The steppes and deserts of the Xizang Plateau (Tibet)

The Xizang Plateau (Tibet) covers a vast area over 4 000 m with a severe environment. Steppes and deserts are widely distributed on the plateau to the west of 91.5°E. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Cyperaceae are the most important families in the composition of steppe communities. The steppe can be divided into high-cold steppe and montane steppe. The former one is characterized by the Stipa purpurea community, which occupies a vast area with a cold, dry climate: annual mean temperature 0 to –6°C, annual rainfall is 150–300 mm; The latter one is distributed in some limited regions, where the climate is less severe: annual mean temperature 0–7°C, annual rainfall is 150–400 mm. The representative communities here are the Stipa glareosa and S. bungeana communities. Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae play a principal role in both high-cold and montane deserts. The high-cold desert is unique. Its major representative is the Ceratoides compacta community, which is found at about 5 000 m, in an extremely cold and very dry climate. The Ceratoides latens and Ajania fruticulosa communities are the common ones of the montane desert which mainly appears below 4 600 m in elevation, where the annual temperature is about 0°C and the rainfall is less than 100 mm. The distribution of the steppe and the desert communities shows a clear regional differentiation, and an equally clear vertical distribution pattern.     

山西植物功能型划分及其空间格局

随着全球气候变化的加剧,作为沟通陆地生态系统与气候变化的桥梁,植物功能型(Plant Functional Types,PFTs)越来越受到生态学家的关注。PFTs不仅是简化生态系统复杂性的有效工具,而且可将植物的生理生态过程、生物物理特征及物候变化等引入到动态植被模型中,研究气候变化下的植被反应及其反馈机制。为了在区域尺度上研究气候变化和植被反应,基于"生态-外貌"原则,依据植物特征(如生长型、叶的性状)及其对水分、温度的需求,结合区域的气候与地理条件,对山西植被进行植物功能型的划分,并在此基础上对其空间格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)山西植被可划分为19类植物功能型(其中包括4类栽培作物功能型),分别是:寒温性常绿针叶林、温性常绿针叶林、寒温性落叶针叶林、温性落叶阔叶林、高寒落叶灌丛、温性落叶灌丛、多年生禾草草原、多年生禾草草丛、多年生禾草草甸、多年生莎草草甸、多年生杂类草草原、多年生杂类草草丛、多年生杂类草草甸。1年生杂类草草甸、多年生豆科草原、果树、一年一熟栽培作物、一年二熟栽培作物和二年三熟栽培作物。植物功能型的划分和分布与山西植被区划有较好的一致性,基本反映了植物固有特征及其对水热条件的需求。(2)农作物在山西占有较大比重,占植被类型面积的53.15%,森林类型以温性常绿针叶林和温性落叶阔叶林为主,灌丛类型以温性落叶灌丛为主,草本类型中多年生禾草草丛占较大比例,占草本类型面积的50.98%。(3)由于水热条件及地理条件的差异,植物功能型(不考虑栽培作物)在各区域表现出较大差异,如多年生杂类草草原主要分布于北部地区,在南部并不存在这种植物功能型;森林类型的功能型主要分布于中、南部地区,且结构复杂、类型多样。(4)除栽培作物表现出较好的整体性和连通性,其他植物功能型均表现出不同程度的破碎化和离散化。(5)山西植物功能型整体上表现出较高的多样性,其中中部地区比其他地区的多样性和破碎化程度高,斑块类型更加趋向于离散的小斑块状,北部地区则以一年一熟栽培作物占明显优势,表现出较强的优势度,而南部地区并没有表现出很强的破碎度或优势度。     

内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原净初级生产力及其对全球气候变化的响应

利用CENTURY模型对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原在未来气候变化以及大气CO₂浓度增高条件下的年地上净初级生产力(annual aboveground net primary productivity,ANPP)动态进行了模拟研究.结果表明：CENTURY模型可以较好地预测ANPP的变化.进一步的情景模拟发现,虽然全球气候变化所引起的温度和降水改变、以及大气CO₂浓度升高都会影响ANPP,但降水是关键的影响因子.多个全球气候模型(GCM) 预测该地区未来降水量会减少,故可能导致其ANPP降低,但在以下气候变化情景下研究区ANPP可能会升高：1)CO₂浓度倍增,温度升高2 ℃,降水保持不变或增加10%～20%;2)CO₂浓度保持不变,温度升高2 ℃,降水增加20%.气候变化将对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原产生显著影响.     

