谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticam aestivum)品种, 运用离体穗培养技术, 研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响。实验结果表明, 随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高, 粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线, 在6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值; 籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势, 而淀粉含量呈下降趋势。籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致, 而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2~6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势, 此后则无明显变化。     

两种冠温型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态

 于2001～2003年对河南省主要推广的3个冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum)品种冠温特征、籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态进行了研究。结果表明：‘豫麦50’在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型,而‘豫麦34’、‘豫麦70’冠层温度有上升的趋势,表现为暖尾型 ,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5 ℃。不同冠温小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态表现出差异：暖尾型小麦清蛋白、球蛋白积累量在灌浆后期显著高于冷尾型品种,最终醇溶蛋白积累量品种间差异不显著,麦谷蛋白积累量在花后15 d以前差异不显著,但开花 20 d后暖尾型小麦麦谷蛋白积累量增大,与冷尾型小麦差异达到1%显著水平,最终麦谷蛋白与总蛋白质含量比例亦表现出同样的趋势,麦谷蛋白含量与灌浆中、后期冠层温度和整个灌浆期平均冠层温度均达到显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.7781、0.865、0.968 7;不同冠温型 小麦淀粉组分积累量与直/支差异不大,但淀粉糊化特性表现出明显的差异,除稀懈值外, 暖尾型小麦与冷尾型小麦峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、糊化时间、糊化温度和反弹值差异分别达到1%显著水平。     

氮素对不同类型玉米籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量及其组分变化的影响

以普通玉米掖单22和高油玉米高油115为材料,研究了不同供氮条件下玉米籽粒中蛋白质及其组分的含量、清蛋白和球蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量、籽粒氨基酸总鼍以及氨基酸组分含量的品种差异。结果表明。氮素供应水平对两种类型玉米灌浆期间籽粒蛋白质含量变化作用相同,前期逐渐下降,至成熟期略有升高;籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和符蛋白含量变化动态各处理基本一致,两种类型玉米籽粒清蛋白含量随时间的推移逐渐降低。球蛋门含量的变化动态旱单峰曲线,峰值出现在授粉后30d。醇溶蛋白含量均呈“V”型变化,以授粉30d后最低。谷蛋白的含量则均呈上升趋势。氮素供应水平对两种类型玉米籽粒中各蛋白质组分禽量的变化的影响作用有所不同。对高油115籽粒中球蛋白含量的影响较小;施氮水平并不改变两种类型玉米籽粒氨基酸总量的变化趋势。但两种类型玉米籽粒中氨基酸组分的含量变化较大。     

模拟酸雨对小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量及组分的影响

以宁麦13和徐麦31两种小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值酸雨对小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明:模拟酸雨抑制了小麦的生长,减少了生物量的积累。pH值2.0酸雨处理后宁麦13的单穗粒数和单茎产量分别较对照下降了48.6%和56.7%,徐麦31则分别下降了31.2%和39.7%,差异显著。小麦籽粒主要营养成分对酸雨胁迫响应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量,pH值2.0酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量分别比对照高36.6%和30.9%,总蛋白含量分别比对照高20.6%和15.1%,均与对照差异显著。而小麦可溶性糖、淀粉和脂肪含量较对照降低,且总体表现为酸度增强变化幅度增大。不同蛋白组分也对酸雨胁迫反应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒中清蛋白和球蛋白含量,而降低了谷蛋白含量和谷/醇。pH值2.0的酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31的清蛋白含量较对照分别增加了13.1%和23.9%,但与对照差异不显著。酸雨胁迫降低了总淀粉和支链淀粉含量,宁麦13和徐麦31的pH值2.0酸雨处理总淀粉含量分别较对照下降了11.8%和20.2%,与对照差异显著,但对直链淀粉含量影响不明显。可见酸雨不仅影响小麦的产量,而且对品质也有明显影响。酸雨处理尽管提高了籽粒总蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白和谷/醇,降低了其加工品质。     

水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料,在大田条件下,研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水;W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水;W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量,籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高,谷/醇增大;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高,直/支下降;籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加,球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降,谷/醇降低;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高;不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累,使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中,强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.     

