猫耳蜗电图中N_2波起源的分析

在35只猫进行了耳蜗电图、听觉脑干电反应及耳蜗核局部电位的同时描记,将普鲁卡因或海人酸微量注入耳蜗核内,观察电位的变化,以分析耳蜗电图中N_2 波的起源。实验结果表明:猫的 N_2 波来源于外周第一级神经元冲动的成分和耳蜗核电活动的成分。     

短聲和閃光激起皮層運動區電反應的神經路徑基礎

用适当剂量的麻醉剂和兴奋剂(如氯醛醣和胺基脲)混合处理的貓,短声和闪光均能在大脑皮层引起分布广泛的电反应。我们用运动区的电反应作为指标,分析了产生此反应的神经路径基础。短声在运动区激起的电反应包括三个正相的小波,潜伏期分别为8—9,18—20及30—35毫秒。除去两侧皮层听区对各波无甚影响,毁两侧内膝体则各波均消失。刺激内膝体在运动区引起的电反应舆短声引起的一样,只是潜伏期略短。毁丘脑(氵弥)散投射系统的VA,VM一带,第二及第三波即告消失。至於第一波,吸去皮层运动区後在白质上仍可引到,是皮层下的电活动波及到皮层的结果。在闪光所引起的电反应裹,也可分辨得出三个正相的小波,其潜伏期分别为29—33,38—42及48—52毫秒,但一般各波间分界不明。除去两侧皮层视区,反应即不易出现,且潜伏期增长,但此时刺激外膝体仍可恒定地引起和在视区存在时闪光所引起的同样的反应(仅潜伏期缩短)。毁外膝体,各波均消失。毁VA,VM一带,第二第三波大为减小,第一波不受影响。第一波亦同样为皮层下电流扩布的结果。概言之,我们所形容声和光在皮层运动区引起的电反应,是内膝体和外膝体兴奋丘脑(氵弥)散投射系统的结果,但皮层听区或视区可能对皮层下的传导发生易化作用。     

家兔大脑嗅鼻沟后缘皮层对内膝体神经元电活动的下行性影响

在39只用三碘季铵酚麻痹的成年家兔上观察刺激大脑皮层听区对内膝体神经元听反应的影响。刺激 Woolsey 氏 AⅠ、AⅡ区及其周围颞叶皮层,或刺激大脑嗅鼻沟后缘皮层,能抑制一部分 MGB 神经元的听反应,但也有少数神经元受到易化。有效的颞叶皮层刺激点分布范围弥散,而嗅鼻沟后缘皮层的有效刺激点分布得相当集中。根据抑制潜伏期较短以及抑制内膝体早、晚二反应的潜伏期相同等事实,作者认为,刺激嗅鼻沟后缘皮层对 MGB 神经元的下行性影响发生在 MGB 核团之内。     

猫听觉脑干诱发电反应中P_(2a)和P_(2b)波的起源

在33例猫将普鲁卡因或海人酸微量注入耳蜗核(CN)和上橄榄复合体(SOC)内,观察ABR的相应改变,以分析P_(2a)和P_(2b)波的来源。猫P_(2a)波的出现率与电极导联有关,颅顶-颈后为90％,颅顶-乳突仅为18％。普普卡因注入CN后,同侧耳短声诱发的ABR仅保留P_1波,对侧耳的则无改变。海人酸注入CN后,P_1和P_(2a)存留,P_(2a)不减小反而增大。普鲁卡因注入双侧SOC,可使P_3、P_4和P_5消失。这些结果提示,P_(2a)波主要起源于CN区域内的第一级听觉传入神经元轴突并受第二级神经元负电位的影响,P_(2b)波主要起源于SOC以下的第二级听觉传入神经元,猫的P_(2a)和P_(2a)波与对侧脑干结构无关。     