东北地区植被物候时序变化

植被与气候的关系非常密切,植被物候可作为气候变化的指示器。东北地区位于我国最北部,是气候变化的敏感区域,研究该区植被物候对气候变化的响应对阐明陆地生态体统碳循环具有重要意义。利用GIMMS AVHRR遥感数据集得到了东北地区阔叶林、针叶林、草原和草甸4种植被25a(1982—2006年)的物候时序变化,得出4种植被春季物候都表现出先提前后推迟的现象,秋季物候的变化则比较复杂,阔叶林和针叶林整体上呈现出秋季物候推迟的趋势,草原和草甸则表现为提前-推迟-提前的趋势。应用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Squares)回归分析了该区域植被物候与气候因子之间的关系,结果表明:春季温度与阔叶林、针叶林和草甸春季物候负相关,前一年冬季温度与草原春季物候正相关,降水与植被春季物候的关系有点复杂;4种植被秋季物候与夏季温度均呈正相关,除草原外,其余3种植被秋季物候均与夏季降水负相关。植被春季物候可能主要受温度影响,而秋季物候很可能主要受降水控制。     

天然草原净初级生产力变化监测与驱动力分析——以锡林郭勒草原为例

草地是陆地生态系统重要的组分,利用遥感技术在宏观尺度分析天然草原长势变化与其驱动力是了解草地生态状况的重要手段。本研究基于气候模型和光能利用率模型分别模拟2000—2018年锡林郭勒草原植被潜在植被净初级生产力(NPP)和实际NPP,以它们的差值作为由人类活动导致的NPP残损值,并利用最小二乘法在像元尺度分析锡林郭勒草原NPP时空变化规律以及气候和人类活动对NPP的驱动作用。结果表明: 2000—2018年间,锡林郭勒草地NPP在空间上呈由西向东递增分布规律,年均NPP为271.54 g C·m^-2·a^-1,NPP上升(草地恢复)面积为3.65万km²,NPP下降(草地退化)面积为5.99万km²;潜在NPP在温度和降水的驱动下趋于上升趋势,年均上升6.5 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明研究期间区域气候(降水和温度)对锡林郭勒草原NPP的提升具有积极作用,草地退化的驱动力主要来自人类活动;人类活动导致的研究区NPP残损值呈由东向西、由南向北递减分布,其中,乌珠穆沁草甸草原及南部典型草原残损值最高;采矿、开垦等人类活动对草地NPP的影响最明显。     

Drivers of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bromus tectorum</Emphasis> Abundance in the Western North American Sagebrush Steppe

Bromus tectorum can transform ecosystems causing negative impacts on the ecological and economic values of sagebrush steppe of the western USA. Although our knowledge of the drivers of the regional distribution of B. tectorum has improved, we have yet to determine the relative importance of climate and local factors causing B. tectorum abundance and impact. To address this, we sampled 555 sites distributed geographically and ecologically throughout the sagebrush steppe. We recorded the canopy cover of B. tectorum, as well as local substrate and vegetation characteristics. Boosted regression tree modeling revealed that climate strongly limits the transformative ability of B. tectorum to a portion of the sagebrush steppe with dry summers (that is, July precipitation <10 mm and the driest annual quarter associated with a mean temperature >15°C) and low native grass canopy cover. This portion includes the Bonneville, Columbia, Lahontan, and lower Snake River basins. These areas are likely to require extreme efforts to reverse B. tectorum transformation. Our predictions, using future climate conditions, suggest that the transformative ability of B. tectorum may not expand geographically and could remain within the same climatically suitable basins. We found B. tectorum in locally disturbed areas within or adjacent to all of our sample sites, but not necessarily within sagebrush steppe vegetation. Conversion of the sagebrush steppe by B. tectorum, therefore, is more likely to occur outside the confines of its current climatically optimal region because of site-specific disturbances, including invasive species control efforts and sagebrush steppe mismanagement, rather than climate change.     

