在北纬41°10′的东北鞍山地区发现白蜡虫ERICERUS PELA CHAVANNES自然种群

关于白蜡虫在我国的地理分布,王辅(1963,1978)认为:“白蜡虫以北纬26°-32°40′之间为其适生地带,26°以南或33°以北均不适其生存。”近年来,我们通过考察认为:在北纬26°以南和33°以北地区,均有白蜡虫自然种群存在。 一、鞍山地区自然概况 鞍山位于东径123°,北纬41°10′,辽河平原东南边缘,东邻千山山脉,南与辽宁半岛相连;海拔20—708米;本地属大陆性半湿润型温带气候,年均气温8.8℃,最冷月均温-10.2℃,极端最低气温-30.4℃,极端最高气温36.9℃,≥10℃年积温3536.3℃,相对湿度63％,年降水量713.5毫米;本市海拔21.6米;植被为暖温带落叶阔叶林。     

云南白背飞虱和褐稻虱发生特点的研究

在云南低纬高原的复杂条件下,白背飞虱和褐稻虱的越冬虫源,其平面分布北界为北纬25°07′,垂直分布高限为海拔1480m。越冬临界温度白背飞虱为8.82℃,褐稻虱为9.27℃。冬春相对湿度在60％以上,干燥度在10以下,具有冬秧、冬早稻、春秧及再生稻和落粒自生苗存活的地区都能越冬。夏秋随西南(东南)气流方向迁飞,主害代从南向北梯向传递特点是:北纬23°以南为5、6月主害带区;北纬23～24°为6、7月主害带区;北纬24～25°为7、8月主害带区;北纬25°以北为8月主害带区。防治对策:一是分区治理,压低虫源;二是掌握对象田,狠治主害代。     

陕西吸血虻类区系分析

木文对陕西吸血虻类区系进行了分析。陕北北纬36°以北,纯属古北界;36°以南至巴山山梁以北为古北到东洋界的过渡地带,过渡中心在秦岭南坡海拔600—2000米处,其问1000一1500米为两界分界线;巴山梁以南纯属东洋界。在我同虻类区系中,陕北属中亚区系;关中包括秦岭南坡海拔1 500米以北属东北亚区系;陕南包括秦岭南坡海拔1 000米以南属长江区系。     

褐稻虱在闽北的越冬生境及虫源作用的研究

<正> 全国褐稻虱科研协作组研究认为,我国大陆褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal越冬北限以1月平均气温在10℃以上的北纬21°～25°之间摆动。在此以北广大地区为不能越冬区。闽北建阳(北纬27°20′,1月份平均气温7.2℃)1978年3月10日首次发现短翅雌成虫越冬,大大超越了当时认定的纬度、温度界限,引起国内同行的极大兴趣。为了探明其内在原因,10余年来,我们对越冬区的特殊生境及虫源作用做了系统研究,取得了如下结果。     

东北稻区二化螟越冬幼虫的生物学研究

二化螟Chilosuppressalis是我国东北地区最重要的水稻害虫。连续 3年在东北稻区的二化螟越冬幼虫调查表明 ,在通河和方正两地 (北纬 46°附近 )出现不完全第 2代 ;在东北稻区 ,二化螟幼虫多以高龄幼虫在稻茎内越冬 ( 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年分别占总数的 44 47% ,5 3 47%和 63 48% )。在盘锦、五常、吉林和龙井 4地区的平均高度分别为 8 0 2 ,1 6 2 5 ,1 8 2 9和 2 0 3 4cm。同时 ,在东北稻区的越冬幼虫的头向多朝上 ( 65 74%～ 76 77% )。     

花面狸的分布及种群组成研究

花面狸在陕西分布在北纬35°14′以南的地区,跨古北界,是广布种。栖在低海拔的山川、沟壑、浅中山的林缘、灌丛缓坡及干燥岩裸地。 在花面狸种群中,雌雄性比一般为1.3:1—1.5:1;雌性占58.5—60.2％;亚成体,成体占58.7％,花面狸是群性和领域性很强的一种野生动物。     