大鼠脑缺血皮层电图动态变化及神经节苷脂的保护作用

以阻断大脑中动脉制备大鼠脑缺血模型,构成右侧大脑皮层弥漫性缺血。部分大鼠术后即刻腹腔注射神经节苷脂。于脑缺血２－６ｈ间断记录额、中央、顶区皮层电图;经计算机采样、处理、分析各区波幅值。对左、右皮层各区皮层电图各波波幅差值率（％）进行组间相比。结果可见,脑缺血组缺血侧各区波幅在２－６ｈ均较非缺血侧为低。２ｈ以慢波（θ波）波幅降低显著,６ｈ波幅下降最明显,而以快波（β波）为重,尤以中央、顶区受损较重。脑缺血组与假手术组相应区域波幅差值率相比ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１。神经节苷脂组在２－６ｈ中央、顶区两侧波幅差值率与假手术组接近,４或６ｈ缺血侧α,β波波幅较非缺血侧为高。神经节苷脂组中央、顶区与脑缺血组相应区域波幅差值率比较,Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１。用此法造模致脑缺血在２－６ｈ皮层电图具有明显改变,以中央、顶区为重,早期应用神经节苷脂有明显保护作用。     

海人酸对大鼠基底核功能的影响

由基底核发出的胆碱能投射纤维,直接投射到新皮层的中枢胆碱能系统,与学习、记忆有着密切的联系。ＡｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒＤｉｓｅａｓａ（ＡＤ）患者的突出表现是胆碱能系统的改变,临床表现为认知功能和记忆障碍。ＡＤ患者的基底神经核的大型神经元明显减少,大脑皮层乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）含量和胆碱乙酰转移酶的活性降低,并且两者之间有着密切的关系。本研究选用ＳＤ大白鼠通过立体定位技术,在鼠脑双侧基底核注入海人酸选择性地破坏神经元,造成胆碱能系统的中枢性破坏,观察其学习、记忆功能和脑内乙酰胆碱及其他递质的含量,而进一步了…     

大鼠脑干听觉诱发电位和中潜伏期反应的生后发育

目的：探讨大鼠脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）和听觉中潜伏期反应(MLR)生后发育模式的异同。方法：在同一批新生SD纯种大鼠连续10周同时观察BAEP和MLR生后发育的变化。结果：BAEP和MLR分别在生后14d和17d出现;BAEP各波峰潜伏期（PL）随鼠龄增长而递减,生后3－4周是PL缩短的主要时期,I波PL在生后29d达成年值,其余各波PL在生后70d全部达成年值;首次出现的MLR,其Po和Na两波PL已达成年值,而Pa、Nb和Pb和PL也随鼠龄增长而缩短,但生后20－23d很快就达成年值;BAEP的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ波和MLR的Nb、Pb波波幅在生后3－4周期间迅速递增,且峰值明显大于成年值,然后逐渐回降。结论：大鼠MLR和BAEP生后发育的模式基本相同,但MLR各波PL较早达成年值。     

听原性癫癎大白鼠在发作时的脑电图变化

本工作改进了慢性皮层电极的埋藏及引导方法,記录了大白鼠在自由以及限制活动的情况下发作听原性癲癎时,两侧顳区及額区皮层的脑电图变化。实驗結果表明最初2—3次听原性癲癎发作时脑电图上記录不到癎波,必須經过几次发作,才能从一侧顳区皮层記到振幅逐漸增大、頻率为每秒10—12次的负相鋒波。再經过多次发作后,对侧顳区皮层也出現类似的鋒波。两侧顳区的鋒波彼此同步。其振幅在每次发作开始时逐漸增大,至1毫伏左右时不再继續增大,以后一直保持在这一高度。其頻率在每次发作开始时为每秒10—12次,几秒钟后很快地降到每秒2—3次,持續一段时間后再逐漸减慢以至完全消失。随着发作次数的进一步增多,两侧額区皮层也先后出現癎波。額区与顳区皮层的癎波完全同步,并随着发放頻率的降低,每个鋒波之后出現正相慢波,成为一种鋒一波組合。实驗証明,发作时皮层各区出現的癎波与肌肉活动之間并无平行关系,因为当动物被琥珀酰胆硷或筒箭毒硷完全麻痹后,鈴声刺激仍能誘发同样的癎样放电。     

γ-氨基丁酸对隔离皮层电活动的影响

局部施加γ-氮基丁酸(GABA)后,猫、兔的隔离皮层的电活动频率降低,振幅加大。隔离区施加五甲烯四氮唑后,癎样峰波发放仅在该区出现,且不为GABA所阻抑。有时五甲烯四氮唑可引起峰波和慢波的复合波,施加GABA可使其峰波消失,慢波加大。实验结果提示,在慢性实验中施加GABA于完整皮层表面时,皮层电活动所呈现的高幅慢波有可能起源于皮层。     

