金属硫蛋白

金属硫蛋白为一类广泛地存在于生物界的低分子量、富含半胱氨酸的金属结合蛋白,尤其对Cd,Zn,Cu和Au,Ag等有较强的亲和力。它是一种诱导合成的蛋白质,在体内能被金属和糖皮质激素等所诱导。它具有广泛的生物学功能,主要是参与微量元素的储存、运输和代谢,拮抗电离辐射,清除羟基自由基和重金属解毒等多种作用。某些微量元素缺乏症等疾病也与它有一定关系。今后在某些疾病的治疗、环保中清除有毒金属以及采矿、富集贵重金属等方面有着广泛的应用前景。     

金属硫蛋白α和 β结构域的结构功能比较研究

金属硫蛋白具有α和β两个独立的结构域,它们结构不同,并能独立的行使功能。为了进一步研究这两个结构域之间的区别,分别采用镉和铜重组金属硫蛋白并继以枯草杆菌蛋白酶水解的方法制备α和β结构域,以及利用pGEX-4T-1这种融合表达载体表达α和β结构域。所得产物经凝胶过滤层析分离纯化后,进行了氨基酸组成,巯基和金属含量以及分子量测定,以上性质均与天然的金属硫蛋白α和β结构域相同。然后利用紫外吸收光谱和圆二色吸收光谱来研究它们的巯基金属簇结构,从UV和CD图谱可以看出,通过蛋白水解和基因表达制备的α和β结构域都具有独立的镉硫金属簇结构,但β结构域的镉硫金属簇不如α结构域紧密,其在254nm的吸收峰不象α结构域那么明显。利用DTNB的竞争反应测定了α和β结构域对镉和锌的结合力,实验结果表明,α结构域倾向于结合Cd2+,β结构域倾向于结合Zn2+。以上研究对于进一步了解α和β结构域的生理功能和分子进化提供了有利的证据。     

原核生物的碳酸酐酶

碳酸酐酶（CA）催化CO2和HCO3^-之间的相互转化反应,其显著特征是存在α,β,γ三种分子结构不同且独立进化的分子类别,最近的研究表明CA不仅广泛存在于真核界所有高度进化的生物体中,而且还广泛存在于古细菌界和细菌界代谢多样化的原核生物种类中,这表明该酶在原核生物中的作用比先前所认识的更广泛和更基本,鉴于CA在原核生物生理学上的重要性,有必要对近年来原核生物CA的进化分类,分子结构特性,酶学特性及其在原核生物中的分布以及可能的生理功能等方面的研究进展作一介绍。     

脑金属硫蛋白GIF及其功能研究

脑金属硫蛋白ＧＩＦ及其功能研究王文清,潘宪明,刘杰（北京大学技术物理系１００８７１）（美国Ｋａｎｓａｓ医学中心）近年来在正常人脑皮层中发现了一种新的金属硫蛋白异构体,称ＧＩＦ（Ｇｆ。Ｗｔｈｌｎｈｉｂｉ－ｔｏｒｙＦａｃｔｏｒ,１９９１,Ｙｏｋ。Ｕｃｈｉ...     

碳酸酐酶Ⅱ及其抑制剂研究进展

碳酸酐酶Ⅱ是一种活性中心含有Zn^2＋、能催化CO＋H2O-HCO3-＋H^＋反应的金属酶。它广泛分布于人体多种组织、器官中,与人体酸碱平衡、青光眼、骨质疏松症、癌症等多种生理或病理过程密切相关,多年来一直备受关注。自从1992年高分辨率的碳酸酐酶Ⅱ晶体结构测定以来,其抑制剂研究发展较快,已有活性好、选择性强的抑制剂作为新药应用于临床。本文以碳酸酐酶Ⅱ结构、功能和抑制剂研究为重点,主要介绍近15年来该领域研究的一些重要进展。     

脱金属硫蛋白与二价汞离子的络合作用及构象研究

用圆二色谱研究兔肝锐金属硫蛋白的两个亚型ａｐｏ－ＭＴ１、ａｐｏ－ＭＴ２与Ｈｇ＾２＋在不同分子数比和ｐＨ值下的络合规律。发现：（１）在ｐＨ２下与Ｈｇ＾２＋重组ＭＴｓ的ＣＤ谱特征峰是３０４ｎｍ（＋）,２６０ｎｍ（－）,２５０ｎｍ（＋）。络合Ｈｇ＾２＋的数目ｎ远远超过７。任何ｐＨ值下过量Ｈｇ＾２＋的存在都将破坏ＭＴｓ的正常构象。ｐＨ值对形成和维持ＭＴｓ稳定构象的影响很大,当ｐＨ≥４．９时,ａｐｏ－ＭＴｓ     

