中国旧石器原料开发策略的研究进展

石料开发与获取是石器生产操作链的重要环节,也是史前人地关系研究的重要内容,能够反映史前人类的资源开发策略、环境认知与适应能力、移动模式和交流贸易网络等。相比于旧大陆西侧,东亚地区的燧石和黑曜岩等优质石料产地相对稀缺,中国许多旧石器考古遗址的石器原料主要来自遗址周边质量欠佳的脉石英、石英岩和一般燧石等,而相关的旧石器时代石料开发策略系统研究也相对较少。本文对中国目前已开展的旧石器时代石料开发策略研究进行系统梳理分析和总结发现,从旧石器时代早期到晚期末段,中国境内史前人类的石料开发策略存在明显的时空变化,主要体现在石料类型组成、产地选取和开发方式三个方面,可能主要受到史前人类流动性变化、石器技术演变和环境变化等因素的共同影响。综合而言,开展旧石器时代遗址的石料开发策略研究,对于理解中国境内史前人类的行为模式和交流迁徙等有重要意义。     

史前人类对资源的认知和开发能力——石器原料研究的方法与意义

石器原料研究一直是史前考古学研究工作的一项重要内容。在探明石器原料质量和来源的基础上,将原料的选择和利用方式与石器技术、环境背景等相结合,可以进一步解读当时人类的认知和活动能力。本文立足于原料性质和原料来源两个方面,总结了现有的主要石制品原料研究方法及其应用情况。在此基础上,结合近年来我国泥河湾及东北地区相关研究案例,讨论石器原料研究及多学科研究方法对于解读史前人类资源认知和开发能力的重要作用。     

Un exemple de gestion des géo-ressources au Paléolithique supérieur en moyenne montagne : le Badegoulien de la grotte du Rond-du-Barry (Sinzelles,Polignac, Haute-Loire)

Rond-du-Barry cave is situated in the centre of the Cenozoïc sedimentary basin of Puy-en-Velay in a mountainous environment. It contains Middle Palaeolithic, Badegoulian, Magdalenian and more recent occupation levels. Lying between two major river corridors (the Loire to the west and the Allier to the east), this site provides a special opportunity for defining exploitation and management modalities linked to the territory occupied by the prehistoric humans who inhabited the cave and the role played by the landscape's structural elements in human behavior at the end of the Upper Pleistocene. Lithic raw material analysis of the archaeological assemblages allowed us to define the dispersal of raw materials used in the site. Such dispersal has for some time been considered to provide a reliable reflection of actual movements of human groups. Our study, based on a modified methodology incorporating the concept of a chaine évolutive for flint, focused on the lithic artifacts from Rond-du-Barry unit F2, which are attributed to the Badegoulian. The results of our study differ from those of previous studies in terms of the diversity of the raw material being used and the frequency of occurrence for each type. Our conclusion is that Badegoulian humans were not physically constrained by a familiar territory, but traveled and/or traded widely in their quest for suitable raw materials. The diversity in the lithic raw materials, gathered locally and semi-locally from different primary and secondary outcrops demonstrates this territorial range. Importation of siliceous raw material originating from the meridional edge of the Paris basin (Berry, Touraine) suggests a planned resource-use strategy for obtaining large pieces of flint, which are rare in the regional outcrops. However, unraveling the resource use strategies to this degree of intention lies beyond what can be revealed by the lithic material alone.     

The fragmented character of Middle Palaeolithic stone tool technology

The importance of the transport of stone artefacts in structuring Neandertal lithic assemblages has often been addressed, but the degree to which this led to fragmentation of lithic reduction over Middle Palaeolithic landscapes has not been explicitly studied thus far. Large-scale excavations of Middle Palaeolithic open-air sites and refitting studies of the retrieved assemblages have yielded new, high-resolution data on the mobile aspects of Neandertal stone tool technology. In this paper, we integrate lithic technology and raw material data from recent studies of Middle Palaeolithic open-air and rock shelter sites in Western Europe. We demonstrate that the results of a variety of typological, technological (especially refitting), and lithological studies have important consequences for our knowledge of the acquisition of raw materials and subsequent production, usage and discard of stone artefacts in the Middle Palaeolithic. Neandertal production and use of stone tools was fragmented in three domains: the spatial, the temporal and the social domain. We show that this versatile segmentation of stone artefact handling strategies is a main determinant of the character of the Neandertal archaeological record. Our data testify to ubiquitous and continuous transport of stone artefacts of a wide variety of forms, picked by Neandertals using selection criteria that were sometimes far removed from what archaeologists have traditionally considered, and to some degree still consider, to be desired end products of knapping activities. The data presented here testify to the variability and versatility of Middle Palaeolithic stone tool technology, whose fragmented character created very heterogeneous archaeological assemblages, usually the product of a wide variety of independent import, use, discard and/or subsequent transport events.     