土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量及加工品质的影响

研究了基础土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量变化及加工品质的影响。结果表明,高肥力土壤栽培的小麦比低肥力土壤栽培的小麦,其籽粒蛋白质及各组分含量都显著提高,但清蛋白和球蛋白占总蛋白含量的比例为低肥力土壤高于高肥力土壤,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白为高肥力土壤高低肥力土壤;低肥力土壤栽培的小麦籽粒醇溶蛋白开始形成的时间比高肥力的早,高肥力土壤栽培小麦的籽粒醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量的提高主要源于灌浆后期合成的快,高肥力土壤垢小麦湿面筋含量,沉降值,吸水率,面团形成时间,稳定时间,断裂时间和评价值均显著或极显著高于或长于低肥力的。     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

玉米幼穗离体培养体细胞胚高频发生的研究

以玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）幼穗为材料,ＭＳ主基本培养基,诱导体细胞且状体。筛选出了胚状体高频发生的品种;同时实验结果表明：玉米遗传型与胚状体形成有一定的相关性;诱导期２,４－Ｄ浓度对且状体产生十分重要,ＫＴ和６－ＢＡ影响且状体的发生。组织切片观察表明：多数胚状体起源于愈伤组织表层,少数产生于里层;愈伤组织产生且状体是不同步的。     

山苍子的离体培养和植株再生

1　植物名称　山苍子 (Ｌｉｔｓｅａｃｕｂｅｂａ) ,又名木姜子。2　材料类别　成年植株带芽茎段。3　培养条件　所使用的培养基为 :( 1 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ3.0ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 ) ＩＢＡ 0 .5 ;( 2 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ2 .0 ＩＢＡ 0 .5 ;( 3)ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 1 .0 ＫＴ 1 .0 Ｎ     

山葵的离体培养和植株再生

CInvitroCultureandPlangtletRegenerationofEutremawasabiWANGGuang-Dong,LIShi-Jun(DepartmentofHorticulture,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095)1植物名称山葵（Eutremawasabi）,又名山嵛菜。2材料类别带侧芽的根状茎。3培养条件（1）诱导培养基：1／2MS＋6－BA0．2mp·L－1（单位下同）＋NAA0．05;（2）增殖培养基：MS＋6-BA0．2＋KT0．2＋NAA0．05;（3）生根培养基：1／2MS＋NAA0．05。培养基（1）附加琼脂粉5．0g·L－1,其余附加6.0g·L－1。（1）和（2）培养基加蔗糖30g·L－1,（3）加20g·L－…     

Regulation of Starch and Protein Synthesis in Wheat Grains by Feeding Sucrose and Glutamine to Detached Ears Cultured in vitro

Three experiments of in vitro ear culture were conducted to evaluate how the substrates of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) supply in liquid medium regulate the grain growth and synthesis of protein and starch in two winter wheat cultivars. Increasing glutamine supply with constant sucrose concentration increased the contents of total protein and protein components of albumin and globulin in grain, and the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) across most treatments, while markedly reducing the contents of total starch and components of amylose and amylopectin as well as the activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule bounded starch synthase (GBSS). The opposite patterns were observed in the experiment of increasing sucrose supply at constant glutamine concentration. When simultaneously increasing sucrose and glutamine supply at constant ratio, the contents of total protein, albumin and globulin in grain were slowly enhanced, whereas the contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin and the activities of SSS, GBSS and GPT increased only to a certain extent and then decreased. Negative correlations were found between the contents of protein or protein components in grains and the relative ratio of sucrose to glutamine concentrations in the culture medium, while positive correlations were seen between the contents of total starch or starch components and the ratio of sucrose to glutamine. These results implied that the composition of protein and starch in wheat grain could be readily manipulated by varying the concentrations of sucrose and glutamine and their ratio in the culture medium.     

Early phases in in vitro culture of tomato cotyledons: Starch accumulation and protein pattern in relation to the hormonal treatment

Summary Tomato cotyledon explants, cultured in vitro in the presence of sucrose, were subjected to different hormonal treatments to establish whether the induction of different organogenic programmes could be correlated with differences in starch accumulation and protein electrophoretic pattern. The cytohistological changes in explants over the first 15 days of culture were studied by light and electron microscopy. It was found that starch accumulation occurs under all conditions, though varying in duration and amount. Over the first 2 days of culture the protein electrophoretic pattern changes in a similar way under all conditions, while after 7 days changes take place which are probably related to the different developmental programmes induced by the treatments.Abbreviations BOA benzisoxazole-3-acetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4 dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid - DTT dithiothreitol - GA₃ gibberellic acid - HF hormone-free - LM light microscopy - LSB Laemmli sample buffer - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride - TEM transmission electron microscopy - ZR zeatine riboside     

食用豆类种质资源粗蛋白及粗淀粉含量的评价

对"十五"期间收集、整理并存入国家种质库的1696份食用豆类种质资源的主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,9种食用豆类种质资源的粗蛋白、粗淀粉平均含量分别为24.93%、45.11%,不同食用豆类种质资源中各品质性状变异程度不同,其中菜豆和鹰嘴豆的粗蛋白和豇豆的粗淀粉含量变异最大.不同来源的食用豆类种质资源品质性状比较结果表明,国内绿豆种质资源粗蛋白含量明显优于国外种质资源.通过鉴定筛选出一批品质性状优良的食用豆类种质,并对使用的评价标准进行了讨论.     