脱金属硫蛋白与镉离子的络合作用及构象研究

用圆二色（ＣＤ）谱地研究兔肝脱金属硫属蛋白的两个亚型与Ｃｄ＾２＋的络合作用及对重组ＭＴ构象的影响。观测了ａｐｏ－ＭＴ垢巯基在空气和室温下的稳定性。在ＰＨ４．７１,镉重组ＭＴ１的ＣＤ谱特征峰在２５７ｎｍ（＋）,２３８ｎｍ（－）,２２６ｎｍ（＋）与镉诱导的天然ＭＴ１相同。在空气存在和ＰＨ７．９０的ＣＤ谱只有２４３ｎｍ（＋）一个峰。向两亚型分别加入７ｅｑＣｄ＾２＋测定ＣＤ谱随ＰＨ值的变化,发现在ＰＨ２．     

Effects of Melatonin on Carbonic Anhydrase from Human Erythrocytes In Vitro and from Rat Erythrocytes In Vivo

The in vitro effects of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on human carbonic anhydrase isozymes (HCA-I and HCA-II) from human erythrocytes and in vivo effects on rat erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes were purified by haemolysate preparation and Sepharose-4B-L tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. The HCA-I enzyme, having a specific activity of 7337.5?EU/mg protein, was purified 843-fold with a yield of 60% and the HCA-II enzyme, having a specific activity of 17067?EU/mg protein, was purified 1962-fold with a yield of 22.7%. For in vitro experiments, the enzyme activity was minimal at 2×10-4?M melatonin concentration and increased above this concentration. Ten mg?kg-1 melatonin was administered intraperitoneally and showed a stimulatory effect on the enzyme. Time-dependent in vivo studies were conducted for melatonin in Sprague–Dawley type rats. It was found that CA activity in the rat erythrocytes was decreased by the melatonin after 1 and 3 hours to 2500±500.0 and 1875±239.4 respectively which were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences to the control (2660±235.8). However, CA activity was restored to its normal level after 6?h (2666±235.7) (p>0.05) probably due to metabolism of the melatonin. The findings indicate that melatonin may be pharmacologically useful in some diseases.     

碳酸酐酶1对骨形成作用的研究

目的:为了研究碳酸酐酶1(carbonic anhydrase I,CA1)在生物矿化和骨形成过程中的作用。方法:选择HeLa细胞为研究对象,用地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)、β-磷酸甘油(β-glycerophosphate,β-GP)和维他命C(ascorbic acid,AA)诱导其钙化,茜素红染色法观察矿化结节的形成,荧光定量PCR检测细胞骨化标志蛋白Runx2/cbfa1的表达。CA1表达水平的变化采用Western blot和荧光定量PCR的方法检测。同时用碳酸酐酶抑制剂乙酰唑胺处理HeLa细胞,观察CA1表达被抑制后对HeLa细胞钙化的影响。结果:HeLa细胞在诱导后形成大量矿化结节,Runx2/cbfa1转录水平明显升高,显示DEX、β-GP和AA可诱导HeLa细胞钙化和骨化,HeLa细胞钙化后CA1表达明显增高。HeLa细胞经乙酰唑胺处理后,CA1的表达量减少,矿化结节形成明显减少,说明抑制CA1表达可以抑制HeLa细胞矿化和骨化过程。结论:CA1在生物矿化和新骨形成过程中起着重要作用。     

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Arylsulfonylureido-and Arylureido-Substituted Aromatic and Heterocyclic Sulfonamides: Towards Selective Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase Isozyme I

Abstract

Reaction of twenty aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydra-zino or hydroxyl group, with tosyl isocyanate or 3,4-dichlorophenyl isocyanate afforded two series of derivatives containing arylsulfonylureido or diarylureido moieties in their molecule respectively. The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form). Potent inhibition was observed against all three isozymes but especially against CA I, which is generally 10-75 times less susceptible to inhibition by the classical sulfonamides in clinical use as compared to the other major red cell isozyme, CA II, or the membrane-bound one, CA IV. The derivatives obtained from tosyl isocyanate were generally more potent than the corresponding ones obtained from 3,4-dichlorophenyl isocyanate. This is the first reported example of selective inhibition of CA I and might lead to more selective drugs/diagnostic agents from this class of pharmacologically relevant compounds.     

Plasma Levels of Zinc,Copper, Copper/Zinc Ratio,and Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase in Equine Piroplasmosis

We have determined the plasma concentrations of copper, zinc, copper/zinc ratio, and carbonic anhydrase activity in horses infected with Babesia equi. The study was conducted in 14 horses with the disease and 10 healthy animals that served as controls. The infection was confirmed by the clinical manifestations of the disease and by Giemsa staining of thin blood smears showing the parasites inside red blood cells. The horses with piroplasmosis had lower plasma levels of zinc, elevated copper, and increased activity of carbonic anhydrase. Consequently, the copper/zinc ratio was also higher than in the healthy controls.     

The Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition on Leptin Secretion by Rat Adipose Tissue

It is well known that the role of leptin in the body is to regulate food intake and energy expenditure but the process of leptin secretion by adipose tissue and the components involved in this process are still obscure. Carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) is the most abundant protein of the rat adipose tissue and its amount decreases with obesity. The effect of the inhibition of CA III on leptin secretion by rat epididymal adipose tissue was examined. Dorzolamide, a CA inhibitor, caused a decrease in dexamethasone and insulin-induced leptin secretion suggesting a possible role for CA III in the mechanism of leptin secretion.     

Up-Regulation of Carbonic Anhydrase Isozyme IV in CNS Myelin of Mice Genetically Deficient in Carbonic Anhydrase II

Abstract: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II is the major CA isozyme in the brain, where it participates in acid-base homeostasis, fluid transport, and myelin synthesis. The CA II deficiency [CA(II)D] mutation in the mouse results in structural changes in the glial cells in the CNS and in decreased susceptibility to seizures, but no detectable changes in myelin yield and ultrastructure. We compared the CA isozymes in brain and spinal cord fractions, as well as in purified myelin, between CA(II)D and control mice. CA(II)D resulted in a much lower total CA specific activity in all tissues examined but in higher CA IV specific activities in soluble and membrane-associated fractions and pure myelin. Western blots of purified myelin showed a band corresponding to CA IV in CA(II)D mice. This band was weak or undetectable in myelin samples from normal mice. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated CA IV in oligodendrocytes and myelinated tracts in normal mouse brains and stronger staining of the same structures in brains of CA(II)D mutants. We conclude that CA(II)D mutation in the mouse up-regulates CNS CA IV. We speculate that this up-regulation could mitigate the effect of CA(II)D on myelin formation and maintenance.     

Glial-Cell Cultures from Brains of Carbonic Anhydrase II-Deficient Mutant Mice: Delay in Oligodendrocyte Maturation

Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) is a multifunctional enzyme found in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in normal mouse brains. We have begun to compare the glial cells in primary cultures from neonatal genetically CAII-deficient (Car) mice to those from normal (con) mice in order to detect developmental defects, if any, in Car glial cells. In con cultures intensely CAII-positive cells costained with antibodies against the oligodendrocytic markers, O4 and myelin basic protein (MBP), respectively. Most (82%) of the CAII-positive cells were O4-positive, but only 60% were MBP-positive. Some clumps of GFAP-positive cells were CAII-positive. At each respective number of days in vitro (DIV) total numbers of O4-positive cells were similar in Car and con cultures, and total numbers of galactocerebroside-positive cells also were similar in Car and con cultures. However, compared to cells in con cultures at 7 DIV, a lower percent of Car cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage expressed MBP, and morphological differentiation also was subnormal in that the Car cells showed fewer processes and membrane sheets. Car and con cultures expressed similar numbers of MBP-positive cells by 10 DIV. The results suggest a temporary delay in the maturation of Car oligodendrocytes.     

The In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibitory Effects of Some Sulfonamide Derivatives on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase Activity

The in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of 5-(3α, 12α-dihydroxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (1), 5-(3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (2), 5-(3α, 7α, 12α-triacetoxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (3) and acetazolamide on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RT) erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) were investigated. The RT erythrocyte CA was obtained by affinity chromatography with a yield of 20.9%, a specific activity of 422.5?EU/mg protein and a purification of 222.4-fold. The purity of the enzyme was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Inhibitory effects of the sulfonamides and acetazolamide on the RT erythrocyte CA were determined using the CO₂-Hydratase method in vitro and in vivo studies. From in vitro studies, it was found that all the compounds inhibited CA. The obtained I₅₀ value for the sulfonamides (1), (2) and (3) and acetazolamide were 0.83, 0.049, 0.82 and 0.052?μM, respectively. From in vivo studies, it was observed that CA was inhibited by the sulfonamides (1), (2) and (3) and acetazolamide.     

镉诱导金属硫蛋白在华溪蟹组织中的表达

采用体外暴露染毒法,研究了不同浓度与时间条件下,镉诱导河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)在肝胰腺、肌肉、鳃和卵巢中的表达差异。镉浓度分别为0、14·5mg/L、29mg/L和58mg/L;处理时间依次为1d、3d和5d。利用镉血红蛋白饱和法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定MT的蛋白含量。结果显示,用不同的染毒浓度和处理时间,镉在组织中诱导产生MT的含量有较大差异,其中肝胰腺MT的诱导量最大,变化规律也最明显;肌肉中也有较大量MT的表达;而鳃和卵巢MT的诱导量均较低。此外,本文分析了镉的浓度与时间梯度对诱导MT表达的影响与毒性效应机制。结论:组织不同,染毒浓度及时间不同,镉诱导MT的表达也不同,具有一定的组织差异性和规律性。