Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in the sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L., Malvaceae) and related hibiscus species

Microsatellite loci were isolated from the sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L., Malvaceae), a pantropical plant with sea‐drifted seeds. This study describes six dinucleotide microsatellite loci for which the primers produced clear and polymorphic amplification patterns with different levels of variability (between three and nine alleles). Six markers were amplified in four other species of hibiscus, greatly increasing the utility of these markers.     

木槿属植物海滨木槿的研究进展

近几十年来,从木槿属植物中分离得到多种化合物,如木脂素、黄酮、萜类、mansonones类等化合物类型。文章重点介绍了木槿属及该属植物海滨木槿的研究进展,有助于对该属植物海滨木槿的进一步开发与研究。     

Genetic diversity of Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae) in China assessed using AFLP markers

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to investigate the genetic variations within and among nine natural populations of Hibiscus tiliaceus in China. DNA from 145 individuals was amplified with eight primer pairs. No polymorphisms were found among the 20 samples of a marginal population of recent origin probably due to a founder effect. Across the other 125 individuals, 501 of 566 bands (88.5%) were polymorphic, and 125 unique AFLP phenotypes were observed. Estimates of genetic diversity agreed with life history traits of H. tiliaceus and geographical distribution. AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic diversity resided within populations (84.8%), which corresponded to results reported for outcrossing plants. The indirect estimate of gene flow based on phiST was moderate (Nm=1.395). Long-distance dispersal of floating seeds and local environments may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of the population and the genetic structure of this species.     

Gene flow and population subdivision in a pantropical plant with sea-drifted seeds Hibiscus tiliaceus and its allied species: evidence from microsatellite analyses

The genetic differentiation and structure of Hibiscus tiliaceus , a pantropical plant with sea-drifted seeds, and four allied species were studied using six microsatellite markers. A low level of genetic differentiation was observed among H. tiliaceus populations in the Pacific and Indian Ocean regions, similar to the results of a previous chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) study. Frequent gene flow by long-distance seed dispersal is responsible for species integration of H. tiliaceus in the wide distribution range. On the other hand, highly differentiated populations of H. tiliaceus were detected in West Africa, as well as of Hibiscus pernambucensis in southern Brazil. In the former populations, the African continent may be a geographical barrier that prevents gene flow by sea-drifted seeds. In the latter populations, although there are no known land barriers, the bifurcating South Equatorial Current at the north-eastern horn of Brazil can be a potential barrier to gene flow and may promote the genetic differentiation of these populations. Our results also suggest clear species segregation between H. tiliaceus and H. pernambucensis , which confirms the introgression scenario between these two species that was suggested by a previous cpDNA study. Our results also provide good evidence for recent transatlantic long-distance seed dispersal by sea current. Despite the distinct geographical structure observed in the cpDNA haplotypes, a low level of genetic differentiation was found between Pacific and Atlantic populations of H. pernambucensis , which could be caused by transisthmian gene flow.     

Origin and diversification of Hibiscus glaber, species endemic to the oceanic Bonin Islands, revealed by chloroplast DNA polymorphism

Abstract Two woody Hibiscus species co-occur in the Bonin Islands of the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Hibiscus glaber Matsum. is endemic to the islands, and its putative ancestral species, Hibiscus tiliaceus L., is widely distributed in coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics. To infer isolating mechanisms that led to speciation of H. glaber and the processes that resulted in co-occurrence of the two closely related species on the Bonin Islands, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences. Materials collected from a wide area of the Pacific and Indian Oceans were used, and two closely related species, Hibiscus hamabo Siebold Zucc. and Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb., were also included in the analyses. The constructed tree suggested that H. glaber has been derived from H. tiliaceus, and that most of the modern Bonin populations of H. tiliaceus did not share most recent ancestry with H. glaber. Geographic isolation appears to be the most important mechanism in the speciation of H. glaber. The co-occurrence of the two species can be attributed to multiple migrations of different lineages into the islands. While a wide and overlapping geographical distribution of haplotypes was found in H. tiliaceus, localized geographical distribution of haplotypes was detected in H. glaber. It is hypothesized that a shift to inland habitats may have affected the mode of seed dispersal from ocean currents to gravity and hence resulted in geographical structuring of H. glaber haplotypes.     