太行山猕猴的肥满度

太行山猕猴自然保护区位于河南省西北部 ,已于 1 998年升格为国家级自然保护区。地理坐标为北纬 3 4°5 4′～ 3 5°2 0′,东经 1 1 0°0 2′～ 1 1 4°1 0′。保护区内生活有国家二级保护动物太行山猕猴约 1 5 0 0余只 ,现已成为我国乃至世界野生猕猴分布的最北限[1 ] 。该种群属华北亚种 (Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａｔｃｈｅｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ) ,为我国特产动物 ,不仅在生理、生态、行为、形态等方面与南方种群有明显差异 ,且具有独特的、其它地区猕猴无法替代的遗传多样性[2 ] 。近年来 ,由于环境恶化及诸多人为因素的影响 ,致使该区域猕猴…     

棉叶螨的光周期反应

棉叶螨(Tetranychus telarius L.)是我国农作物十一大病虫害之一。为使对它的预测预报能日益完善,以提高防治效果,作者曾在1957—1959年于苏联列宁格勒学习时,研究了不同棉叶螨种群的光周期反应,现报导如下。 一、试验材料和方法 试验材料采用苏联棉叶螨的五个地理种群:列宁格勒(北纬59°44′);克拉斯诺达尔(北纬44°53′);第比里斯(北纬41°43′);塔什干(北纬41°21′)和斯大林纳巴德(北纬37°50′)。为进一步确定所用各个地理种群的可靠性,除作了形态学上的鉴定外,还进行了种群间的杂交,都获得正常的后代。各地理种群分别在五个单独房间内进行隔离繁殖培养,食料为盆栽的-1品种棉花。 在低温实验室内用自动调节光照的恒温箱(±0.3℃)测定各地理种群的光周期反应,光源为20瓦的三支萤光灯。相对湿度为75—90％。每个处理有三个重复,每组供试叶螨为200头,卵孵化为幼虫时立即进行处理,为防上相互混杂,在所处理的花盆口周围涂上虫胶。棉苗主茎上裹脱脂棉加涂一层虫胶,以防止滞育个体通过棉茎进入土中。 除室内试验外,还在斯大林纳巴德进行了田间消长情况的观察调查,定期定株观察不同食料质量对滞育的影响,调查了老棉株、再生棉株、老甘草、再生甘草上滞育个体和非滞育个体的数量及其产卵量,与此同时,还     

大蒜品种生态型的数量分类研究

 采用实验分类学和数量分类学相结合的方法,将来自北纬22˚～45˚、东经77˚～127˚ 的73个大蒜品种分为3大生态型。不同生态型的主要区别性状是秋、春播的叶片数差比,它反映了鳞芽花芽分化对低温反应的敏感性。由此划分的3大生态型为：低温反应敏感型——秋、春播叶片数差比值大,越冬期叶片生长较快,但一般不耐寒,分布于北纬31˚以南的地区;低 温反应迟钝型——秋、春播叶片数差比值小,越冬期叶片生长缓慢,耐寒,分布于低纬高海拔地区和北纬35˚以北的地区;低温反应中间型——生态特征介于低温反应敏感型和低温反应迟钝型之间,分布于北纬23˚～39˚的地域范围内。     

泉州市散白蚁的活动、分飞、危害及其防治

据平正明、何秀松 2 0 0 0年在《中国白蚁志》[1 ]上发表的文章 ,已知我国目前有散白蚁 ( Reti-culitermes) 1 1 1种 ,它分布在我国大江南北的广大地区 ,南起海南省的尖峰岭 (北纬 1 8.5°) ,北至辽宁省的丹东 (北纬 4 0 .1°)都有其活动危害的足迹。福建目前已知的散白蚁也有 1 9种 (黄复生 1 989年 ) [2 ] ,占全国散白蚁种类的 1 1 .1 2 %。泉州 (东经 1 1 7°35′- 1 1 9°0 5′、北纬 2 4°2 3′- 2 5°50′) ,在福建的东南沿海 ,依山面海 ,属海洋性季风气候 ,湿润多雨 ,四季常青 ,年平均气温为 1 8℃ - 2 1℃ ,年降雨量达 1 0 0 0 - 1…     