刺激对侧大脑皮层对应点引起的皮层兴奋性变化

用刺激家兔对侧大脑皮层对应点引起的胼胝体电位作为制约反应,而刺激桡浅神经引起的誘发电位作为測驗反应时,可见到皮层兴奋性发生先抑制后易化的改变。易化现象主要表现在测验反应負波的变化上,而正波易化之后尚有第二次抑制过程。如制約反应具有后发放活动,則兴奋性变化将伴有与后发放相应的周期性波动。皮层局部放置γ-氨基丁酸、普鲁卡因或马钱子碱均可使胼胝体易化现象消失,而戊巴比妥鈉麻醉对其影响不大。皮层第Ⅱ和Ⅲ层经热凝固处理死亡后,胼胝体易化现象卽消失。重复刺激对侧皮层对应点会引起缓慢的负电位变化,此时皮层兴奋性明显下降。     

Changes in Cholinergic but Not in GABAergic Markers in Amygdala, Piriform Cortex, and Nucleus Basalis of the Rat Brain Following Systemic Administration of Kainic Acid

Three days after systemic administration of kainic acid (15 mg/kg, s.c.), selected cholinergic markers (choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, and high-affinity choline uptake) and GABAergic parameters [benzodiazepine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors] were studied in the frontal and piriform cortex, dorsal hippocampus, amygdaloid complex, and nucleus basalis. Kainic acid treatment resulted in a significant reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity in the piriform cortex (by 20%), amygdala (by 19%), and nucleus basalis (by 31%) in comparison with vehicle-injected control rats. A lower activity of acetylcholinesterase was also determined in the piriform cortex following parenteral kainic acid administration. [3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was significantly decreased in the piriform cortex (by 33%), amygdala (by 39%), and nucleus basalis (by 33%) in the group treated with kainic acid, whereas such binding in the hippocampus and frontal cortex was not affected by kainic acid. Sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake into cholinergic nerve terminals was decreased in the piriform cortex (by 25%) and amygdala (by 24%) after kainic acid treatment. In contrast, [3H]flunitrazepam binding to benzodiazepine receptors and [3H]muscimol binding to GABA receptors were not affected 3 days after parenteral kainic acid application in any of the brain regions studied. The data indicate that kainic acid-induced limbic seizures result in a loss of cholinergic cells in the nucleus basalis that is paralleled by degeneration of cholinergic fibers and cholinoceptive structures in the piriform cortex and amygdala, a finding emphasizing the important role of cholinergic mechanisms in generating and/or maintaining seizure activity.     

Auditory evoked potentials from the primary auditory cortex of the cat: topographic and pharmacological studies

Wave VI (8.4 msec) of the brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) was maximal in a discrete region of primary auditory cortex (AI) of the anesthetized cat. Wave VI underwent rapid amplitude decreas over millimeter distances in the AI region and followed high stimulation rates. Wave VI did not show intracortical polarity inversion nor was it abolished by epicortical or intracortical GABA administration. The data are compatible with a wave VI source in the terminal axons of the thalamo-cortical radiations.Middle latency auditory responses (MAEPs) generated 10–40 msec after auditory stimulation were also recorded in a circumscribed area of AI. In contrast to wave VI, these primary auditory cortex potentials (Pa 18.3 msec; Nb 31.9 msec) underwent transcortical polarity inversion, correlated with intracortical multi-unit activity in the AI region and were reversibly altered or abolished by epicortical or intracortical GABA adminstration to the AI region. The data suggest that the Pa and Nb components of the cat MAEP are intracortically generated by neuronal elements in the AI region.     

Effects of kainic acid on messenger RNA levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF alpha and LIF in the rat brain.