Primary Productivity and Precipitation-Use Efficiency in Temperate Grassland in the Loess Plateau of China

Clarifying spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grasslands is critical for effective prediction of the response of terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycle to future climate change. Though the combination use of remote sensing products and in situ ANPP measurements, we quantified the effects of climatic [mean annual precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonal distribution (PSD)], biotic [leaf area index (LAI)] and abiotic [slope gradient, aspect, soil water storage (SWS) and other soil physical properties] factors on the spatial variations in ANPP and PUE across different grassland types (i.e., meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe) in the Loess Plateau. Based on the study, ANPP increased exponentially with MAP for the entire temperate grassland; suggesting that PUE increased with increasing MAP. Also PSD had a significant effect on ANPP and PUE; where more even PSD favored higher ANPP and PUE. Then MAP, more than PSD, explained spatial variations in typical steppe and desert steppe. However, PSD was the dominant driving factor of spatial variations in ANPP of meadow steppe. This suggested that in terms of spatial variations in ANPP of meadow steppe, change in PSD due to climate change was more important than that in total annual precipitation. LAI explained 78% of spatial PUE in the entire Loess Plateau temperate grassland. As such, LAI was the primary driving factor of spatial variations in PUE. Although the effect of SWS on ANPP and PUE was significant, it was nonetheless less than that of precipitation and vegetation. We therefore concluded that changes in vegetation structure and consequently in LAI and/or altered pattern of seasonal distribution of rainfall due to global climate change could significantly influence ecosystem carbon and water cycle in temperate grasslands.     

不同气候变化情景下荒漠草原生态系统碳动态模拟

荒漠草原生态系统对气候变化十分敏感,但其碳循环过程如何响应气候变化尚不明确。基于Biome-BGC模型和1958—2017年的气象观测资料,模拟了宁夏盐池荒漠草原生态系统在4种不同气候情景下的碳储量变化。结果表明:(1)4种气候情景下,盐池荒漠草原生态系统年均总碳储量在2.3208—2.3652 kg/m^2,土壤碳储量占总碳储量的94.03%,枯落物与植被碳储量分别占4.03%和1.94%。(2)近60 a间,基准情景下的土壤碳储量以每年0.0020 kg/m^2的速度累积,总碳储量呈波动性上升趋势。(3)植被、枯落物碳储量的年内变化与季节变化紧密相关,土壤碳储量在夏秋季较低,冬春较高。(4)单独的气温升高会导致土壤碳、植被碳及枯落物碳储量的略微降低,而单独降水波动增加会导致碳储量的明显增高,二者综合作用会导致碳储量的升高;此外,枯落物碳储量对气候变化的响应最敏感,其次是植被碳储量,土壤碳储量对气候变化的响应敏感度最低。研究结果揭示了荒漠草原碳储量随不同气候变化情景的变化规律,可为地方政府制定应对气候变化策略和生态恢复政策提供科学依据。     

内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度变化及其与气象因子的关系

利用1982-1999年内蒙古地区NOAA/AVHRR的NDVI数字遥感影像,对内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度进行了反演,探讨了近20a来温带草原植被盖度的变化情况,并对植被盖度与不同组合方式的降水及气温数据进行了相关分析,探讨了植被盖度与气象因子的关系。结果表明:①近20a来温带草原植被盖度呈上升趋势,占总面积72%的草原植被盖度发生了增长,3种不同草原类型中典型草原盖度上升趋势最为明显;②温带草原生长季平均盖度、逐月盖度与降水成正相关关系,与气温呈负相关关系,其中降水对盖度的影响存在着时滞及累积效应;③3种草原类型植被盖度对气象因子的敏感性不同,荒漠草原植被盖度与气温和降水相关性最强,其次为典型草原与草甸草原。     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤碳氮比的分布特征

利用67个样点数据,研究了青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤碳氮比的分布特征。结果表明:(1)在水平方向上,土壤碳氮比呈现出西北高、东南低的总体态势和斑块状交错分布的格局,碳氮比的高值区主要集中在藏北高原腹地和喜马拉雅山北麓湖盆区,不同草地型和不同自然地带土壤碳氮比差异显著;(2)土壤剖面自上而下,不同草地型碳氮比可分为低-高-低型、由高到低型、由低到高型、高-低-高-低型和高-低-高型等5个类型。表土层(0—20 cm)与底土层(30—40 cm)土壤碳氮比差异显著;(3)土壤碳氮比与与最冷月均气温、年均蒸发量、年均相对湿度和土壤全氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,而与年均日照时数、年均气温、速效钾含量呈极显著负相关关系,这些环境因素对土壤碳氮比影响从大到小的顺序是年均相对湿度年均日照时数最冷月均气温年均气温年均蒸发量土壤全氮含量土壤速效钾含量。     

Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland: effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution

Concomitant changes of annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution within the context of global climate change have dramatic impacts on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grassland ecosystems. In this study, combining remote sensing products with in situ measurements of ANPP, we quantified the effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonal distribution (PSD) on the spatial variations in ANPP along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland. Our results indicated that ANPP increased exponentially with MAP for the entire temperate grassland, but linearly for a specific grassland type, i.e. the desert steppe, typical steppe, and meadow steppe from arid to humid regions. The slope of the linear relationship appeared to be steeper in the more humid meadow steppe than that in the drier typical and desert steppes. PSD also had significant effect on the spatial variations in ANPP. It explained 39.4% of the spatial ANPP for the entire grassland investigated, being comparable with the explanatory power of MAP (40.0%). On the other hand, the relative contribution of PSD and MAP is grassland type specific. MAP exhibited a much stronger explanatory power than PSD for the desert steppe and the meadow steppe at the dry and wet end, respectively. However, PSD was the dominant factor affecting the spatial variation in ANPP for the median typical steppe. Our results imply that altered pattern of PSD due to climate change may be as important as the total amount in terms of effects on ANPP in Eurasian temperate grassland.     

Cold range edges of marine fishes track climate change better than warm edges

Species around the world are shifting their ranges in response to climate change. To make robust predictions about climate‐related colonizations and extinctions, it is vital to understand the dynamics of range edges. This study is among the first to examine annual dynamics of cold and warm range edges, as most global change studies average observational data over space or over time. We analyzed annual range edge dynamics of marine fishes—both at the individual species level and pooled into cold‐ and warm‐edge assemblages—in a multi‐decade time‐series of trawl surveys conducted on the Northeast US Shelf during a period of rapid warming. We tested whether cold edges show stronger evidence of climate tracking than warm edges (due to non‐climate processes or time lags at the warm edge; the biogeography hypothesis or extinction debt hypothesis), or whether they tracked temperature change equally (due to the influence of habitat suitability; the ecophysiology hypothesis). In addition to exploring correlations with regional temperature change, we calculated species‐ and assemblage‐specific sea bottom and sea surface temperature isotherms and used them to predict range edge position. Cold edges shifted further and tracked sea surface and bottom temperature isotherms to a greater degree than warm edges. Mixed‐effects models revealed that for a one‐degree latitude shift in isotherm position, cold edges shifted 0.47 degrees of latitude, and warm edges shifted only 0.28 degrees. Our results suggest that cold range edges are tracking climate change better than warm range edges, invalidating the ecophysiology hypothesis. We also found that even among highly mobile marine ectotherms in a global warming hotspot, few species are fully keeping pace with climate.     

Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland

Climate change can profoundly impact carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to examine responses of total soil and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass to experimental warming and increased precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe in northern China since April 2005. We measured soil respiration twice a month over the growing seasons, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) once a year in the middle growing season from 2005 to 2007. The results showed that interannual variations in soil respiration, MR, and microbial biomass were positively related to interannual fluctuations in precipitation. Laboratory incubation with a soil moisture gradient revealed a constraint of the temperature responses of MR by low soil moisture contents. Across the 3 years, experimental warming decreased soil moisture, and consequently caused significant reductions in total and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass, suggesting stronger negatively indirect effects through warming‐induced water stress than the positively direct effects of elevated temperature. Increased evapotranspiration under experimental warming could have reduced soil water availability below a stress threshold, thus leading to suppression of plant growth, root and microbial activities. Increased precipitation significantly stimulated total soil and microbial respiration and all other microbial parameters and the positive precipitation effects increased over time. Our results suggest that soil water availability is more important than temperature in regulating soil and microbial respiratory processes, microbial biomass and their responses to climate change in the semiarid temperate steppe. Experimental warming caused greater reductions in soil respiration than in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). In contrast, increased precipitation stimulated GEP more than soil respiration. Our observations suggest that climate warming may cause net C losses, whereas increased precipitation may lead to net C gains in the semiarid temperate steppe. Our findings highlight that unless there is concurrent increase in precipitation, the temperate steppe in the arid and semiarid regions of northern China may act as a net C source under climate warming.     