红麻及其近缘种的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术分析了木槿属（Hibiscus)Furcaria组中纤维作物红麻（H.cannabinus)及其6个近缘种植物的25份材料,用筛选出的16个引物扩增出192个RAPD条带,它们表现出丰富的多态性。根据得到的RAPD指纹图谱,计算其Nei氏相似系数和遗传距离。并构建了它们的系统树。结果表明,25份材料可划分为7个组。H.penduriformis和H.calyphyllus两个种为一组;红麻种分为两个组,一组为栽培品种,另1组为野生型材料;其余4个种各成为1组。玫瑰麻（H.sabdariffa)和金线吊芙蓉（H.radiatus)的关系较近,而且两者与红麻的亲缘关系也较近,而其它四个种与红麻的关系较远。H.trionum与其它六个种的关系较远。     

Protein Electrophoresis of Single Pollen Grains of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Electrophoresis and staining of proteins from the single pollen grains of Hibiscus rosasinensis have been developed by using general ultrathin polyacrylamide gel combined with highly-sensitive silver staining technique. The result revealed that the pollen abortion could occur in different stages of pollen development. The protein patterns varied greatly in different stages of pollen development, even in the different pollen grains in the same anther at the same development stage. Some bands exhibited a disjunction by classical Mendelian ratio 1: 1, suggesting that the gene loci were heterogeneous and the proteins were related to the expression of the genes at the early stage of pollen development.     

Hibiscus Acid as an Inhibitor of Starch Digestion in the Caco-2 Cell Model System

Hibiscus acid, an α-amylase inhibitor isolated from roselle tea, and its derivatives were compared in an inhibition test for starch digestion. An α-amylase-added Caco-2 system was established as a useful model to evaluate the effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors on starch digestion. Hibiscus acid showed weak inhibition in this model system, and the methyl ester derivatives showed even weaker or no activity.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae) and cross-species amplifications

We report on the development of 10 microsatellite markers in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hrs). Three markers were obtained from sequences available in GenBank and seven were isolated using a two-step ‘primer extension’ procedure, based on the microsatellite-AFLP (M-AFLP) technique. Polymorphism was explored in 21 Hrs genotypes representing the genetic variation within commercial varieties. Inter-specific amplification was assessed on 12 Hibiscus wild species. A total of 45 and 56 alleles (ranging from 1 to 10 for each locus) was amplified respectively from the 21 Hrs varieties and among the full Hibiscus spp. genotype set. Primers and conditions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the detected loci are reported.     

响应面法优化玫瑰茄粗多糖提取工艺及其抗氧化活性的研究

利用响应面法优化玫瑰茄粗多糖的提取工艺条件,测定粗多糖的抗氧化活性。按照Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,以玫瑰茄粗多糖的得率为响应值,在单因素试验的基础上,进行响应面分析试验,考察料液比、提取时间和提取温度对得率的影响。玫瑰茄粗多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1∶26 (g/mL)、提取时间3.1 h、提取温度90℃,在该最优条件下所得玫瑰茄粗多糖的得率为14.41%,与预测值接近;玫瑰茄粗多糖对DPPH、羟基、超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除作用。研究结果为玫瑰茄粗多糖的研究、开发和利用提供了理论基础。     