贵州省8个自然保护区爬行动物分布

报道了贵州省8个自然保护区86种(亚种)爬行动物的分布状况。对贵州省自然保护区爬行动物种数和区系成分与保护区面积、森林面积、年均温、年均降水量、经度、纬度、海拔低点、海拔高点、相对高差等环境因素进行了相关性分析及t-检验。发现在贵州省爬行动物种数除与保护区面积和森林面积呈极显著正相关外,还与经度显著正相关;华中华南区种数与经度显著正相关;华南区种数与纬度显著负相关,与年均降水量显著正相关。本文还探讨了爬行动物的分布特点,包括经度和纬度地理替代。发现由西向东,西南区种的比例逐渐减少,华中区种和华中及华南区种的比例逐渐增加,呈现经度地带性变化。由北向南古北界东洋界广布种的比例逐渐减少、华中及华南区种和华南区种的比例逐渐增加,呈纬度地带性变化。     

Intraspecific Functional Trait Variation in a Tree Species (Lithocarpus dealbatus) along Latitude

We quantied intraspecic variation and covariation of leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter concentration (LD), leaf frost sensitivity (LFS) and Fv/Fm of leaves of 8 Lithocarpus dealbatus populations across the geographical distribution from north to south to determine the magnitude and whether it is related to environmental conditions, latitude and mean annual temperature. The results showed that the total variation (coefcient of variation) of LMA, LD, LFS and Fv/Fm were 160%, 177%, 211% and 401% respectively. The total intraspecic variation was contributed by the difference among populations, individuals and leaves. The difference among populations accounted for the largest total variation in LMA, LD and Fv/Fm, whereas the difference among leaves accounted for the largest total variation in LFS. On population level, LMA was significantly positive related to the latitude and Fv/Fm was significantly negative, but LD and LFS were not related to the latitude. LMA decreased while Fv/Fm increased significantly with the increase of mean annual temperature. LD was a downward quadratic variation, and LFS was upward with the increase of mean annual temperature. The principal component analysis of four functional traits showed that no population was located nearer to the origin of the first and second principal component, and populations at the edge of distribution area located at both sides of the first principal component axis. The results suggested that the environmental variation in the distribution could cause intraspecic variation of functional traits. There is no population could represent a species in functional traits. When an average trait value for species is considered and trait comparisons are done among species, intraspecific variation of traits could not be ignored.     

农田蜘蛛群落结构及其多样性研究

本文对南宁地区农田自然蜘蛛群落和旱地狼蛛亚群落结构及其多样性进行了研究。 1.农田区蜘蛛群落有14科、41属、80种。主要成分是食虫瘤胸蛛、拟环纹狼蛛、拟水狼蛛、奇异獾蛛和豹蛛属种类,个体数以食虫瘤胸蛛最多。旱地狼蛛亚群落主要成分是奇异獾蛛和豹蛛属种类。 2.稻田区蜘蛛群落多样性指数以田埂杂草群落最高,早稻田群落最低。多样性、均匀度和种类丰富度时间格局是早、晚稻皆随时间序列增加。平均多样性、均匀度和个体数,晚稻均高于早稻。狼蛛更群落多样性和均匀度以草地最高。 3.应用群落比例相似性和聚类分析表明,拟环纹狼蛛与拟水狼蛛和奇异獾蛛与豹蛛属种类是组成当地农田区的水田和旱地生境具有代表性的两个狼蛛亚群落主要成分。 本文试图揭示农田生态系统中的稻田蜘蛛,在不受化学农药干扰下群落结构及其多样性变化,并以狼蛛亚群落为代表,比较农田区内不同生境的群落结构及多样性与生境生态特征的关系,为害虫防治和动物资源的利用提供参考。     

稻田狼蛛种群数量变动的研究

稻田狼蛛各种群的数量,一年中出现四次波动,分别发生在元月下旬、4月底春耕、7月下旬双抢和10月底。早、晚稻期间最大高峰分别出现在7月10日和9月11日,每公顷达29.625万头和34.5万头。影响狼蛛数量消长的主要原因是冬季的气温下降,春季的气温回升,早晚稻期间的食物增加和化学农药的使用,以及春耕、双抢和秋收时节的大规模农事活动。     