Response of subarctic vegetation to transient climatic change on the Seward Peninsula in north-west Alaska

Understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climatic warming is a challenge because of the complex interactions of climate, disturbance, and recruitment across the landscape. We use a spatially explicit model (ALFRESCO) to simulate the transient response of subarctic vegetation to climatic warming on the Seward Peninsula (80 000 km²) in north‐west Alaska. Model calibration efforts showed that fire ignition was less sensitive than fire spread to regional climate (temperature and precipitation). In the model simulations a warming climate led to slightly more fires and much larger fires and expansion of forest into previously treeless tundra. Vegetation and fire regime continued to change for centuries after cessation of the simulated climate warming. Flammability increased rapidly in direct response to climate warming and more gradually in response to climate‐induced vegetation change. In the simulations warming caused as much as a 228% increase in the total area burned per decade, leading to an increasingly early successional and more homogenous deciduous forest‐dominated landscape. A single transient 40‐y drought led to the development of a novel grassland–steppe ecosystem that persisted indefinitely and caused permanent increases in fires in both the grassland and adjacent vegetation. These simulated changes in vegetation and disturbance dynamics under a warming climate have important implications for regional carbon budgets and biotic feedbacks to regional climate.     

Vulnerability of stream community composition and function to projected thermal warming and hydrologic change across ecoregions in the western United States

Shifts in biodiversity and ecological processes in stream ecosystems in response to rapid climate change will depend on how numerically and functionally dominant aquatic insect species respond to changes in stream temperature and hydrology. Across 253 minimally perturbed streams in eight ecoregions in the western USA, we modeled the distribution of 88 individual insect taxa in relation to existing combinations of maximum summer temperature, mean annual streamflow, and their interaction. We used a heat map approach along with downscaled general circulation model (GCM) projections of warming and streamflow change to estimate site‐specific extirpation likelihood for each taxon, allowing estimation of whole‐community change in streams across these ecoregions. Conservative climate change projections indicate a 30–40% loss of taxa in warmer, drier ecoregions and 10–20% loss in cooler, wetter ecoregions where taxa are relatively buffered from projected warming and hydrologic change. Differential vulnerability of taxa with key functional foraging roles in processing basal resources suggests that climate change has the potential to modify stream trophic structure and function (e.g., alter rates of detrital decomposition and algal consumption), particularly in warmer and drier ecoregions. We show that streamflow change is equally as important as warming in projected risk to stream community composition and that the relative threat posed by these two fundamental drivers varies across ecoregions according to projected gradients of temperature and hydrologic change. Results also suggest that direct human modification of streams through actions such as water abstraction is likely to further exacerbate loss of taxa and ecosystem alteration, especially in drying climates. Management actions to mitigate climate change impacts on stream ecosystems or to proactively adapt to them will require regional calibration, due to geographic variation in insect sensitivity and in exposure to projected thermal warming and hydrologic change.     

Normalized difference vegetation index prediction based on the delta downscaling method and back-propagation artificial neural network under climate change in the Sanjiangyuan region,China

Predicting the response of vegetation to climate change through mathematical methods is an important way to understand ecosystem condition changes in ecologically vulnerable regions. We took the Sanjiangyuan region, one of the most sensitive areas to climate change, as the study area to construct a simpler calculation and higher resolution (suitable for regional scale study) nonlinear method to predict the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) under climate change by combining the delta downscaling method and backpropagation artificial neural network. We first used the delta downscaling method to downscale the coarse-resolution climate element data of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (Phase 6) (CMIP6) to 0.08333° (regional scale). By analysing the relationship between NDVI and climate elements, we found that NDVI has the highest correlation with annual total precipitation, annual mean temperature, variation range of precipitation and temperature, etc. Then, we used these impact factors to train the back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and predict the NDVI in 2030 and 2060 under the SSP1–2.6 scenario and SSP5–8.5 scenario. The simulated results show that the BP-ANN can be used to construct the nonlinear relationship between NDVI and the impact factors on different scales. In the future, NDVI will increase under both the SSP1–2.6 scenario and the SSP5–8.5 scenario. The western part of the study area has the highest altitude, the ecosystem is more vulnerable, and the changes will be the most intense. This study is expected to provide a reference for understanding the impact of climate change on vegetation in national parks in plateaus and to provide a simpler NDVI prediction method for the evaluation of environmental quality under the impact of climate change with NDVI as one of the parameters.     