半红树植物黄槿的生态生物学特性研究

黄槿是一种具有重要生态、药用和观赏价值的半红树植物,在海岸生态系统中发挥重要作用。对其生态及生物学特性进行研究表明:黄槿属典型阳生性植物,具有较高的光合潜能,适于在热带亚热带地区光照充足的环境中生长。其叶绿素荧光的光合电子传递速率-光响应曲线(RLC)显示,黄槿的相对电子传递速率(rETR)随光合有效辐射(PAR)的升高而逐渐增加,并在PAR 2 751μmol.m-2.s-1时达到最大值,说明其光合系统II在强光照下也能保持较高的电子传递效率。黄槿叶绿素荧光参数显示其具有较高的能量利用效率,叶绿素a/b值(2.44∶1)略低于理论值(3∶1)。黄槿对营养元素的利用率较高,植株体内N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg的加权平均养分含量分别为1.23%、0.23%、1.34%、0.42%、0.24%、0.41%。P含量偏低,在其栽培过程中应及时补充P元素。该研究结果将对黄槿的引种、栽培及开发利用提供重要的理论依据。     

成都地区19个木芙蓉品种的孢粉学研究及其分类学意义

为了解成都地区木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis)品种间的亲缘关系,采用扫描电镜观察了19个木芙蓉品种的花粉显微结构,并探讨其分类学意义.结果表明,19个木芙蓉品种的花粉均为大粒,主要为圆球形,具散孔,外壁纹饰均为刺状纹饰,表面具有颗粒状突起.木芙蓉品种间在花粉粒大小、外壁纹饰上具有一定差异,可以作为品种分类...     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the rough periwinkle gastropod, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792) and their cross-amplification in four congeners

Eight new microsatellite loci were characterized for Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792) and tested for their cross-hybridization in congeners. All loci were polymorphic in Irish and Celtic Sea samples, with an average number of alleles per locus of 15 (range, 6–31). Observed and expected locus heterozygosities ranged from 26 to 85% and from 53 to 92%, respectively. Three loci showed excess homozygosity and significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg expectations in one sample, possibly due to null alleles, population structuring or inbreeding. No linkage disequilibrium was detected among loci within samples. A high degree of cross-hybridization was observed in closely related congeners and most loci were polymorphic. These markers will be useful for investigating population genetic diversity and connectivity in coastal populations, especially for marine reserve design.     

Concordance of genetic divergence among sockeye salmon populations at allozyme, nuclear DNA, and mitochondrial DNA markers

Abstract.— We examined genetic variation at 21 polymorphic allozyme loci, 15 nuclear DNA loci, and mitochondrial DNA in four spawning populations of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) from Cook Inlet, Alaska, to test for differences in the patterns of divergence among different types of markers. We were specifically interested in testing the suggestion that natural selection at allozyme loci compromises the effectiveness of these markers for describing the amount and patterns of gene flow among populations. We found concordance among markers in the amount of genetic variation within and among populations, with the striking exception of one allozyme locus ( sAH ), which exhibited more than three times the amount of among-population differentiation as other loci. A consideration of reports of discordance between allozymes and other loci indicates that these differences usually result from one or two exceptional loci. We conclude that it is important to examine many loci when estimating genetic differentiation to infer historical amounts of gene flow and patterns of genetic exchange among populations. It is less important whether those loci are allozymes or nuclear DNA markers.     

响应面法优化扶桑叶黄酮超声提取工艺

以扶桑叶为研究材料,以Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计,利用响应面法对扶桑叶黄酮提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,超声波辅助乙醇提取扶桑叶黄酮优化工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%,超声提取时间70 min,液料比40∶1。在最佳工艺条件下扶桑叶黄酮提取的得率最高,为34.56 mg/g。     

Genetic variation and population structure of oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis, in China by allozyme, SSRP-PCR, and AFLP markers

Allozyme analysis, microsatellite primer PCR (SSRP-PCR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure of the Chinese oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis. A total of 299 PCR markers (67 SSRPs and 232 AFLPs) were detected in eight populations, of which 98.7% were polymorphic markers. The proportion of polymorphic loci (95.5-98.8%) by SSRP+AFLP markers indicated no significant differences between populations, and all populations exhibited a similar level of variability; results of the allozyme analysis demonstrated that 19 loci gave rise to a lower level of polymorphism (55.6-66.7%). The genetic distances between the populations were relatively low. Shannon's index and Nei's gene diversity showed low differentiation among the populations. Allozyme analysis, however, reflected greater similarity and smaller differentiation between the populations than those shown by SSRP and AFLP markers. Neighbor-joining dendrograms derived from both the allozyme and SSRP+AFLP markers showed that the genetic distances among Chinese oriental migratory locust populations were not greatly influenced by geographic distance and breeding habitats.     

