麦胚凝集素作用下膜血型糖蛋白A构象变化研究

为进一步验证麦胚凝集素作用下膜血型糖蛋白Ａ空间构象的变化,本文用傅里叶变换红外技术,定量测定了麦胚凝集素作用下,溶液血型糖蛋白Ａ和脂蛋白体膜血型糖蛋白Ａ的二级结构的改变,发现麦胚凝集素结合于血型糖蛋白Ａ导致血型糖蛋白Ａα—螺旋减少,β—结构增加,麦胚凝集素的抑制剂Ｎ—乙酰葡萄糖胺对麦胚凝集素诱导的血型糖蛋白Ａ二级结构的改变有抑制作用。本文同时用扫描隧道显微术直接观察了麦胚凝集素结合前后膜血型糖蛋白Ａ分子形态的变化。     

麦胚凝集素作用下膜血型糖蛋白A构象变化研究

为进一步验证麦胚凝集素作用下膜血型糖蛋白Ａ空间构象的变化,本文用傅里叶变换红外技术,定量测定了麦胚凝集素作用下,溶液血型糖蛋白Ａ和脂蛋白体膜血型糖蛋白Ａ的二级结构的改变,发现麦胚凝集素结合于血型糖蛋白Ａ导致血型糖蛋白Ａα—螺旋减少,β—结构增加,麦胚凝集素的抑制剂Ｎ—乙酰葡萄糖胺对麦胚凝集素诱导的血型糖蛋白Ａ二级结构的改变有抑制作用。本文同时用扫描隧道显微术直接观察了麦胚凝集素结合前后膜血型糖蛋白Ａ分子形态的变化。     

人红细胞膜血型糖蛋白的研究进展

血型糖蛋白(GP)是红细胞膜中主要含唾液酸的跨膜蛋白,有A、B、C和D四种.GPA是MN血型糖蛋白,GPB表达Ss、U血型,GPC、GPD则是Gerbich抗原,四种血型糖蛋白的结构有不同程度的同源性,尤以同类间的同源性程度最高,GPA在防止红细胞之间、红细胞与血管内皮细胞之间的相互作用有重要功能,并在配体诱导下影响红细胞膜的物理性质.GPC是维持红细胞正常形状、正常物理性质的重要因子.GPA和GPC的功能还分别与带3蛋白、带4.1蛋白有关.     

红细胞4．1蛋白与血型糖蛋白C／D结合位点研究进展

红细胞膜骨架与脂双层间存在着相互作用,其中带4.1蛋白与血型糖蛋白C/D间的相互作用对维持正常红细胞的形态和机械稳定性起着重要作用,研究表明,带4.1蛋白在血型糖蛋白C、D上的结合位点分别位于血型糖蛋白C的第82～98位氨基酸残基和血型糖蛋白D的第61～77位氨基酸残基．     

人红细胞膜上的A,B和H血型抗原物质

血型物质是在红细胞膜上存在的表现血型特异的抗原物质。在人的红细胞膜上具有 A,B,H 和 Lewis 血型特异的抗原物质,如糖蛋白,糖脂和游离的低聚糖。血型特异的糖蛋白是唾液以及胃液等分泌液的组分。具有血型活性的低聚糖可在乳汁和尿中找到。活性的糖脂是红细胞膜和血清的组分。     

含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白与脂类双分子层的相互作用—脂类-蛋白相互作用的一种模型

基于作者已经发表的实验结果,本文认为脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可来自脂双层内疏水区的相互作用,也可来自膜表面的吸附作用.本文对含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白(如血型糖蛋白和胰岛素受体)与脂双层的相互作用的热力学估计(正则溶液近似)表明,脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可能主要来自胰蛋白的亲水链团在膜表而吸附的贡献.本文理论分析的结论与已经发表的实验结果相一致.     

含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白与脂类双分子层的相互作用—脂类-蛋白相互作用的一种模型

基于作者已经发表的实验结果,本文认为脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可来自脂双层内疏水区的相互作用,也可来自膜表面的吸附作用.本文对含有长亲水链团的膜糖蛋白(如血型糖蛋白和胰岛素受体)与脂双层的相互作用的热力学估计(正则溶液近似)表明,脂类—蛋白相互作用自由能可能主要来自胰蛋白的亲水链团在膜表而吸附的贡献.本文理论分析的结论与已经发表的实验结果相一致.     

人红细胞膜上可能存在4．1－血型糖蛋白C与p55蛋白的相互作用

人红细胞膜上可能存在４．１－血型糖蛋白Ｃ与ｐ５５蛋白的相互作用卢义钦，刘俊凡（湖南医科大学生化教研室，长沙４１００７８）关键词人红细胞膜，蛋白ｐ５５，相互作用人红细胞膜的一些膜蛋白，通过彼此间的相互作用可形成错综复杂的膜下网络，呈现一定的双向或立体结...     