小麦蛋白质组分含量的配合力和遗传力分析

利用5个小麦亲本,按Griffing方法4组配一套完全双列杂交,研究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力效应和不同组合间的特殊配合力效应差异都较大。球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的遗传主要受加性基因控制,清蛋白含量的遗传不存在加性基因作用,以显性基因作用为主。 Abstract：　A set of diallel crosses involving 5 wheat parents, according to the random model of Griffing Method 4, was made to study the combining ability and heritability of grain protein components in wheat. The results indicated that GCA effects of different parents for the same trait varied significantly. And SCA effects of different combination studied varied obviously. The inheritance of globulin, gliadin and glutenin contents were mainly controlled by additive genes. Dominant genes functioned mainly on albumin content without additive gene.     

非洲紫罗兰叶片脱分化过程中核酸蛋白质和滨粉含量动态的研究

本文测定了非洲紫罗兰（Ｓａｉｎｔｐａｕｌｔａｉｏｎａｎｔｈａ）叶片脱分化过程中核酸、蛋白质和波粉的含量。结果表明：发生脱分化的叶片中的蛋白质和淀粉含量均低于对照,而ＲＮＡ含量则高于对照,ＤＮＡ含量无明显差异。叶片培养的第一天内,发生脱分化的叶片中的蛋白质含量明显下降,对照中的蛋白质含量上升。脱分化过程中,淀粉含量有一个上升、下降、再上升的变化过程,对照中淀粉含量一直上升。     

Effect of Structural and Physicochemical Characteristics of the Protein Matrix in Pasta on In Vitro Starch Digestibility

Pasta is a popular carbohydrate-based food with a low glycemic response. A continuous protein matrix which entraps starch granules and/or limits/retards starch hydrolysis by α-amylase is thought to be an important factor in explaining the slow digestion of starch in pasta. The characteristics of the protein matrix may also play an important role in determining the rate of starch digestion in pasta and therefore its glycemic response. In this study, the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the protein matrix of pasta were modified by varying the number of passes through sheeting rollers to investigate their effect on in vitro starch digestibility. The results show that the proteins dissociated from the starch granules with increasing sheeting passes thereby allowing an increased degree of digestion of starch.     

Effect of pH on Glutamine Content Derived from Exogenous Glutamate in Astrocytes

Abstract: A shift in pH from 7.4 to 7.8 in the incubation solution caused a 3.4-fold increase in the free glutamine content of mouse cerebral astrocytes that were incubated with glutamate (100 μ M ) and ammonium (100 μ M ). This large and reversible steady-state increase in glutamine content was accompanied by smaller transient increases in the following: (a) net formation of glutamine; (b) clearance of glutamate from the incubation solution; and (c) glutamate content. The content of glutamine was reduced markedly by omission of either glutamate or ammonium from the incubation solution, or by inhibition of glutamine synthetase activity with methionine sulfoximine. The rate at which glutamine was exported from the astrocytes was unaffected by the pH change. The effects of pH on the concentration of free ammonia or on glutamate uptake do not appear to mediate the increase in glutamine content. Uptake of exogenous glutamine was little affected by the pH change. Therefore, possible mediation of the effect by an increase in intracellular pH must be considered. The response to altered pH described here may provide a cellular basis for the increased level of brain glutamine observed in hyperammonemia.     

青藏高原不同海拔矮嵩草蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量的变异

 生长在青藏高原4个不同海拔地区的矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis),其蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的含量有明显差异。其中海拔最高的大坂山(4,000m)植株中蛋白质含量平均比海拔依次较低的金羊岭(3,800m),海北站(3,200m)和西宁地区(2,200m)的分别高出9.9％,17.3％和39.4％;脂肪含量平均分别高出7.1％,77.8％和106.0％;淀粉含量也平均分别高出2.4％,21.6％和32.7％。同时表明,海拔高度对上述若干生化成分含量的季节性动态变化均有明显的影响。从而显示,高海拔地区的植物所以具有较强的抗寒性和适应逆境胁迫的能力,是与体内蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物(淀粉)的大量积累增加密切相关。