Quantifying Oldowan Stone Tool Production at Olduvai Gorge,Tanzania

Recent research suggests that variation exists among and between Oldowan stone tool assemblages. Oldowan variation might represent differential constraints on raw materials used to produce these stone implements. Alternatively, variation among Oldowan assemblages could represent different methods that Oldowan producing hominins utilized to produce these lithic implements. Identifying differential patterns of stone tool production within the Oldowan has implications for assessing how stone tool technology evolved, how traditions of lithic production might have been culturally transmitted, and for defining the timing and scope of these evolutionary events. At present there is no null model to predict what morphological variation in the Oldowan should look like. Without such a model, quantifying whether Oldowan assemblages vary due to raw material constraints or whether they vary due to differences in production technique is not possible. This research establishes a null model for Oldowan lithic artifact morphological variation. To establish these expectations this research 1) models the expected range of variation through large scale reduction experiments, 2) develops an algorithm to categorize archaeological flakes based on how they are produced, and 3) statistically assesses the methods of production behavior used by Oldowan producing hominins at the site of DK from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania via the experimental model. Results indicate that a subset of quartzite flakes deviate from the null expectations in a manner that demonstrates efficiency in flake manufacture, while some basalt flakes deviate from null expectations in a manner that demonstrates inefficiency in flake manufacture. The simultaneous presence of efficiency in stone tool production for one raw material (quartzite) and inefficiency in stone tool production for another raw material (basalt) suggests that Oldowan producing hominins at DK were able to mediate the economic costs associated with stone tool procurement by utilizing high-cost materials more efficiently than is expected and low-cost materials in an inefficient manner.     

甘肃徐家城遗址石制品原料最小单元分析

徐家城遗址是甘肃省近年来发掘的一处旧石器时代晚期遗址,主要埋藏于陇西盆地水洛河二级阶地上覆的马兰黄土中,年代在距今约4.6~2.3万年间。本文使用原料最小单元分析这一目前国内尚未普及的方法对该遗址主文化层的石制品进行研究,涉及遗址形成过程、空间利用以及古人类的流动组织等方面。研究表明,古人类原地剥片行为是遗址主文化层石制品分布状态形成的主要原因,文化层交界位置所受扰动程度较大;石器工业面貌权宜性色彩较为浓厚,发掘区内并未呈现明显的功能分区,同一时期可能存在其他生活中心。本文对原料最小单元分析方法的适用性和潜力作了一定讨论。     

Landscape-scale variation in hominin tool use: Evidence from the Developed Oldowan

The relationship between artifact manufacture, use, and discard in the Developed Oldowan is complex. Here we use digital-image-analysis techniques to investigate the intensity of reduction in single-platform cores of the Developed Oldowan of the Okote Member, Koobi Fora Formation. Data suggest that this method provides a more accurate measure of reduction intensity than previous applications of a unifacial-scraper model. Assemblages of single-platform cores excavated from extensive lateral exposures of the Okote Member provide insights into the relationship between raw-material availability and discard patterns. Variation in reduction intensity suggests that tools are not always discarded in patterns that would be predicted by the availability of raw material. Further, it appears that hominin transport decisions involved an assessment of the potential use-life of certain forms. Many aspects of Developed Oldowan technology conform to previously developed models of curated technologies.     

Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene lithic industries from Southernmost Patagonia. Discussing technical variability,continuity and innovations

The study of early lithic assemblages from South America's Southern Cone used to be strongly focused on projectile points, including the famed fishtail type, often using a typological approach. The last three decades have seen a growing diversification of theoretical and methodological approaches to lithic studies, as well as new analytical techniques, used to study issues including lithic production systems, technical variability, tool manufacturing and management, raw material economy and circulation, among others. Recent studies on lithic industries are exemplified by discussing Southernmost Patagonia's first human occupations, dated ∼13,000 cal BP, and Middle Holocene early marine explorations, dated ∼8000–7000 cal BP. An overview and comparison of Southernmost Patagonia's early hunter-gatherer lithic technologies is made.     

