兴奋大鼠延髓A1区引起降压、降心率效应的机制

在水合氯醛麻醉、箭毒化、人工呼吸的大鼠,观察到:(1) A_1区注入谷氨酸钠引起明显的血压下降和心率减慢。(2) 切断双侧颈迷走神经明显衰减A_1区的降压,降心率效应。(3) 延髓头端腹外侧区(RVL)预先注射酚妥拉明或心得安,均能明显衰减谷氨酸钠兴奋A_1区的降压效应,A_1区的降心率作用基本不受影响,将纳洛酮注入RVL后,A_1区的降压和降心率效应均无明显变化;注射荷包牡丹碱入RVL则使A_1区的降压、降心率效应反转。(4) RVL内注入酚妥拉明或心得安本身使基础血压降低,注射荷包牡丹碱入RVL则使基础血压升高(提示RVL内的α-,β-受体中介对RVE加压神经元的紧张性兴奋作用,GABA受体中介紧张性抑制作用);另一方面,RVL内注入心得安使基础心率减慢、注入纳洛酮或荷包牡丹碱使基础心率加快(说明β-受体中介紧张性心加速效应,阿片受体和GABA受体中介紧张性心抑制效应)。     

谷氨酸钠兴奋室旁核引起的升压效应及其与蓝斑-升压反应和A_1-降压反应间的关系

将L-谷氨酸钠(Glu)注入乌拉坦麻醉、箭毒化、人工呼吸大鼠的室旁核(NPV)或蓝斑内引起升压反应。蓝斑升压反应可被双侧室旁核内预先注射酚妥拉明或心得安明显衰减;双侧室旁核内预先注射酚妥拉明或荷包牡丹碱还可使Glu兴奋延髓A_1区引起的降压反应减小,但注射心得安对A_1-降压反应无明显影响。以上结果提示蓝斑-升压反应和A_1-降压反应均部分通过NPV实现,A_1降压过程中可能有NPV内GABA能抑制性中间神经元参与。     

顶核—延髓头端腹外侧区系统参与前庭降压降心率反应

实验用乌拉坦麻醉、箭毒化、人工呼吸的大鼠。将神经元胞体兴奋剂L-谷氨酸钠(Glu)微量注入顶核或前庭上核均引起血压下降;心率减慢。该顶核-和前庭上核-降压降心率反应均可被延髓头端腹外侧区内注射GABA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱阻断。顶核内注射普鲁卡因也能阻断Glu兴奋前庭上核的心血管反应。以上结果提示前庭-降压降心率反应可能通过顶核-延髓头端腹外侧区系统实现。静脉注射甲基阿托品也能衰减Glu兴奋顶核的心血管反应,显示迷走神经也参与前庭-顶核降压降心率反应。     

迷走传入的投射区在电刺激颈迷走神经中枢端引起的降压反应中的作用

文献报道迷走传入直接或间接投射至多个脑区。本工作分别检验这些脑区在迷走传入引起的降压、降心率反应中的作用。在乌拉坦麻醉、双侧切断颈迷走神经的大鼠,将普鲁卡因微量注入孤束核或β-内啡肽抗血清注入延髓头端腹外侧区(RVL)均可明显减小电刺激预迷走神经中枢端引起的降压(DpV)和降心率反应,但分别将心得安、β-内啡肽抗血清注入室旁核或普鲁卡因注入最后区对DpV和心率减慢反应均无明显影响。保留右侧颈迷走神经的大鼠,在甲基阿托品(i.v.)阻断心迷走神经作用后DpV亦无明显变化,但心率减慢反应被衰减。鉴于我们以往的实验显示孤束核可通过其β-内啡肽能投射纤维作用于RVL而起降压作用,以上结果提示:迷走传入通过孤束核的β-内啡肽能神经元对RVL-交感兴奋神经元起抑制作用是引起降压反应的机制之一。     

大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射γ-氨基丁酸受体激动剂对降低血压和徐缓心率的作用

给大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体激动剂异鹅羔胺(0.125—0.25μg)能显著降低动物的动脉血压和心率。这种作用可被 GABA 受体阻断剂氯甲基荷包牡丹碱(1.0μg)所翻转,且具有剂量-效应关系。另一种 GABA 受体激动剂 THIP(5μg)以及GABA(500μg)也同样具有降低血压和心率的作用。说明激活脊髓内 GABA 受体具有降低血压和减慢心率的作用。肾上腺素α受体阻断剂育亨宾(30μg)能翻转可乐宁(0.25μg)的降压作用,但不能对抗异鹅羔胺的作用;GABA 受体阻断剂氯甲基荷包牡丹碱可翻转异鹅羔胺的作用,对可乐宁则无效。说明脊髓内异鹅羔胺和可乐宁降血压和减慢心率的作用没有相互的依存关系。     