浅谈糖蛋白

糖蛋白是指糖和蛋白质间,以蛋白质为主,其一定部位以共价键与若干糖分子链相连而构成的分子。糖蛋白广泛存在于生物体内,包括许多酶、大分子蛋白质、激素、血浆蛋白、全部抗体、血型物质和粘液组分以及许多膜蛋白,是细胞质膜、细胞间质、血浆、粘液等的重要组成成     

虫花菌胞外糖蛋白的分离、纯化及其性质研究

虫花菌(Isaria farinosa(Dicks)Fr.)发酵液经超滤浓缩、乙醇沉淀、弱酸性阳离子交换树脂和弱碱性阴离子交换树脂去杂蛋白后,又经Sephadex G-150纯化得到PG。PG经醋酸纤维膜电泳、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Sepharose 4B柱层析,证明是单一均匀的糖蛋白。PG的分子量为11.1万。PG的糖含量为92.35％、蛋白含量为7.61％。PG用气相色谱、红外光谱分析表明含有D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖,其摩尔比是5.93:1。推测PG主要含α-型糖苷键。PG对小鼠实体瘤S-180有一定的抑制作用,抑瘤率为22.2％。     

Hydrophobic photolabeling in membranes: the human erythrocyte glucose transporter

Human erythrocyte membranes were labeled with a hydrophobic photoactivable reagent, 2-[3H]Diazofluorene. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein fraction showed that several membrane spanning proteins like Band 3 (the anion transporter), Band 4.5 (the glucose transporter), and the sialoglycoproteins PAS 1, 2, and 3 have been labeled. To isolate the diazofluorene-labeled glucose transporter, the membrane preparation was solubilized with Triton X-100 and passed through a DEAE-cellulose column. The flow-through fraction was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radioactive analysis of the gel indicated that besides the Band 4.5, two more proteins corresponding to the Band 3 and Band 6 regions also coelute with the glucose transporter in the flow-through fraction. On the other hand, use of n-octyl glucoside gave a relatively better preparation. The 2-[3H]DAF-labeled glucose transporter isolated by the latter method on tryptic digestion indicated that the Mr 18,000 fragment corresponding to the C-terminal transmembrane fragment is labeled.     

Separation and characterization of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A method is described for the preparation of outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the outer membrane proteins characterized. Isolated outer and cytoplasmic membranes differed markedly in the content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (lipopolysaccharide) and phospholipid as well as in the localization of certain enzymes (NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, D-lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and phospholipase), and also in the microscopic morphology. The outer membrane preparation showed activity neutralizing a certain bacteriocin or bacteriophages, whereas the cytoplasmic membrane preparation showed no neutralizing activity. The protein composition of membrane preparations from five different strains of P. aeruginosa [P14, M92 (PAO1), PAC1, P15, and M2008 (PAT)] were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. More than 50 protein bands were detected in the cytoplasmic membrane preparation. The protein compositions of outer membranes from the five different strains were very similar: at least 6 major bands were found (apparent molecular weights: Band D, 50,000; band E, 45,000; band F, 33,000; bands G and H, 21,000; and band I, 8,000). The protein composition of outer membranes was affected by some physiological growth conditions. Some features of major outer membrane proteins were also studied. Band F showed anomalous migration on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis depending on the solubilizing conditions or pretreatment with TCA. Band I seemed to be a protein analogous to the lipoprotein which had been found in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.     

Evidence for the existence of a stable association between nascent DNA and the nuclear membrane of HeLa cells.

Nascent DNA-nuclear membrane complexes isolated from HeLa cells and solubilized in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea solution were examined by gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, isopycnic centrifugation, and by extraction with chloroform/methanol. Radioactivity attributable to [3H]DNA co-migrated with three protein peaks during electrophoresis. This radioactivity was eliminated by prior treatment with DNAase. In addition, all of the radioactivity attributable to nascent DNA eluted with a specific protein on Sepharose 4B columns. This DNA - protein complex banded at a density of 1.58 gm/cm3 in sucrose-CsCl gradients. Treatment with DNAase, phospholipase A and C, and dilute alkali disrupted the complex. Moreover, 93% of the radioactivity attributable to protein and 70% of that attributable to DNA could be extracted from the complex with a chloroform/methanol solution. The results suggest that nascent DNA may be in a stable association with a proteolipid moiety of the nuclear membrane.     

Isolation and characterization of band 3, the predominant polypeptide of the human erythrocyte membrane.