We examined the kainic acid-induced changes of mRNA levels of several cytokines such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF alpha and LIF in the rat brain regions using semiquantitative RT-PCR method. IL-1 beta mRNA was markedly increased in the cerebral cortex (CC), thalamus (THL) and hypothalamus (HT) 2 h after the injection of kainic acid in a convulsive dose (12 mg/kg i.p.), and tended to decrease 4 h after the injection. IL-6 mRNA was weakly induced in the hippocampus (HPP) 2 h after the injection of kainic acid and was markedly increased in the CC, HPP, THL, and HT at 4 h. The level of TNF alpha mRNA was highly elevated in the CC, HPP, striatum (STR), THL and HT at 2 and 4 h after the injection. LIF mRNA apparently expressed in the CC and HPP of control rats and was increased in the CC, HPP and HT by the treatment with kainic acid. These results indicate that mRNAs of several cytokines are increased in various brain regions with different time-courses by kainic acid.     

Changes in neuronal activity of the inferior colliculus in rat after temporal inactivation of the auditory cortex

The role of cortico-tectal pathways in auditory signal processing was studied in anesthetized rats by comparing the extracellular single unit activity in the inferior colliculus (IC) before and after functional ablation of the auditory cortex (AC) by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The responses of several IC neurons to sound stimuli were simultaneously recorded with a 16-channel electrode probe introduced into the IC. Click-evoked middle latency responses (MLR) recorded from the AC were suppressed for several hours after TTX injection. During AC inactivation the firing rate of IC neurons increased (40 % of neurons), decreased (44 %) or did not change (16 %) in comparison with control conditions. In several IC neurons, TTX injection resulted in alterations in the shape of the rate-level functions. Response thresholds, tuning properties and the type of discharge pattern of IC neurons were not altered during AC inactivation. However, in one-third of the neurons, the initial part of the response was less altered than the later, sustained part. In two-thirds of neuronal pairs, functional decortication resulted in a change in the cross-correlation coefficient. The results reveal the complex changes that appear in IC neuronal activity after functional ablation of the ipsilateral auditory cortex.     

Cochleotopic organization of the primary auditory cortex in cats

The cochleotopic organization of the primary auditory cortex was studied by the evoked potentials method in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Two foci of maximal activity (dorsal and ventral) were found in the primary auditory cortex of 85% of animals during local electrical stimulation of different areas of the cochlea. Analysis of projection maps of the primary auditory cortex of the cats showed that different areas of the cochlea are presented in this region disproportionately. The basal portion projects to a larger cortical surface than the middle and apical portions together, evidence of inequality of representation of different parts of the receptor apparatus of the cochlea in the primary auditory area. Considerable differences were observed in the arrangement of projections of the cochlea in the primary auditory cortex of different animals.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 117–124, March–April, 1979.     

Convulsants induce interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA in rat brain.

The effects of systemic administration of kainic acid and pentylenetetrazol on interleukin-1 beta gene expression in the rat brain was studied. After the administration of kainic acid in a convulsive dose (10 mg/kg i.p.), Interleukin-1 beta mRNA was induced intensely in the cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus, moderately in the hippocampus and weakly in the striatum, but not in the midbrain, pons-medulla and cerebellum. Pentylenetetrazol induced Interleukin-1 beta mRNA in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus with a faster time-course than kainic acid. Diazepam suppressed both the convulsion and the induction of Interleukin-1 beta mRNA produced by kainic acid. Dexamethasone suppressed the induction of Interleukin-1 beta mRNA, but did neither the convulsion nor the induction of c-fos mRNA following the injection of kainic acid. These results provide the first evidence that intensive neuronal excitation induces Interleukin-1 beta mRNA in particular regions of the brain.     

Deviance-Related Responses along the Auditory Hierarchy: Combined FFR,MLR and MMN Evidence

The mismatch negativity (MMN) provides a correlate of automatic auditory discrimination in human auditory cortex that is elicited in response to violation of any acoustic regularity. Recently, deviance-related responses were found at much earlier cortical processing stages as reflected by the middle latency response (MLR) of the auditory evoked potential, and even at the level of the auditory brainstem as reflected by the frequency following response (FFR). However, no study has reported deviance-related responses in the FFR, MLR and long latency response (LLR) concurrently in a single recording protocol. Amplitude-modulated (AM) sounds were presented to healthy human participants in a frequency oddball paradigm to investigate deviance-related responses along the auditory hierarchy in the ranges of FFR, MLR and LLR. AM frequency deviants modulated the FFR, the Na and Nb components of the MLR, and the LLR eliciting the MMN. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to elicit deviance-related responses at three different levels (FFR, MLR and LLR) in one single recording protocol, highlight the involvement of the whole auditory hierarchy in deviance detection and have implications for cognitive and clinical auditory neuroscience. Moreover, the present protocol provides a new research tool into clinical neuroscience so that the functional integrity of the auditory novelty system can now be tested as a whole in a range of clinical populations where the MMN was previously shown to be defective.     