大鼠蓝斑内注入谷氨酸钠的心血管效应及其中枢机制

本工作在乌拉坦麻醉、箭毒化、人工呼吸的大鼠观察到:(1)将 L-谷氨酸钠(Glu)微量注入蓝斑(LC)引起血压升高,心率无明显变化;注入 LC 邻近区引起血压降低、心率减慢。(2)在下丘脑的室旁核尾侧断脑可衰减 LC 加压效应,而室旁核头侧断脑对 LC 加压反应无明显影响,双侧延髓头端腹外侧区(RVL)内分别注射酚妥拉明、心得安、阿托品均使兴奋 LC 引起的加压效应衰减;提示蓝斑加压效应由室旁核和 RVL(及其内的α-、β-肾上腺素能受体,M-胆碱能受体)介导。     

延髓头端腹外侧区─交感缩血管神经系统介导岛皮层升压反应

乌拉坦麻醉、箭毒制动的大鼠在人工呼吸维持下，将谷氨酸钠（Ｇｌｕ）注入岛皮层引起血压升高、心率加快；而岛皮层周围区注入Ｇｌｕ或岛皮层内注入生理盐水对血压和心率无明显影响。双侧延髓头端腹外侧区（ＲＶＬ）内分别注入酚妥拉明、心得安或阿托品均可削弱兴奋岛皮层引起的升压反应，ｉ．ｖ．酚妥拉明也有这削弱的效应，但ｉ．ｖ．心得安或甲基阿托品则无明显作用。上述结果表明岛皮层引起的升压反应是由ＲＶＬ（α－，β－和Ｍ－受体）－交感缩血管神经系统介导的。     

氟安定对家兔结合臂旁核区呼吸性单位放电的影响

在36只麻醉、麻痹、切断双侧颈迷走神经及人工呼吸的家兔上,用五管微电极记录结合臂旁核区细胞外放电并微电泳药物离子。在47个吸气性单位(IUs)、18个呼气性单位(EUs)、12个吸-呼跨根性单位(I-EUs)、11个呼-吸跨相性单位(E-IUs)和71个非呼吸性单位(NR-Us)中,微电泳氟安定(Flu)引起阻遏的单位分别占55.3％、94.4％、91.7％、18.1％和60.6％。经统计:Flu抑制IUs和EUs的百分率与抑制I-EUs和E-IUs的百分率有显著差别。GABA-A受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱不能阻断Flu对IUs和EUs的阻遏作用,但能阻断Flu对NRUs的抑制作用,阻断率为60％。在20个IUs中,ACh引起兴奋效应的占75％,未见有阻遏效应的;ACh对其它类型呼吸性单位(RUs)则有不同的效应。ACh不能对抗Flu的阻遏效应。ACh对NRUs主要呈兴奋效应。以上结果表明:Flu对结合臂旁核区RUs和NRUs主要起抑制作用,其中抑制EUs和I-EUs的作用较大;而且,Flu抑制RUs和NRUs的递质机制有差异,抑制NRUs可能主要通过内源性GABA系统,而抑制RUs的机制则不提示有该系统参与。ACh对IUs和NRUs主要起兴奋作用。     

下丘脑减压区微量注射牛磺酸对血压的影响

实验采用微量注射和荧光分光光度测定的方法,探讨了下丘脑前部减压区牛磺酸对大鼠血压的影响及其可能的机制。结果显示：（１）下丘脑前部减压区微量注射牛磺酸可致大鼠血压降低;（２）侧脑室注射β受体阻断剂心得安可阻断牛磺酸的降压效应。而α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明对牛磺酸的降压效应无明显影响;（３）下丘脑前部减压区注射牛磺酸后,可使下丘脑去甲肾上腺素含量明显增高。     

最后区微量注射辣椒素对大鼠血压、心率和肾交感神经放电的影响

在36只麻醉Sprague-Dawley大鼠, 观察了最后区内微量注射辣椒素(10 μmol/L, 50 nl)对平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和肾交感神经放电(RSNA)的影响.实验结果如下:(1)最后区内注射辣椒素可引起 MAP、HR 和RSNA明显增加, 分别由12.34±0.53 kPa、 328.52±7.54 bpm 和100±0% 增至15.17±0.25 kPa (P<0.001)、 354.81±8.54 bpm (P<0.001) 和156.95±7.57% (P<0.001);(2) 静脉注射辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(100 mmol/L, 0.2 ml) 后, 辣椒素的上述效应可被明显抑制;(3) 预先应用NMDA 受体阻断剂MK-801 (500 μg/kg, 0.2 ml, iv)也明显抑制辣椒素的兴奋效应.以上结果提示, 最后区微量注射辣椒素对血压、心率和肾交感神经放电有兴奋作用, 而此作用由辣椒素受体介导并有谷氨酸参与.     