Band 3 is the predominant approximately 90,000-dalton polypeptide component of the human erythrocyte membrane. It was solubilized selectively, along with the other major glycoproteins, by extracting membrane ghosts with Triton X-100 under nondenaturing conditions. Two major polypeptides remained associated with Band 3 under these conditions; however one (Band 6) could be dissociated at an ionic strength of 0.15 and the other (Band 4.2) by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoate. Band 3 was then purified (greater than or equal to 97%) by aminoethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The isolated protein was free of phospholipid and was moderately enriched in apolar amino acid residues; it contained galactose and glucosamine but very little sialic acid and galactosamine. When Band 3 was labeled by treatment of ghosts with galactose oxidase plus KB3H4 and then purified, the electrophoretic mobility of its radioactivity lagged slightly behing that of its Coomassie blue staining profile. Variation in glycosylation could therefore cause the diffuse trailing zone characteristically observed for Band 3 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The ultraviolet circular dichroism of Band 3 was stable in nonionic detergent and suggested an alpha helix content of 43%, a value close to that estimated for this polypeptide in the membrane.     

Proteins and glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membrane

Erythrocyte membranes from several species were prepared by three different methods of hypotonic hemolysis and examined for variations in protein and glycoprotein content by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Significant variations were noted in morphology of the membranes prepared by the different methods without attendant variations in protein patterns of the major membrane proteins for most cases observed, which show a similar pattern of nine common bands for all of the species observed. The significant difference in protein pattern which was noted was attributed to proteolytic digestion of membranes which were fragmented during preparation. Failure to remove white blood cells from membrane preparations was shown to be a significant source of the problem with proteolytic digestion. Glycoproteins were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by column chromatography. Each species appears to have a different major glycoprotein (or group of closely related glycoproteins). Molecular weights of glycoproteins calculated from acrylamide gel electrophoresis were found to vary with the percentage of acrylamide in the gel, indicating that these proteins do not behave in a normal fashion in this electrophoresis system. The molecular weight calculated from gel filtration data for the human membrane glycoproteins (26,000) was quite disparate from those calculated from gel electrophoresis (88,000 to 62,000 in 5 to 10% gels).     

Reconstitution of the d-glucose transporter of bovine thymocyte plasma membrane: Partial purification of transport activity by chromatography on agarose lentil lectin and agarose ethanethiol

The d-glucose transporter of bovine-thymocyte plasma membrane was partially purified using several procedures in sequence. Dimethylmaleic anhydride extraction removed extrinsic membrane proteins (approximately 50% of the total membrane protein) after which sodium cholate solubilized 40% of the residual protein. Reconstitution of solubilized proteins into phospholipid liposomes indicated a 2.5-fold increase in sugar transport specific activity relative to membrane solubilized without dimethylmaleic anhydride extraction. Detergent removal by gel filtration on G-50 Sephadex resulted in reaggregation of intrinsic membrane proteins. Ultracentrifugation of the reaggregated proteins generated a particulate fraction (pellet 1) which contained about 50% of the total d-glucose transport activity of the preparation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pellet 1 demonstrated removal of a major band at 68,000 daltons and two minor bands not removed by dimethylmaleic anhydride. The 68,000-dalton protein was not removed by any other method tested. Chromatography of resolubilized pellet 1 on a tandem-bed column of agarose ethanethiol and agarose lentil lectin resulted in a 6-fold increase in transport specific activity of nonabsorbed proteins relative to pellet 1. Approximately 15% of the protein (80–90% of the transport activity) applied to the tandem-bed column was recovered in the nonabsorbed fraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of proteins in the nonabsorbed fraction showed apparent enrichment of a diffuse zone at 52,00045,000 daltons. The overall increase in specific activity of the partially purified preparation was about 12-fold relative to unpurified solubilized proteins.     

Isolation of a 5,300-dalton peptide containing a pyridoxal phosphate binding site from the 38,000-dalton domain of band 3 of human erythrocyte membranes

A hydrophobic 5,300-dalton peptide was isolated from the 38,000-dalton domain of Band 3 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The peptide was affinity labeled with pyridoxal phosphate and sodium [3H]borohydride when erythrocytes were incubated in vitro. The peptide was not labeled with these agents when cells were incubated in the presence of a specific inhibitor of anion transport, suggesting that the peptide contains at least a part of the active center for the anion transport system in the cell membrane. The peptide was eluted from a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column with a high concentration of acetonitrile (more than 65%), although the elution pattern of the hydrophobic peptide was not as sharp as that of the soluble peptides. However, a satisfactory separation was achieved when this procedure was employed in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Analysis of the oligomeric state of Band 3, the anion transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. Oligomeric stability and origin of heterogeneity