洛南花石浪龙牙洞1995年出土石制品研究

1995─1997年,经过连续3年对洛南盆地花石浪龙牙洞遗址的发掘,获得20余种哺乳动物、鸟类和水生动物化石以及包括人类生活踩踏面、灰烬层、烧石、烧骨和77000余件石制品在内的大量的人类文化遗迹和遗物。本文是1995年度龙牙洞内顶部扰动层及第4层上部出土的18608件各类石制品的阶段性研究成果。研究结果显示石制品是以中小型石片和简单的石片工具为代表的旧石器时代早期文化,而龙牙洞是一处内涵丰富的早期人类居住类型遗址。     

石制品技术分析的盲测实验

石制品技术研究作为一项拥有60多年历史的研究手段,已经形成了完善的理论体系和操作程式,可以反映古人类的行为特征、认知能力等多方面的信息。技术阅读是石制品技术分析过程中最重要的研究手段之一。其中,对石核剥片过程的复原是技术阅读的核心,也是分析整个石器生产过程的基础,提高石制品技术阅读的准确性是研究人员需要不断追求的目标。本文以采集自宁夏水洞沟遗址附近的白云岩、石英岩等为原料,参照微痕分析的盲测手段,通过石制品打制实验、初步技术阅读（“盲测”）、拼合分析校正、重复交叉技术阅读等方式,揭示影响技术阅读准确性的相关因素,提出提高技术阅读准确性的方法,并对“盲测”实验在石制品技术阅读中的重要性进行简要探讨。     

Resource selection of lithic raw materials in the Middle Palaeolithic in southern France

The work reported here uses several approaches to examine the costs and benefits associated with exploiting potential sources of lithic raw material in the Vaucluse, southern France, and then tests the results against the proportions of raw materials from various sources found in the lithic assemblage of a Middle Palaeolithic site, the Bau de l’Aubesier. A previously published equation designed to quantify the attractiveness of each source proves to be significantly correlated with source use, but the results show that it can be improved. We then individually test the components of the attractiveness equation (raw material quality, source extent, terrain difficulty, and the size and abundance of raw material pieces at the source) and additional variables (Calories expended to get from the source to the site using a straight-line route, Calories expended using a least-cost path, surface distance of the source from the site, and distance to the closest used source) using generalized linear models. Since very similar raw materials can be found at more than one source, we combine such similar sources into source areas, and test the area of the source area (AOSA) and the total area of sources within the source area (AOSISA), as two additional independent variables. The best model shows that raw material quality, source extent, abundance of large and very large rocks, and AOSISA, are positively correlated with use of sources, while terrain difficulty, abundance of small and medium rocks, Calories, and AOSA, are negatively correlated with source use. This shows that the hominins at the Bau de l’Aubesier optimized their raw material procurement to get the most good quality material that they could, while minimizing the time and energy spent getting and using it.     

L’industrie lithique des gisements du Pléistocène inférieur de Barranco León et Fuente Nueva 3 à Orce, Grenade, Espagne

The archaeological localities of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3 in Orce, Grenade, in actuality have the oldest lithic artifacts in Europe; they are the oldest evidence of human occupation in the east of Europe. When compared the results from faunal analysis and magnetostratigraphical study, notably through the presence of Allophaiomys lavocati allow for a date of around 1.3 Ma. The raw material used for developing these lithic industries are, basically limestone or siliceous rocks, these raw materials selected were smoothed down in situ. The techniques used are knapping at raised with a hammerstone, and we can find all the different elements of the “chaine opératoire”. Both localities are characterised by the predominance of flakes and debris, cores, and some knapped cobbles sowing mediocre aspect. The technical and typological features of both lithic assemblages have an opportunist character but they are relatively sophisticated too.     

Étude technologique des collections lithiques de Nord-Patagonie Orientale (Argentine) pendant l’Holocène récent

The lower Colorado River is considered the geographical boundary between the Argentinean regions of Pampa and Patagonia. The aim of this study is to define the technological patterns of hunter-gatherer groups who inhabited the studied area during the Late Holocene (3000–250 BP). In order to do so, the nature and presentation of raw materials exploited is stated, and the different methods of débitage and economic analysis of the lithic assemblages are identified, within the theoretical and methodological approach of chaîne opératoire. The results allow concluding that during the Late Holocene the basis of technological knowledge is kept constant. The technological changes experienced in behavior toward the final Late Holocene (1000–250 years BP) are due to the choice among methods, materials, and types of instruments known and available, of those with proven efficacy, whose production was intensified in the last 1000 years BP. The behavioral changes linked to lithic technological system are accompanied by – or produced as a result of – reorganization of the social system as a whole.     