Possible destruction of cholinoceptive neurons by overstimulation of cholinergic tracts

It is well established that intracerebral injections of kainic acid may cause not only neuronal cell destruction at the injection site, but also losses in some distant regions. The mechanisms are different. The distant, but not the local, destruction can be produced by folic as well as by kainic acid and prevented by pretreatment of the animal with diazepam. Overexcitation of excitatory projections is believed responsible for the distant damage and evidence is presented that in some instances the projections involved are cholinergic. Thus, for example, injections of kainic acid or folic acid into the substantia innominata of rats destroy neurons in areas such as the pyriform cortex and amygdala which receive cholinergic projections from the injected area. Some of the destroyed neurons are GABAergic. That the distant toxicity in these areas can be partially blocked by scopolamine and is accompanied by decreases in the number of muscarinic binding sites is consistent with a cholinergic mechanism. Distant damage also occurs in the thalamus but this appears to be mediated by a noncholinergic projection. Similar injections of folic acid or kainic acid into the rostral pontine tegmentum, another area with cholinergic cells, cause destruction of both dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The effect on the GABAergic but not that on the dopaminergic cells is blocked by scopolamine. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of epilepsy and of selective neuronal losses in diseases such as Parkinson's disease.     

Fast detection of unexpected sound intensity decrements as revealed by human evoked potentials

The detection of deviant sounds is a crucial function of the auditory system and is reflected by the automatically elicited mismatch negativity (MMN), an auditory evoked potential at 100 to 250 ms from stimulus onset. It has recently been shown that rarely occurring frequency and location deviants in an oddball paradigm trigger a more negative response than standard sounds at very early latencies in the middle latency response of the human auditory evoked potential. This fast and early ability of the auditory system is corroborated by the finding of neurons in the animal auditory cortex and subcortical structures, which restore their adapted responsiveness to standard sounds, when a rare change in a sound feature occurs. In this study, we investigated whether the detection of intensity deviants is also reflected at shorter latencies than those of the MMN. Auditory evoked potentials in response to click sounds were analyzed regarding the auditory brain stem response, the middle latency response (MLR) and the MMN. Rare stimuli with a lower intensity level than standard stimuli elicited (in addition to an MMN) a more negative potential in the MLR at the transition from the Na to the Pa component at circa 24 ms from stimulus onset. This finding, together with the studies about frequency and location changes, suggests that the early automatic detection of deviant sounds in an oddball paradigm is a general property of the auditory system.     

Kainic acid-induced seizures: changes in brain extracellular ions as assessed by intracranial microdialysis

The effect of kainic acid on extracellular [K+], [Ca2+], and [Na+] in the rat piriform cortex and hippocampus was studied by means of intracranial microdialysis. Either a dialysis fiber loop or horizontal Vita fiber were stereotaxically implanted within the piriform cortex or hippocampus, respectively. About 24 h later, fibers were perfused (1 ml/min) with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. Effluent samples were collected before (four at 30 min intervals), and after (six at 30 min intervals) administration of kainic acid (16 mg/kg, i.p.) or kainic acid vehicle. Kainic acid induced sequential signs of lethargy, staring, "wet-dog shakes," forepaw clonus, and tonic-clonic convulsions. In these awake free-moving rats, kainic acid induced a rapid and prolonged increase in extracellular [K+] and an apparent, but not statistically significant, decrease in extracellular [Ca2+] within the hippocampus. In the piriform cortex, kainic acid induced increases in extracellular [K+] and [Na+], which were associated with early pre-convulsive signs. In contrast to the pronounced ion changes commonly seen when the brain is activated by factors such as local application of excitatory substances or when the brain is made ischemic or hypoxic, extracellular ion concentrations are relatively well maintained during parenteral kainic acid-induced seizures.