黄土高原半干旱区云雾山封禁草原30年植被恢复对气候变化的响应

植被是区域气候与环境的综合反映,研究特定地区草地植被与气候变化的关系,寻找影响植被变化的关键因子,是植被重建和生态环境恢复的前提。利用1957-2008年的气候数据和1982-2008年的植被定位监测资料,分析了黄土高原半干旱区的宁夏云雾山植被动态变化规律及其与温度和降水的关系。结果表明:51a来,该区年平均温度明显升高,而年平均降水量总体呈减少趋势,显示黄土高原地区气候暖干化趋势明显。统计分析表明,研究区年平均温度对植被的重要值年际变化有极显著影响(P0.01),而年降水量与植被的重要值呈极显著正相关(P0.01),表明气候持续干旱化对该区植被的生长有较大影响,该区降水的多寡是直接影响植被生长优劣的决定性因子,改善区域水分状况和封禁是推进植被恢复与重建的主要措施。     

Pollen assemblages of tauber traps and surface soil samples in steppe areas of China and their relationships with vegetation and climate

We use 86 pollen trap and surface soil pollen samples in steppe areas of China to explore the relationships between modern pollen, vegetation, and climate. The modern pollen spectra from both sources have comparable compositions with regard to the major pollen taxa. However, the number of taxa in the traps was higher than in the surface soil samples. Both pollen accumulation rates and pollen concentrations are higher in the typical steppe areas than in the desert steppe areas. Discriminant analysis indicates that pollen spectra from trap and surface soil samples roughly reflect the vegetation zones of desert steppe and typical steppe, especially in the case of the trap samples. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis suggests that pollen assemblages have a significant relationship with the temperature of the coldest month and the mean annual precipitation.     

中国东北样带植被净初级生产力时空动态遥感模拟

 中国东北样带(Northeast China Transect, NECT)是中纬度半干旱区的国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)陆地样带之一, 是全球变化研究的 重要手段与热点。该研究应用生态系统碳循环过程CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型分析了NECT从1982~1999年植被净初级生产力 (Net primary productivity, NPP)的时空变异及其影响因子。结果表明, 1) 1982~1999年NECT植被NPP为58 ~ 811 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 平均为426 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 大体上呈现由东向西逐渐递减的趋势; 2)研究时段内NECT的总NPP变异范围是0.218 ~ 0.325 Pg C, 平均为0.270 Pg C (1 Pg = 10¹⁵ g); 3) NECT的总NPP在过去18年内整体呈显著性增加趋势, 其中从1982~1990年样带NPP呈显著性增加趋势, 而后期1991~1999样带NPP没 有显著性变化趋势; 4)沿NECT不同植被类型对气候变化的响应特征是不同的, 在研究时段内, 农田、典型草原和草甸草原表现出最大的NPP增加 量, 而典型草原、荒漠草原对气候变化表现出高的敏感性; 5) NECT植被NPP的空间分布格局是由年降水量的分布格局所决定, 而NPP的时间变异 则由年降水量、年太阳总辐射的变化所影响驱动。     

长白山生态功能区气候变化特征

为探究长白山生态功能区气候变化特征,本研究利用区域内及周边36个气象站数据与CN05.1格点数据集,采用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall突变检验、累积距平法、Morlet小波分析等方法研究1961—2016年长白山生态功能区内温度(平均气温、四季气温、极端气温)、水分(年降水量、四季降水量、降水日数、相对湿度)、光照(日照时数与日照百分率)和风速因子的时空变化规律.结果表明: 1961—2016年,长白山生态功能区气温升高、日照减少、风速减弱、降水量周期振荡变化.其中,冬季气温[0.45 ℃·(10 a)^-1]与最低温度[0.74 ℃·(10 a)^-1]大幅上升.年平均风速显著降低[-0.21 m·s^-1·(10 a)^-1]但并未发生气候突变.年降水日数大幅降低[-7.01 d·(10 a)^-1],使其与东北地区气候变化特点有所不同.虽然功能区内年降水量倾向率为16.06 mm·(10 a)^-1,但不能以简单的趋势增加或减少来描述降水量变化特征,功能区内降水量变化以26年长周期叠加3年的短周期为主.研究结果对区域生态评估、生态系统响应气候变化、物候变化等研究具有指示意义.