辣椒种质遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR及其表型数据分析

用RAPDI、SSR分子标记及28个表型性状数据对辣椒属5个栽培种的13份材料进行了分析,结果表明:23条RAPD引物共扩增出209条带,平均每个引物扩增出9.09条,多态性位点比率为83.73%;16条ISSR引物共扩增出94条带,平均每个引物扩增出5.88条,多态性位点比率为79.79%.与RAPD相比,ISSR标记检测到的有效等位基因数(Ne)及Shannon多样性指数(I)、遗传离散度(Ht)和遗传分化系数(Gst)等遗传多样性参数都较大,多态性位点比例在亲缘关系较近的一年生辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种内较高,说明ISSR有更高的多态性检测效率,并且适合亲缘关系较近的种群间遗传多样性分析.基于RAPDI、SSR的聚类与基于表型数据的聚类之间存在极显著正相关,且都能将C.annuum与其它栽培种区分开来.     

黄秋葵组培快繁的研究

黄秋葵 (ＨｉｂｉｓｃｕｓｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｓＬ .)为锦葵科一年生草本植物 ,别名羊角豆、秋葵。原产非洲 ,欧美及东南亚热带地区广泛栽培 (马传先 ,1999;李正应 ,1993;翁文 ,1997;雪珍等 ,1999)。黄秋葵是一种营养保健型蔬菜 ,其花、叶、芽、果均可食用 ,种子富含油脂、蛋白质及钾、钙、铁、锌、锰等矿物质 ,晒干后既可用于提取油脂和蛋白质 ,还可作为咖啡的添加剂或代用品。花、种子和根均可入药 ,对恶疮、痛疖有疗效。黄秋葵的愈伤组织在一定条件下比较容易产生体细胞胚并再生成完整植株 ,故黄秋葵的组培快繁研究也可为胚胎学研究和人…     

Factors influencing extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa staining of rat testes

Abstract

Some plant extracts can be used in biology and medicine to reveal or identify cellular components and tissues. We investigated the effects of time and concentration on staining of histological sections of rat testes by an acidified extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. An ethanolic extract of H. sabdariffa was diluted using 1% acetic acid in 70% ethanol to stain histological sections of testes at concentrations of 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 g/ml for 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The sections of testes were stained deep red. The staining efficiency of H. sabdariffa was greater at a high concentration and required less time to achieve optimal staining. H. sabdariffa is a strongly basic dye that can be used for various diagnostic purposes. Staining time and concentration must be considered to achieve optimal results.     

木槿属植物染色体倍性与花粉粒、叶片气孔器性状的关系

测定了木槿属植物裂瓣槿(Hibiscus schizopetalus (Masters)．Hook．f.)、木芙蓉(H.mutabilis L.)和扶桑(H.rosa-sinensis L．)及扶桑的3个栽培变种重虹中玫槿(H．rosa-sinensis L．cv．Double Rainbow)、橙黄中玫槿(H.rosa-sinensis L.cv．Flavo-plenus)、洋红中玫槿(H.rosa-sinensis L.cv．Carminatus)的气孔器长度、宽度和保卫细胞叶绿体数目以及花粉粒大小。结果表明,气孔器长度、宽度和保卫细胞叶绿体数目以及花粉粒大小均与染色体数目和倍性存在正相关关系,可作为鉴定木槿属植物倍性的参考指标。扶桑及其3个栽培变种的花粉粒大小都有较大的变化范围,探讨了这种现象与木槿属植物多倍体起源的关系。