谷氨酸钠兴奋尾侧导水管周围灰质腹外侧部的升压反应及其在脑干内的传出通路

实验用乌拉坦麻醉、箭毒化、人工呼吸的大鼠,观察到:(1) 胞体兴奋剂L-谷氨酸钠(Glu)注入尾侧导水管周围灰质腹外侧部(PAG)引起明显的加压反应,(2) 该效应可被双侧延髓头端腹外侧(RVL)加压区内注射酚妥拉明或心得安衰减,但不受阿托品注入RVL影响;表明此升压反应是通过RVL及其内的α-及β-受体实现的。(3) RVL内注入心得安也可衰减电刺激腹侧臂旁核(NPV)的加压作用,却不影响Glu注入NPV的升压效应;结合以往的实验结果,提示尾侧PAG腹外侧部的神经元发出的轴突,可能一方面路过臂旁核直接作用于RVL内的β-受体,另一方面可能在臂旁核内换元,然后作用于RVL内的α-受体,而起升压作用。     

大鼠蓝斑内注入谷氨酸钠的心血管效应

Experiments were done on urethane anesthetized, tubocurarine immobilized and artificially ventilated rats and the following results were observed: (1) Injection of sodium L-glutamate (Glu) into locus coeruleus (LC) could evoke a pressor response, but heart rate was not significantly affected; while depressor and bradycardia effects were observed when injecting into closely adjacent areas. (2) The LC-pressor response decreased after a brain transection caudal to nucleus paraventricularis was made but remained unchanged if the transection was rostral to the nucleus; The LC-pressor response could also be attenuated by preinjection of phentolamine propranolol or atropine respectively into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). The above results suggest that LC-pressor response is not only mediated by RVL, but also by nucleus paraventricularis.     

Inhibition of baroreflex vagal bradycardia by activation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats

In stressful conditions, baroreflex vagal bradycardia (BVB) is often suppressed while blood pressure is increased. To address the role of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), a principal source of sympathetic tone, in inhibition of BVB, we microinjected DL-homocysteic acid (DLH, 6 nmol) into the RVL of chloralose-urethan-anesthetized, sinoaortic-denervated rats to examine the effect on BVB. The BVB was provoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve ipsilateral to the injection sites. DLH microinjection was found to suppress BVB while increasing blood pressure. The inhibition of BVB was observed even during the early phase in which DLH transiently suppressed central inspiratory activity. The inhibition was not affected either by upper spinal cord transection or suprapontine decerebration. Similar results were obtained by microinjection of bicuculline methiodide (160 pmol), a GABA antagonist, into the RVL of carotid sinus nerve-preserved rats due to withdrawal of a tonic GABA-mediated, inhibitory influence including the input from arterial baroreceptors. In conclusion, activation of the RVL inhibits BVB at brain stem level independently of central inspiratory drive.     

The nNos/cGMP mediation of the depressor response to NMDA receptor stimulation in the caudal ventrolateral medulla

Using in vivo voltammetry to directly measure extracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels, our previous studies suggested that the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signal transducing systems are involved in the cardiovascular responses elicited by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. In this study, we examined if the depressor responses elicited by activation of NMDA receptors in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) also depend on the actions of nNOS and soluble guanylyl cyclase. In anesthetized cats, microinjection of NMDA into the CVLM produced hypotension and bradycardia associated with NO formation. These NMDA-induced responses were attenuated by prior injections of 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (a NMDA receptor competitive antagonist), 7-nitroindazole (a nNOS inhibitor) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase). These findings suggest that NO is also involved in the NMDA-induced depressor responses of the CVLM.     

兔小脑延髓池注射纳洛酮对刺激肾神经传入纤维血压效应的影响

本文目的在于用小脑延髓池注射(Ict)受体阻断剂的方法,观察低位脑干阿片样受体与α肾上腺素受体对刺激肾神经传入纤维和主动脉神经降压效应的影响。实验在戊巴比妥钠麻醉兔中进行。Ict人工脑脊液(CSF)对刺激肾神经传入纤维和主动脉神经的降压反应均无明显影响。Ict 550nmol纳洛酮可显著抑制刺激肾神经传入纤维的降压效应,但能明显增强刺激主动脉神经的降压效应。Ict酚妥拉明可显著抑制刺激肾神经传入纤维和主动脉神经的降压效应。Ict纳洛酮可逆转酚妥拉明对刺激主动脉神经的降压效应的抑制,但不影响酚妥拉明对刺激肾神经传入纤维的降压效应的抑制。Ict纳洛酮和酚妥拉明都不影响刺激肾神经传入纤维降压反应与主动脉压力感受性反射的抑制性相互作用。Ict酚妥拉明使MAP显著下降;纳洛酮不影响MAP,但可逆转酚妥拉明降低MAP的作用。上述结果提示,激动低位脑干的阿片样受体可增强刺激肾神经传入纤维的降压作用,减弱刺激主动脉神经的降压作用,激动α肾上腺素受体可增强刺激肾神经传入纤维和主动脉神经的降压反应     

谷氨酸钠兴奋室旁核引起的升压效应及其与蓝斑...

In urethane-anesthetized, tubocurarine-immobilized and artificially ventilated rats, microinjection of L-glutamate (Glu) into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (NPV) or locus coeruleus (LC) induced a pressor response. The LC-pressor response could be attenuated by preinjection of phentolamine or propranolol into bilateral NPV; Preinjection of phentolamine or bicuculline into bilateral NPV could also attenuate the depressor effect of A1-excitation by Glu, but preinjection of propranolol had no such effect; suggesting that the LC-pressor or A1-depressor effect is mediated partly by NPV, and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in NPV may be involved in A1-depressor response.