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1.
Worker excitation in species of Atta and Acromyrmex prior to and during the swarming of reproductives is initiated by secretions from the male mandibular glands. During this phase, workers are highly aggressive, attacking all foreign objects. Field data suggest that this behavior is not only advantageous in protecting sexuals as they swarm, but also to prime workers to execute queens trying to initiate colonies near mature colonies following nuptial flights.  相似文献   

2.
Biological processes are considered to be the most cost-effective technology for the off-gas treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOC) at low concentrations. Two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) emerged in the early 1990s as innovative multiphase systems capable of overcoming some of the key limitations of traditional biological technologies such as the low mass transfer rates of hydrophobic VOCs and microbial inhibition at high VOC loading rates. Intensive research carried out in the last 5 years has helped to provide a better understanding of the mass transfer phenomena and VOC uptake mechanisms in TPPBs, which has significantly improved the VOC biodegradation processes utilizing this technology platform. This work presents an updated state-of-the-art review on the advances of TPPB technology for air pollution control. The most recent insights regarding non-aqueous phase (NAP) selection, microbiology, reactor design, mathematical modeling and case studies are critically reviewed and discussed. Finally, the key research issues required to move towards the development of efficient and stable full-scale VOC biodegradation processes in TPPBs are identified.  相似文献   

3.
In this study, we hypothesized that invasive species may allocate a higher fraction of leaf nitrogen (N) to photosynthesis than phylogenetically related native species. To test this hypothesis, we determined N allocation and other ecophysiological traits of three invasive species in comparison with their respective native congeners by measuring response curves of photosynthesis to intercellular CO2 concentration. The invasive species of Peperomia and Piper indeed allocated a higher fraction of leaf N to photosynthesis and were more efficient in photosynthetic N (N P) partitioning than their native congeners. The two invasive species partitioned a higher fraction of N P to carboxylation and showed a higher use efficiency of N P, while their native congeners partitioned a higher fraction of N P to light-harvesting components. The higher N allocation to photosynthesis and the higher N P partitioning to carboxylation in the two invaders were associated with their higher specific leaf area. Nitrogen allocation and partitioning were the most important factors in explaining the differences in light-saturated photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) between the two invasive species and their native congeners. The differences in N allocation-related variables between the invasive and native species of Amaranthus could not be evaluated in this study due to the method. Except PNUE, resource capture- and use-related traits were not always higher in all three invasive species compared to their native congeners, indicating that different invasive species may have different syndrome of traits associated with its invasiveness.  相似文献   

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