真水狼蛛的生物学和田间种群动态研究

真水狼蛛在湖北武汉1a发生3个不完整的世代,以第2代历期最短,第3代(越冬代)历期最长。主要以亚成蛛越冬。雌、雄均可多次交配。真水狼蛛1生最多可产4个卵袋,平均2.8个,含卵量较大(平均90粒)。雌蛛有较强的护卵、护幼习性。卵的孵化率较高,平均孵化率为91.36％。真水狼蛛共蜕皮6次,有7个龄期。性比各个世代均为雌蛛多于雄蛛。真水狼蛛捕食叶蝉、飞虱等多种水稻害虫,捕食量与龄期、蜕皮和性别有关。真水狼蛛在6月5日左右开始由田埂向稻田内迁移,1a有2个发生高蜂,分析了影响真水狼蛛种群动态因素。     

Latitudinal trends in within-year reoccupation of nest boxes and their implications

Multiple brooding can substantially increase the annual reproductive output of birds, and the propensity for multiple brooding can vary geographically. Thus, studies attempting to understand the evolution of geographic variation in nesting success need to account for variation in re‐nesting potential. However, direct assessment of rates of multiple brooding requires individually recognizable breeding adults, which are not generally available. We explore the possibility of comparing relative indices of multiple broodedness across a latitudinal gradient from studies of un‐banded birds locally restricted to nest boxes. We analyzed nest box reoccupation by a multiple‐brooding species, the eastern bluebird Sialia sialis, reported by volunteers in a citizen‐participation project (1998–2002) in which nest boxes were monitored throughout much of the breeding range of the bluebirds. We found nest boxes in the southern portion of the bluebird range (30° latitude) had, on average 17–33% higher likelihood of repeated egg‐laying, brooding, and successful fledging events than boxes in the north (48° latitude). Latitudinal variation in the reoccupation of nest boxes may indicate that either (1) the number of broods per female varies with latitude, (2) female breeding dispersal/site fidelity varies with latitude, (3) the density, distribution, and/or availability of suitable nest sites varies with latitude, or (4) observer bias varies with latitude. Various lines of evidence suggest that nest re‐occupancy is a useful index of latitudinal variation in re‐nesting. During the time‐frame of second attempts, first‐time box occupancy was as likely as second occupancy and approximately 45% more likely in the south than north, suggesting that, despite considerable breeding dispersal, observed trends in box reoccupation conservatively reflect latitudinal trends in the number of nest attempts/broods per female. Furthermore, despite a compressed nesting cycle in the north (shorter incubation and re‐nesting interval), the shorter duration of the breeding season in the north restricted the potential number of broods. Studies of banded birds are necessary to confirm the behavior underlying the latitudinal trends in box reoccupation.     

Quaternary climate instability is correlated with patterns of population genetic variability in Bombus huntii

Climate oscillations have left a significant impact on the patterns of genetic diversity observed in numerous taxa. In this study, we examine the effect of Quaternary climate instability on population genetic variability of a bumble bee pollinator species, Bombus huntii in western North America. Pleistocene and contemporary B. huntii habitat suitability (HS) was estimated with an environmental niche model (ENM) by associating 1,035 locality records with 10 bioclimatic variables. To estimate genetic variability, we genotyped 380 individuals from 33 localities at 13 microsatellite loci. Bayesian inference was used to examine population structure with and without a priori specification of geographic locality. We compared isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by resistance (IBR) models to examine population differentiation within and among the Bayesian inferred genetic clusters. Furthermore, we tested for the effect of environmental niche stability (ENS) on population genetic diversity with linear regression. As predicted, high‐latitude B. huntii habitats exhibit low ENS when compared to low‐latitude habitats. Two major genetic clusters of B. huntii inhabit western North America: (a) a north genetic cluster predominantly distributed north of 28°N and (b) a south genetic cluster distributed south of 28°N. In the south genetic cluser, both IBD and IBR models are significant. However, in the north genetic cluster, IBD is significant but not IBR. Furthermore, the IBR models suggest that low‐latitude montane populations are surrounded by habitat with low HS, possibly limiting dispersal, and ultimately gene flow between populations. Finally, we detected high genetic diversity across populations in regions that have been climatically unstable since the last glacial maximum (LGM), and low genetic diversity across populations in regions that have been climatically stable since the LGM. Understanding how species have responded to climate change has the potential to inform management and conservation decisions of both ecological and economic concerns.     