La gestion du quartz au Pléistocène moyen et supérieur. Trois exemples d’Europe Méridionale

Quartz is one of the main lithic resources employed along the Pleistocene for the manufacturing of tools. The abundance in all kind of environments leads to its frequent presence in archaeological sites. In spite of its suitability for knapping, the scarcity of specific researches on quartz industries has led to a view of this raw material as a second-rate resource, only used when flint was not available in the surroundings. Quite in opposition to this prejudice, the familiarity with the petrological and mechanical properties of the different varieties of quartz has led the Middle/Upper Pleistocene groups to a rational and differential exploitation of the available resources. There is a distinct selection of the varieties attending to the purposes of the exploitation and configuration. The patterns of exploitation of the cores are very standardized, based on longitudinal extractions and documenting the bipolar flaking technique. Moreover, when the raw material is of good quality, more sophisticated reduction methods such as the discoidal or the Levallois may be employed. On the other hand, for the purposes of configuration a clearly differential management of the raw material is attested: thus quartz is used for the small products (denticulates, side-scrapers, notches), while other stones (quartzite, porphyry and others) are devoted to the manufacturing of those tools demanding a more complex control of the elaboration (bifaces, cleavers, etc.). Either acting as the main lithic resource or as a complement to other raw materials, we can observe through the technological analysis of these lithic collections the great conceptual complexity depending on the needs to be fulfilled. Raw material quality allowing, the state-of-the-art technology of knapping can be applied to the quartz and, therefore, we should not understand its use as a consequence of environmental constrictions but rather as a result of the variability of the procurement strategies and management of lithic resources among the prehistoric communities.     

石料力学性能分析在旧石器考古学研究中的应用

石料是石器制作过程中的重要因素,石料本身的力学性能不仅与古人类的原料利用方式密切相关,还会影响到石器打制方法、器物组合、甚至石器工业面貌。长期以来,旧石器考古学界对于石料力学性能的判断多基于简单的岩石矿物硬度和结构特征,实际上岩石的力学性能涵盖的内容远远超过其硬度和结构的范畴。本文使用力学研究的方法,通过对石料的单轴抗压强度测试,了解不同原料的力学性能,并将其与遗址出土石制品进行比较研究,尝试探讨岩石本身力学性能与石制品面貌之间的关系。     

东谷坨遗址石制品原料利用浅析

本文从原料的岩性、来源与分布、原料的成因及开采方式等方面对东谷坨旧石器遗址石制品的原料进行研究 ,表明其岩性主要为燧石、微晶白云岩、硅质白云岩、硅质灰岩、构造角砾岩、石英岩以及中性火山岩等 ,与遗址附近基岩的出露和分布一致。区域范围内的地质调查和有关资料显示 ,石制品原料主要取自遗址周围出露的中元古界长城系高于庄组含燧石条带的微晶白云岩、太古界迁西群右所堡组石英岩以及侏罗系火山岩。燕山期和喜山期构造运动形成的断裂为原料的开采提供了便利条件。从构造破碎带附近直接拣取或从构造带上开采并打下石料是东谷坨遗址石器制造者获得原料的主要方式。对石制品原料的利用程度的统计和分析显示 ,东谷坨遗址在总体上对原料的利用程度是偏低的 ,多数标本还有进一步加工的余地。文中还讨论了原料对东谷坨石器工业的影响 ,对东谷坨一带旧石器遗址群石制品原料的综合分析提出了建设性设想     

Enantiomeric effect of paclobutrazol on the microorganism composition during wine fermentation

Pesticide residues in food can bring potential risks to human health and has been widely concerned in recent years. In the current study, the influence of paclobutrazol, which resided in raw material (grape) on wine fermentation process, were investigated. The degradation kinetic results indicated that the enantiomers of paclobutrazol not be degraded during 30 days of fermentation process. In order to achieve the fermented microorganism information of diversity, community composition, and function, the analysis of 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing were performed. Results demonstrated that the dominant microorganisms multiplied and the microbial diversity in the samples decreased as the fermentation process progresses. Furthermore, the paclobutrazol stimulated the growth of Pichia, which was observed during wine fermentation and which may have an underlying impact on the quality of the wine. The above results inferred that paclobutrazol residue could disturb the microbial community stability during wine fermentation, and the stable existence of paclobutrazol will cause potential risks to food safety and human health. In this work, we have successfully devised a method to investigate the influences of pesticide residues in raw materials during food processing and conclusions from this study could provide basis for dietary risk assessment.     