The oligomeric state of human Band 3 (Mr = 95,000), the erythrocyte membrane anion exchanger, was examined by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography in solutions containing the nonionic detergent C12E8 (octaethylene glycol n-dodecyl monoether). Band 3 was heterogeneous with respect to oligomeric composition, the predominant (70%) species being a dimer that bound 0.57 mg of C12E8/mg of protein (Stokes radius = 78 A, s20,w = 6.9 S). Variable amounts of larger oligomers were also present; however, no evidence for equilibration between oligomeric species was observed in detergent solution. Analytical and large zone size exclusion chromatography showed that Band 3 could not be dissociated to monomers, other than by protein denaturation. The membrane domain of Band 3 (Mr = 52,000) was also dimeric, but without evidence for higher oligomeric forms, which implies that the interactions responsible for higher associations involve the cytoplasmic domain. Prelabeling of Band 3 with the anion exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate had no effect upon the oligomeric state of either intact Band 3 or its 52-kDa membrane domain. Band 3 oligomeric state could be reversibly changed in the membrane by altering the pH of the solution. The fraction of Band 3 not associated with the cytoskeleton was almost entirely dimeric. Band 3 purified from erythrocytes separated by density gradient centrifugation revealed that older red cells contained a larger proportion of higher oligomers than did younger cells. We conclude that Band 3, in the membrane and in C12E8 solution, exists as a mixture of dimers and larger oligomers. The higher oligomers interact with the cytoskeleton, increase in amount with cell age, and are held together by interactions of the cytoplasmic domain.     

Isolation of L-dynurenine 3-hydroxylase from the mitochondrial outer membrane of rat liver.

Outer membrane preparations of rat liver mitochondria were isolated, after the mitochondria had been prepared by mild digitonin treatment under isotonic conditions. L-Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase [EC 1.14.13.9] was solubilized on a large scale from outer membrane by mixing with 1% digitonin or 1% Triton X-100, followed by fractionation into a minor fraction I and a major fraction II by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The distribution of total L-Dynurenine 3-hydroxylase was roughly 20 and 80% in fraction I and II, respectively. Fraction I consisted of crude enzyme loosely bound to anion exchanger. In the present investigation, fraction I was not used because of its low activity and rapid inactivation. In contrast, fraction II consisted of crude enzyme with high activity, excluded from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography in the presence of 1 M KC1. In addition, fraction II was purified by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography with linear gradient elution, adding 1 M KC1 and 1% Triton X-100 to 0.05 M Tris-acetate buffer, pH 8.1. After isoelectric focusing, the purified enzyme preparation was proved to be homogeneous, since the L-kynurenine 3-hydroxylase fraction gave a single band on disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be approximately 200,000 or more by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and from the elution pattern on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. A 16-Fold increase of the enzyme activity was obtained compared with that of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was determined to be pH 5.4 by Ampholine isoelectric focusing.     

Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies with specific polyclonal antibodies directed against bovine myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

Bovine myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was purified from a Wolfgram protein fraction of brain myelin by molecular sieving and preparative gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal sequence of this wheat germ agglutinin reacting glycoprotein was determined. Antibodies against purified MOG and synthetic N-terminal octapeptide of MOG were produced in rabbits. Respective affinity purified antibody preparations gave identical results on Western blots. Treatment with specific glycosidases indicated that the oligosaccharide chains of MOG are only of N-chain type. This glycoprotein seems to be restricted to mammalian species since it was not detected in other animal species, ranging from fish up to reptiles. Immunohistochemical investigations on rat brain sections revealed that MOG is restricted to myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes, thus corroborating previous results obtained with the MOG 8-18C5 monoclonal antibody. Decreased staining pattern in Jimpy brain further attested its specific localization in myelin-related structures. The octapeptide site-specific antibodies were not reactive on brain sections which may be attributed to the burying of this N-terminal sequence in the membrane. These MOG polyclonal antibodies appear to be valuable tools for further studies concerning this minor glycoprotein.Abbreviations BSA bovine serum albumin - CNS central nervous system - DM-20 minor myelin proteolipid protein - MAG Myelin-associated glycoprotein - MBP myelin basic proteins - MOG Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein - OMgp Oligodendrocyte/Myelin glycoprotein - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PBS phosphate buffered saline - PeptMOG n-terminal octapeptide of MOG - PLP major myelin proteolipid protein - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride - SDS sodium dodecylsulphate - TBS Tris buffered saline - WPF Wolfgram protein fraction - WGA Wheat germ agglutinin