Species composition,seasonal abundance and population dynamics of predatory spiders from cotton field plots of irrigated and semi-arid regions of Punjab,Pakistan

The purpose of the current study was to document the variety of predatory spider species present in the cotton fields of two major cotton-producing districts in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as the population dynamics of those spiders. The research was carried out between May and October 2018 and 2019. Manual picking, visual counting, pitfall traps, and sweep netting were the procedures used to collect samples on a biweekly basis. A total of 10,684 spiders comprising 39 species, 28 genera, and 12 families were documented. Araneidae and Lycosidae families contributed a major share to the overall catch of spiders, accounting for 58.55 percent of the total. The Araneidae family's Neoscona theisi ) was the most dominating species, accounting for 12.80% of the total catch and being the dominant species. The estimated spider species diversity was 95%. Their densities were changed over time in the study, but they were highest in the second half of September and the first half of October of both years. The cluster analysis distinguished the two districts and the sites chosen. There was a relationship between humidity and rainfall and the active density of spiders; however, this association was not statistically significant. It is possible to increase the population of spiders in an area by reducing the number of activities detrimental to spiders and other useful arachnids. Spiders are considered effective agents of biological control throughout the world. The findings of the current study will help in the formulation of pest management techniques that can be implemented in cotton growing regions all over the world.     

单季稻田的蜘蛛群落及其与褐飞虱的相关性研究

通过对南京地区４种不同类型单季稻田蜘蛛群落的结构及其与褐飞虱的相关性研究,结果表明,该地区蜘蛛群落由１０科２１种组成,其中草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、拟水狼蛛为优势种。物种丰富度、多样性化防田低于生防田,而均匀性则施药田大于不施药田。不同移栽时间的稻田,丰富度、多样性、均匀性迟栽田低于早栽田。蜘蛛与褐飞虱各发育阶段的相关性分析表明,蜘蛛与褐飞虱长翅成虫相关性好,而与低龄若虫相关性差;蜘蛛与褐飞虱的相关性主要由褐飞虱田间第１次若虫高峰时的蜘蛛量和蛛虱比决定,模拟的回归方程为：ｒ＝ － ０．１９９７＋ ０．００７５６ｘ１＋ ０．３３７１ｘ２（Ｆ＞ Ｆ０．０２３）。     

Changes in the number and distribution of Greater Sandhill Cranes in the Eastern Population

Once nearly extirpated, the Eastern Population (EP) of Greater Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) has increased in number and expanded its range in breeding and wintering areas. Data from Christmas Bird Counts (CBCs) and Breeding Bird Surveys (BBSs) were used to delineate changes in the wintering and breeding area distributions during the period from 1966 to 2013. Crane densities were plotted to the centroid of CBC circles or BBS routes, and the Geographic Mean Centers (GMCs) for wintering and breeding populations were calculated. The number of Greater Sandhill Cranes detected during the breeding season has steadily increased since 1966, with just six birds observed in 1966 and 1046 observed in 2013. The GMC of the Sandhill Crane breeding population has remained in Wisconsin during the 47‐yr time frame. The total number of Sandhill Cranes counted in the eastern United States during CBCs grew from 423 in 1965–1966 to 46,194 in 2012–2013, with a peak number of 55,826 in 2011–2012. The GMC of wintering Greater Sandhill Cranes was located in Florida during the periods from 1966 to 1977 and 1978 to 1989, but shifted north‐northwest by nearly 4° of latitude (into Georgia) by 1990–2001. By 2002–2013, the GMC had shifted an additional degree north as well as almost a degree west in longitude. Greater Sandhill Cranes in the EP may continue to winter further north and remain in more northerly areas later in the fall before migrating further south. Factors such as annual weather, long‐term climate change, and changes in land use may influence future population trends and changes in both the breeding and wintering ranges of the EP of Sandhill Cranes.