinant c-kit receptor ligand, rhSCF, induces mediator release from human cutaneous mast cells and enhances IgE-dependent mediator release from both skin mast cells and peripheral blood basophils.

The gene product of the steel locus of the mouse represents a growth factor for murine mast cells and a ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene receptor, a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor class of oncogenes (for review, see O. N. Witte. 1990. Cell 63:5). We have studied the effect of the human recombinant c-kit receptor ligand stem cell factor (rhSCF) on the release of inflammatory mediators from human skin mast cells and peripheral blood basophils and compared its activity to that of rhIL-3, rhSCF (1 ng/ml to 1 microgram/ml) activated the release of histamine and PGD2 from mast cells isolated from human skin. Analysis by digital video microscopy indicated that purified human skin mast cells (84 +/- 5% pure) responded to rhSCF (0.1 to 1 microgram/ml) challenge with a rapid, sustained rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels that was accompanied by secretion of histamine. A brief preincubation (10 min) of mast cells with rhSCF (0.1 pg/ml to 1 ng/ml) significantly enhanced (100 +/- 35%) the release of histamine induced by anti-IgE (3 micrograms/ml), but was much less effective on IgE-mediated release of PGD2. In contrast, a short term incubation with rhSCF did not potentiate the secretion of histamine activated by substance P (5 microM). A 24-h incubation of mast cells with rhSCF did not affect the release of mediators induced by anti-IgE (3 micrograms/ml), probably due to receptor desensitization, rhSCF (1 ng/ml to 3 micrograms/ml) neither caused release of histamine or leukotriene C4 (LTC4) release from leukocytes of 14 donors, nor induced a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels in purified (greater than 70%) basophils. Brief preincubation (10 min) of leukocytes with rhSCF (1 ng/ml to 3 micrograms/ml) caused an enhancement (69 +/- 11%) of anti-IgE-induced release of histamine that was significant at concentrations as low as 3 ng/ml (p less than 0.05), whereas it appeared less effective in potentiating IgE-mediated LTC4 release. In contrast, a prolonged incubation (24 h) with rhSCF (0.1 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml) did not enhance the release of histamine or LTC4 induced by anti-IgE (0.1 microgram/ml), whereas rhIL-3 (3 ng/ml) significantly potentiated the release of both mediators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)