吉林抚松枫林遗址细石核研究

枫林遗址是坐落于吉林省抚松县漫江镇的一处旧石器时代晚期旷野遗址。2016年,吉林省文物考古研究所、中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所以及抚松县文管所工作人员对该遗址进行了调查与发掘,获得了数量丰富的石制品,类型包括细石叶、细石核、石叶和精加工的石器等,原料以黑曜岩为主。其中,细石核典型、精美,具备从原料采备、初期加工、调整再利用到使用废弃的各阶段特征。本文运用"操作链"的分析理念,以动态的视角对该遗址楔形石核的技术特征进行分析。对于细石核的技术与类型分析表明,该遗址以楔形细石核、工具类细石核等为主体的细石叶工艺产品,代表了东北亚地区旧石器时代晚期细石叶工艺的特色。该项研究有助于阐释旧石器时代晚期东北亚地区狩猎采集人群的石器技术特点、工具制作能力和生存模式,为探讨更新世末期细石叶工艺在东亚地区的扩散和人群互动提供新的线索。     

The use of “second rate” raw materials during Middle Palaeolithic. Technological and functional analysis of two sites in north-eastern Iberia

In recent years many issues arose regarding the technological and functional analysis of lithic assemblages dominated by “second rate raw materials” like vein quartz, metamorphic or volcanic rocks. Nevertheless, the technological study of this kind of assemblages and their consequent interpretation seems to be still based on the techno-typological criteria elaborated for flint artefacts, thus leading to the common inference that these lithic assemblages are archaic and mainly linked to opportunistic production systems. Pedra Dreta and Can Garriga, located in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula, present two small lithic assemblages dominated by local raw materials (vein quartz, quartzite, porphyry, syenite, etc.) and by opportunistic reduction sequences but with the presence of Levallois and discoid châine operatoires. The technological analysis is aimed to answer two main issues that emerged during the study and that can contribute to the study of non-flint lithic assemblages: 1. Which criteria should we adopt to distinguish between discoid and recurrent centripetal Levallois products? 2. Is it possible that the Levallois products are the result rather of the opportunistic and expedient reduction sequences that are dominant in these assemblages than of a real use of the Levallois method? A use-wear analysis has also been conducted for the first time on Pedra Dreta and Can Garriga lithic assemblages. The peculiarities of the lithic raw materials employed made necessary the adoption of specific methodologies and the realization of a particular procedure for the analysis of porphyry's tools.     

New evidence for hominin carcass processing strategies at 1.5 Ma, Koobi Fora, Kenya

Reconstruction of early Pleistocene hominin carcass acquisition and processing behaviors are necessarily based at least in part on butchered fossil bones. This paper provides zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses and behavioral interpretations of three approximately 1.5 million-year-old archaeofaunas from areas 1A and 103 in the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation, northern Kenya: FwJj14A, FwJj14B, and GaJi14. These sites are all located in similar paleoenvironmental contexts, near shallow water with swampy, seasonally flooded areas, and some evidence for more wooded or gallery forest settings. Both individual specimen--and assemblage-level analyses of butchery-marked bones indicate that the hominins appear to have practiced similar butchery strategies at all of these sites, with butchery (defleshing, disarticulation, and marrow extraction) of both high- and low-ranked skeletal elements with no apparent preference for prey size, skeletal region, limb class, or limb portion. Only four tooth-marked specimens, including one likely crocodile-tooth-marked bone, are preserved in all three archaeofaunas. A paucity of limb epiphyses suggests that bone-crunching hyenids may have deleted these portions subsequent to hominin butchery. Strangely, there are no stone tools preserved with the 292 cut-marked and 27 percussion-marked faunal specimens (out of a total of 6,039 specimens), suggesting that raw material availability may have conditioned hominin lithic discard patterns at these locales. These assemblages increase our knowledge of the dietary behavior and ecology of Homo erectus, and provide support for variability in early Pleistocene hominin carcass foraging patterns.